Introduction to Biochemistry PDF

Characteristics Of Life 1. Organization Living things have complex and organized structures, from cells to whole organisms. 2. MetabolismThey undergo chemical processes to convert energy and materials for growth and maintenance. 3. HomeostasisThey maintain a stable internal environment despite exte...

Characteristics Of Life 1. Organization Living things have complex and organized structures, from cells to whole organisms. 2. MetabolismThey undergo chemical processes to convert energy and materials for growth and maintenance. 3. HomeostasisThey maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. 4. Growth and DevelopmentLiving organisms grow and develop according to specific instructions encoded in their DNA. 5. ReproductionThey have the ability to reproduce and pass on genetic information to offspring. 6. Response to StimuliThey respond to environmental changes or stimuli. 7. Adaptation through Evolution Over time, living organisms can evolve and adapt to their environments. Manifestation of Life Structural Level cell theory Functional Level metabolism- to convert our food into energy self-Perpetuation-reproduction Modern Cell Theory all living things made up of cells (made up of atom os not a living things) cell basic unif structure and function of life cells come from pre-existing cells(refer to unicellular organism there bacteria bond and can’t seperate) cells are basically the same in chemical composition all cell made up of organelles and organelles made up of proteins cels contain hereditary information which are pased on from cell to cell by division all energy transformation(metabolism) of life occurs within the cell Functional Level Self perpetuation homeostasis(ability to balance) reproduction (2 types of reproduction sexual and asexual) Sponges “bading one part can be detouch when they matured” “fiushion and fishion” bacteria when they maturing they can split into two tht fishon when they combine thats fiushion adaptation (organism have ability to adapt ot adjust to environmen) coxis is the bone at the end of the spinal colum metabolism nutrition respiration (release energy or heat)  biosynthesis(synthetic dif biomolecules for our metabolism) metabolism sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism respiration mechanical ( in and out breathing in our body) cellular (aerobic “metabolising using oxygen”and anaerobic”metbolising without oxygen”) Biosynthesis (growth and repair of our tissue) basic cell structure cell of plant (coz the shape is square) animal cell (cecullar shape) Cell Organelles eukaryotic cells contain 3 basic structure 1. cell membrane 2. Nucleus 3. Cytoplasm Nucleus makes eukaryotik different by prokaryotic nucleus has envelop nakaclose and dna inside ndi madaling makuha ang dna dahil nasa loob ng nucleus (protist) pag prokaryotic ang nucleus not enclose dna around there not encloseand bacteria amiba,flagila,paramisium,fungi(microscopic organism but there are eukaryotic) cell organelles cell membrane(wole or gate) selective pormable (select the material in and out of cell) cell membrane. FLUID MOSAIC MODEL hydrophilic region( water lover) can interact of water hydrophobic region( hate water) cant interact of water Cytoplasm (work space or theholeway and air) cytoplasm have all parts inside of the membrane its is thick aqueous solution of salts sorrounding the organelles it has cytosol nutrients amd manirels spread through the cytoplasm to all prts of the cell constant motion of this gel-likr substance called cytoplasmic streaming or cylosis Nucleus (mananger office and ceo) control center of cellular activites consist dna organize chromosomes nucleoplasm nucleolus(only seen during cell division) nucler membrane that contains nucler pores Membrane -bound organelles(other organelles) endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus valcuoles and vesicles Lysosomes Peroxisomes Mitrochindria Chloroplasts Glyoxysomes Spherosome rough er(contain ribosomes production of protein) smooth er(doesn’t have ribosome ) main product of the cell (PROTEIN ) main product or metabolism cellular resperation is ( ATP) Adenosine Triphosphate 20 amino acids equivalent to 1 proteins which organelle check of proteins for damage for very nice packaging ( golgi apparatus) which part will be the one damge can be trone desposal are(Lysosomes) suicide bag of the cell it can stop the virus (cecular) which part give energy to the whole cell to do the process (mitochondria (energy) ) (looks sausage) muscle cell have more of mitochromdria comes to our father (mitochondria/energy) comes to our mother(inteligence/chromosomes) what form in energy can use in mitochondria (atp ) Cytoskeleton- gives stuctural components of cell cell organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum membrane tubules- connect to nuclear envelope and cell membrane Ribosome-made of proteins and tRna“protein factories” the cell they join amino acids together by process called protein synthesis relationship among organelles of the endomembrane system animal cell small vacules unlike the plant cell golgi apparatus stack of flattened sacs have a recieving side (cis face) and shipping side (trans face) received ni cis ay tranport vesicles contain protein made by er modify sort and package er products for storage of transport ouf of cell mitochondrion ( plural mitochondria ) powerhouse ksi of the cell site of cellular respiration (burning of glucose ) more active cells like muscle cells have more mitochondria CHEMISTRY carbon carbon © appears in the second tow of the periodic gable (atomic number 6 period 2 group 4) valance configuration ( 2s2 2p2) number of calence electrons 4( outer most electron) chemistry of carbon nature of carbon tetravalent (tetra means 4 -carbon have 4 valnce electorn can bond 4 atom) HYDROCARBONS SATURATED -made up alkanes and cycloalkanes unsaturated-alkenes alkynes benzene Alphatic alkanes,alkenes and alkynes Aromatic benzene cyclic cycloalkanes cycloakenes benzene non cyclic alkanes alkenes alkynes Functional Groups (structural foundation)