Neuroscience Repaso Introduction PDF

Intro a neuroscience Neuron: Functional unit of nervous system +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Cell body | | | | | | | | Dendrites...

Intro a neuroscience Neuron: Functional unit of nervous system +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Cell body | | | | | | | | Dendrites | | | | | | | | Axon | | | | | | | | Terminal button | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Afferent neuron | Info TO CNS | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Efferent neuron | Infi FROM CNS | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Interneurons | Connection between | | | | neurons | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Glia: non-neuronal cells +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Provide nourish, support and |  | +===================================+===================================+ | Oligodendrocytes (CNS) | | | | | | Schwann cells (PNS) | | | | | | Specialized glial cells that | | | forms myelin sheats | | | | | | - Covering that surround and | | | insulate the axons | | | | | | - Aid in the transmission of | | | electrical signals | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | White matter | Axons + myelin | +===================================+===================================+ | | White due to high fat content of | | | myelin | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | Tract | | | | | | Lemniscus | | | | | | Fasciculus | | | | | | Column | | | | | | Peduncle | | | | | | Capsule | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | - Bundle of myelinated axons | | | that travel together in the | | | CNS | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Gray matter | Principally composed of neuron | | | cell bodies | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | Ganglia | | | | | | - Groups of cell bodies in the | | | PNS | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | Nuclei | | | | | | - Group of cell bodies in the | | | CNS | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | Cortex | | | | | | - Gray matter on the surface of | | | the brain | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **White matter convey INFO among parts of the NS. INFO is integrated in gray matter.** A cross section of a brain Description automatically generated THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS STRUCTURALLY DIVIDED INTO: CNS BRAIN  ----- ------------------ ----------------------- SPINAL CORD PNS CRANIAL NERVES SPINAL NERVES AUTONOMIC NERVES SYSTEM WITHIN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Somatosensory system Info from skin and musculoskeletal system to the brain ------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Somatic motor system Info from brain to skeletal muscles Autonomic system Info between brain and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland cells Specila sensory system Connects visual, auditory, vestibular, olfactory, and gustatory structures with the brain. CNS +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Spinal cord | |  | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Brainstem and | | | | | brain | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Brain proper | Forebrain | Cerebral |  | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | Diencephalon | | | | | | | | | | - Thalamus | | | | | | | | | | - Hypothalamu | | | | | s | | | | | | | | | | - Epithalamus | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Brainstem | Midbrain | Midbrain | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Hindbrain | Metencephalon | | | | | | | | | | - Pons | | | | | | | | | | - cerebellum | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | | Medulla | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ Cerebral topography Insula Between the temporal and frontal lobes  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ -- Reception and integration of taste sensation Reception of viscerosensations, processing of pain sensation , and vestibular functions Frontal lobe +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Precentral gyrus | Voluntary movement of | Loss of voluntary | | motora | muscle of body and | movement of body and | | | head region | head region | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Premotor region | Aids and integrates | Apraxia (se pierde | | sensorial | voluntary movements | planificacion de | | | of body | movimiento) | | | | | | | | (loss of ability to | | | | carry out complex | | | | movements of body and | | | | head) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Frontal eye fields | Controls voluntary | Loss of voluntary | | | horizontal movement | control of horizontal | | | of the eyes | eye movement (eyes | | | | cannot deviate to | | | | side opposite lesion) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Prefrontal cortex | Intellectual | Intellectual and | | | functions, affective | emotional impairment | | | processes | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Broca's motor speech | Regulates motor | Motor aphasia | | area | aspects of speech | (pérdida de capacidad | | | | de producir o | | Se encuentra en el | Produccion del | comprender el | | hemisferio dominante | lenguaje hablado, | lenguaje) | | | escrito y seña | | | | | Asociada con el giro | | | | frontal inferior pero | | | | no se consider parte | | | | de el | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+  **Precentral gyrus: 1ry motor cortex** **Somatotopic Organization** Different parts of Pre-central gyrus are associated with distinct parts of the body (ANATO + PHYSIO) Hay una region especifica del giro precentral controla un area en especifico Motor cortex Extremedad -inferior parte medial y superior Tronco -parte superior Mano -parte superior lateral Cara -parte lateral **Homunculus** es una representacion grafica de cuantas porciones estan siendo derivadas hacia la parte motora. The sensory and motor homunculi were created to show how our bodies are represented within our brains. Motor homunculus Manos Cabeza (lengua) Parietal lobe Postcentral gyrus Conscious perception of somesthetic sensation Loss of somatosensory perception -------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wernicke's area Receptive integration of speech Receptive aphasia (problemas para entender lo que se esta diciendo) Superior parietal lobule Integration of sensory and motor functions; programming mechanism for motor responses Posterior parietal syndrome; sensory neglect; apraxia (**apraxia** es la incapacidad o dificultad para realizar un movimiento voluntario dirigido a una acción) 1. Superior parietal lobule -- integra sensorial con lo motor 2. Inferior parietal lobule -- Audicion vision ( si ocurre un problema aqui habra problemas para integrar la audicion y la vision) Se compone de dos gyrus: supramarginal y angular 3. Wernicke's area -- relacionada a la recepcion del lenguaje ( entender)  Temporal lobe Superior temporal gyrus Auditory perception Loss of auditory perception ------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- Middle temporal gyrus Detection of moving objects Loss of movement detection Inferior temporal gyrus Recognition of faces Loss of facial recognition Transverse gyri of Heschl -- en la parte medial del gyrus superior temporal - Corteza percepcion auditiva **Occipital lobe** ----------------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Upper and lower banks of calcarine sulcus** **Visual perception** **Partial or total loos of vision of the contralateral vicual fields for both eyes, depending upon the extent of the lesion on the visual cortex** ----------------------------------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  **Medial** surface of brain Fornix -- memoria Septum pellucidum- pared que divide los ventriculus laterals Corpus callosum- grupos de axons mielinados Cingulate gyrus- limbico/ emociones Diencephalon +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Thalamus | Recoge info sensorial |  | | | envia a la corteza | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Hypothalamus | Corteza envia la info | | | | a hipotalamo | | | | | | | | Control de hormonas | | | | | | | | Termoregulacion | | | | | | | | Sensacion de | | | | hambre... | | | | | | | | Compirtamiento sexual | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Inferior (ventral) surface of the brain Frontal lobe Prefrontal cortex- esta en la parte anterior del lobulo Gyrus rectus- medial en el lobulo frontal forma parte de la corteza prefrontal Olfactory bulb- Sistema olfatorio Olfactory tract- se divide en dos Lateral olfactory stria- envia info al lobulo temporal y al Sistema limbico Middle olfactory stria -- envia info al lobulo temporal del lado contrario y al Sistema limbico Temporal lobe Occipitotemporal gyrus- conecta el occipital con el temporal Parahippocampal gyrus- dentro de el se encuentra el hypocampo (memoria) - Anterior al hipocampo se encuentra a la amigdala (asociada a miedo, aggression, depression y es parte del Sistema limbico) Uncus- cuando mas presion intracranial el uncus se hernia(porcion medial del gyrus parahippocampal. Limbic system +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Functions | Modulation of |  | | | functions | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | | Regulation of | | | | emotional behavior; | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Short-term memory | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Includes | Hypothalamus | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Thalamus | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Cingulate gyrus | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Prefrontal cortex | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Septal area | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Amygdala | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | hippocampus | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Fornix | Conecta el hipocampo | | | | con el hipotalamo | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Hippocampal formation | La formación | | | | hipocampal es | | | | responsable | | | | del procesamiento de | | | | la memoria, el | | | | aprendizaje, la | | | | navegación espacial y | | | | las emociones | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Basal ganglia -- materia gris metida dentro de materia blanca - Controla y coordina movimientos - Problemas con los ganglios basales: dyskinesia (dificultad de movimiento) +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Functions | Motor integration |  | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | | Procedural learning | | | | relating to routine | | | | behaviors, eye | | | | movements, and | | | | cognitive, emotional | | | | functions | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Role in Parkinson & | | | | OCD | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Includes | Caudate nucleus | | | | | | | Examen | - En la pared | | | | lateral del | | | | ventriculo | | | | lateral | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Putamen nucleus | | | | | | | | - Hacia la parte | | | | lateral | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Globus pallidus | | | | | | | | - Hacia la parte | | | | medial | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Subthalamus- | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Substantia nigra | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Cerebellum Posterior to brainstem 2 cerebellar hemispheres and vermis Function coordinate movements +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Cerebellar | Large fiber |  | | | | connect the | | | | | cerebellum to | | | | | the brainstem | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | | Superior | Connects | A | | | peduncles | midbrain | diagram of the | | | | | brain | | | | | Description | | | | | automatically | | | | | generated | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Middle | Connects | | | | Cerebellar | cerebellum to | | | | peduncles | pons | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Inferior | Connects | | | | cerebellar | cerebellum to | | | | peduncles | medulla | | | | | oblongata | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Arbor vitae | Cerebellar | | | | | cortex + white | | | | | matter + deep | | | | | nuclei | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ Posterior (dorsal) view of brainstem **Pineal gland**- genera melatonina y esta realacionada con el sueño **Superior colliculus**- tiene que ver con el Sistema visual **Cerebral peduncle (crus cerebri**)- pasan fibras motoras (conectan corteza cerebral con tallo cerebral y cordon espinal) **Inferior colliculus-** tiene que ver ocn el Sistema auditivo **Trochlear nerve (CN IV)-** es el unico nervio cranial que sale de la parte posterior del brainstem **Floor of 4^th^ ventricle**- espacio que queda entre el tallo cerebral y el cerebelo **Superior medullary velum**- punta de arriba de 4^th^ ventricle **Obex-** punta de abajo del 4^th^ ventricle **Cuneatus tubercle**-info de la extremidad superior **Gracile tubercle**- info de la extremidad inferior Anterior (ventral) view of brainstem +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Midbrain | Transmission and | Sensory, motor and | | | regulation of | autonomic deficits as | | (CN III & IV) | sensory, motor and | well as deficits | | | autonomic function | associated with | | | | cranial nerves III | | | | and IV | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Pons | | Sensory, motor and | | | | autonomic deficits as | | CN V VI VII VIII | | well as deficits | | | | associated with | | | | cranial nerves V VI | | | | VII | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Medulla | | Sensory, motor and | | | | autonomic deficits | | CN V VIII IX X XII | | including respiration | | | | as well as deficits | | Centro respiratorio y | | associated with | | cardiovascular | | cranial nerves IX X | | | | XII | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Pyramidal decussation- cruce de fibras ( Cruzan los axons de corticospinal) Medullary pyramids- dentro hay un tracto motor ( corticospinal) en la medula Inferior olivary nucleus- tiene que ver con el Sistema motor A diagram of the human body Description automatically generated Cranial nerves- se nombran de anterior a posterior Purely sensory (1 2 8) Principally motor (3 4 6 11 12 ) Mixed (5 7 9,10) ------------------------ ---------------------------------- --------------------- I olfactory III oculomotor V trigeminal II optic IV trochear VII facial VIII vestibulocochlear VI abducens IX glossopharyngeal XI accessory X vagus XII hypoglossus