Introduction to Lab Instruments PDF

Introduction to lab instrumentions Ahmed Abo Bakr General outlines Why do we need lab instruments ? Laboratory safety equipment Laboratory appliances Laboratory glassware and plasticware Laboratory pipettes  Why do we need lab equipment?...

Introduction to lab instrumentions Ahmed Abo Bakr General outlines Why do we need lab instruments ? Laboratory safety equipment Laboratory appliances Laboratory glassware and plasticware Laboratory pipettes  Why do we need lab equipment? Before anything, your safety is the outmost priority so you Before we enter should protect yourself at all costs. the lab To do so we must prepare ourselves to those hazards by using lab personal protective equipment  Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Laboratory appliances Laboratory appliances  Bunsen burner Hot plate Lab oven Lab incubator Centrifuge PH meter Lab scale Fire extinguishers: Used to put out fires. First aid kits: Contains medical supplies to treat minor injuries. Eyewash stations: Used to rinse the eyes in case of chemical splashes. Fume hoods: Enclosures with a ventilation system designed Safety Devices to remove harmful fumes from the laboratory. Safety showers: Used to rinse the body in case of chemical spills or burns. Remember: Always follow proper safety procedures and wear appropriate PPE when working in a laboratory. Eyewash station Fume hoods Safety shower Lab glassware Laboratory glassware is an essential component of many scientific experiments. It is made from various types of glass, each with its own unique properties.  Common types of laboratory glassware 1- Borosilicate Glass: Properties: Resistant to thermal shock, chemical corrosion, and mechanical stress. Examples: Pyrex and Kimax brands. Uses: Beakers, flasks, test tubes, graduated cylinders, pipettes, and burettes. 2- Soda-Lime Glass: Properties: Less resistant to thermal shock than borosilicate glass, but more affordable. Examples: Common window glass. Uses: Some types of beakers, flasks, and bottles 3- Quartz Glass: Properties: Extremely resistant to thermal shock and can withstand very high temperatures. Examples: Quartz crucibles and tubes. Uses: Specialized applications such as spectroscopy and high-temperature experiments. 4- Fused Silica Glass: Properties: Like quartz glass, but even more resistant to thermal shock and chemical corrosion. Examples: Fused silica crucibles and optical fibers. Uses: Specialized applications requiring extreme temperature and chemical resistance.  Specific Types of Glassware Beakers: Low-form cylindrical containers used for mixing, heating, and storing liquids. Flasks: Containers with a wide base and a narrow neck, used for heating, boiling, and storing liquids. Erlenmeyer flasks: Have a conical shape, making them stable when heated. Florence flasks: Have a round bottom and a long, cylindrical neck, often used for boiling liquids. Beakers Erlenmeyer flasks Florence flask  Glassware cont. Test tubes: Small, cylindrical tubes used for conducting small-scale experiments and reactions. Graduated cylinders: Cylindrical containers with markings used to measure precise volumes of liquids. Glassware cont. Pipettes: Tools used to transfer small volumes of liquids. Transfer pipettes: Have a large bulb and a long, narrow tip. Micropipettes: Used to measure and transfer extremely small volumes. Burettes: Long, graduated tubes with a stopcock at the bottom, used for delivering precise volumes of liquids in titrations. Funnels: Used to transfer liquids from one container to another, or to filter solids from liquids. Glass pipette Burettes Glass funnel Transparency: Glassware allows for clear observation of chemical reactions and physical changes. Chemical inertness: Most types of laboratory glassware are resistant to chemical corrosion, making them suitable for a wide range of experiments. Advantages of Heat resistance: Borosilicate glass, in particular, is highly resistant to thermal shock, allowing it to be used glassware for heating, cooling, and sterilization. Accuracy: Glassware can be calibrated to provide accurate measurements of volume and mass. Durability: Laboratory glassware is generally durable and can be reused multiple times.  Breakability: Glassware is fragile and can break if handled improperly or dropped. Weight: Laboratory glassware can be heavy, especially larger items. Cost: High-quality laboratory glassware can be expensive. Limitations of Cleaning and maintenance: Glassware requires careful cleaning and maintenance to prevent contamination and ensure lab glassware accurate results. Overall, laboratory glassware is an essential tool in many scientific fields due to its advantages. However, it is important to handle glassware with care and follow proper safety procedures to minimize the risks associated with its use. Common Types of Lab Plasticware: Petri Dishes: These are shallow, circular dishes with a lid, used for culturing microorganisms or cells. Test Tubes: Cylindrical containers with a rounded bottom, used for holding small amounts of liquids or solids. Flasks: Larger containers with a wide base and a narrow neck, available in various shapes and sizes for different applications. Pipettes: Tools used for transferring small volumes of liquids, ranging from micro-pipettes for precise measurements to larger transfer pipettes.  Beakers: Open-topped containers with a flat bottom, used for mixing, heating, or storing liquids. Graduated Cylinders: Cylindrical containers with markings along the side, used for measuring precise volumes of liquids. Plasticware Funnels: Conical devices used for transferring liquids from one container to another or filtering substances. Centrifuge Tubes: Tubes designed to withstand high centrifugal forces during centrifugation, used for separating components of a mixture. Advantages of Lab Plasticware: Durability: Plasticware is generally resistant to breakage and can withstand harsh chemicals and temperatures. Affordability: Compared to glassware, plasticware is often more cost-effective. Versatility: Plasticware is available in a wide range of sizes, shapes, and types, making it suitable for various laboratory applications. Autoclavable: Many types of plasticware can be sterilized in an autoclave, ensuring a sterile working environment.  Chemical Compatibility: Ensure that the plasticware you choose is compatible with the chemicals you will be using. Temperature Resistance: Consider the temperature Limitation of range at which the plasticware will be used. Sterility Requirements: If the plasticware needs to be plasticware sterile, select options that are autoclavable or can be sterilized by other methods. Accuracy: For applications requiring precise measurements, use graduated cylinders or pipettes that are calibrated and accurate. Pipettes Types of Pipettes : 1. Transfer Pipettes: 1. Mohr pipettes: Have a long, cylindrical body with markings along the side. They are used for delivering a fixed volume of liquid. 2. Volumetric pipettes: Designed to deliver a single, precise volume of liquid. They have a bulb-like expansion in the middle and are calibrated to deliver a specific volume. 2. Micropipettes: 1. Adjustable micropipettes: Allow users to set and adjust the volume to be delivered. They are commonly used in molecular biology and biochemistry. 2. Fixed-volume micropipettes: Designed to deliver a single, fixed volume of liquid. They are often used for routine tasks that require consistent volumes.  Using pipettes Proper technique: Ensure correct pipetting technique to avoid errors and contamination. This includes: Pre-wetting: Draw up and dispense the liquid several times to wet the pipette tip and ensure accurate measurements. Avoiding air bubbles: Avoid trapping air bubbles in the pipette tip, as this can affect the accuracy of the delivered volume. Avoiding contamination: Use pipette tips only once and avoid touching the tip with your fingers. Calibration: Pipettes should be regularly calibrated to ensure accuracy. This involves comparing the delivered volume to a known standard Fixed volume pipette  Variable micropipette key points  Thanks