International Relations Terminology PDF

Theory: a logically consistent set of statements that explains a phenomenon interest Interest: what actors went to achieve through political actions, their preference among the possible outcomes that might result from their political choice Interactions the way in which the choices of two or more...

Theory: a logically consistent set of statements that explains a phenomenon interest Interest: what actors went to achieve through political actions, their preference among the possible outcomes that might result from their political choice Interactions the way in which the choices of two or more actors combine to produce political outcomes. Bargaining: an interaction in which two or more actors must decide how to distribute something of value, in bargaining increasing one actors share of the good decreases the share available to others. Example is the Russia vs Ukraine war Cooperation: interaction in which two or more actors adopt policies that make at least one actor better off relative to the state quo without making others worse off. Actors: analysis of international politics, can either be individuals or groups of people with a common interest. State: a central authority that has the ability to make and enforce laws, rules and decisions within a specific territory Sovereignty: the idea that states have legal and political supremacy or unlimited authority within their territory boundaries. Anarchy: the absence of a central authority with the ability to make and enforce laws that binds all actors national interests: interests that attribute to the state itself, usually security and power interactions (strategic), coordination: a type of cooperative interactions in which actors benefit from all making the same choices and subsequently have to incentive not to comply collaboration: a type of cooperative interaction in which actors gain from working together but nonetheless have incentives not to comply with any agreement. free ride: to fail to contribute to a public good while benefiting from the contributions of others iteration: repeated interaction with the same partners linkage: the liniking of cooperation on one issue to interactions on a second issue reciprocity: power, the ability of actor A to get actor B to do something that B would otherwise not do, the ability to get other side to make concessions to avoid to having concessions oneself coercion: using threat to make the other side do what you went them to do reversion outcome: outside options: alternatives to bargaining with a specific actor agenda-setting: actions taken before or during bargaining that makes the revision outcome more favorable for one party institutions: set of rules(known and shared by the relevant community) that structure interactions in specific ways. Prisoner's Dilemma, Chicken, Stag Hunt equilibrium war: an event involving the organized use of military force by at least two parties that reaches the minimum threshold of severity security dilemma: a dilemma that arise when efforts that states make to defend themselves causes other state to feel less secure= can lead to arms races and war because of the fear of being attacked crisis bargaining: bargaining interaction in which at least one actor threatens the use of forces in the event that its demands are not met coercive diplomacy: the use of threats to advance specific demands in a bargaining interaction bargaining range:the set of deals that both parties in a bargaining interaction prefer over the revision outcome. And when the revision outcome is war both parties set deals over war. Compellence: an effort to change the state quo through threat of force Deterrence: an effort to preserve the state quo through threat and force. (general vs. extended), incomplete information: a situation in which one actors in a strategics interaction lack information about other actors interest and capabilities. Capabilities: Resolve: the willingness of an actor to endure costs in order to acquire a particular good. risk-return trade-off: in crisis bargaining, trade off between trying to get a better deal and trying to avoid war credibility: believability that a credible threat is a threat that the target believes will be carried out. Brinksmanship: a strategy in which adversaries take actions that increase the risk of accidental war with the hope that the other will blink audience costs: a negative repercussion for failing to follow through on threat or to honor a commitment. Example president Obama and the middle east/syrial war paying for power (sinking costs): , commitment problem, preventive war: a war fought with the intention of preventing an adversary from becoming stronger in the future. , power transition , first-strike advantage: the situation that arises when military technology/military stretegies, and/or geography give a significant advantage to whichever stat attacks first in a war. preemptive war: a war fought with the anticipation that an attack by the other side is imminent. indivisible good: a good that cannot be divided without destroying its value *:* nationalism: political ideology that prioritizes attachment to one's nation, where nations are groups defined by common origin, ethnicity, language or cultural ties. Bureaucracy: the collection of organizations- including the military, diplomatic corps and intelligence agencies, that carry out most tasks of governance within the state interest groups: groups/indiviuallys with common interests that organize to influence public policy in a manner that benefits their memebers rally effect: peoples tendency to become more supportive of their country's government in times of dramatic international events such as crisis wars , scapegoating , diversionary uses of force: the temptation that state leaders have to start international crisis in order to rally public support at home , military-industrial complex: an alliance between military leaders and the industries that benefit from international conflict, such as arms manufacturers. democratic peace:the observation that there are few, if any clear cases were two democratic states have had war. , democracy:political system which candidates compete for political office through freguent, fair elections. (contestation, participation), Autocracy: a political system in which an individual or small group exercises power with few constraints and no meaningful competition or participation in general. Accountability: the ability to punish or reward leaders for the decisions that they make. alliances offensive, defensive , neutrality, non-aggression, consultation , balance of power (balancing): a situation in which the military capabilities of two states or groups of states are roughly equal Band wagoning: a strategy in which the states join forces with the stronger side in conflict Ex: German and soviet alliance ageist Poland Entrapment: the condition of being dragged into an unwanted war because of opportunistic actions of an ally North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): [military alliance formed in 1955 to bring together the Soviet Union and its Cold War allies in Eastern Europe and elsewhere; dissolved on March 31, 1991, as the Cold War ended. Compare North Atlantic Treaty Organization](https://nerd.wwnorton.com/nerd/178314/r/goto/cfi/44!/4#placeholder_kyAOa) Warsaw Pact,: [military alliance formed in 1955 to bring together the Soviet Union and its Cold War allies in Eastern Europe and elsewhere; dissolved on March 31, 1991, as the Cold War ended. Compare North Atlantic Treaty Organization](https://nerd.wwnorton.com/nerd/178314/r/goto/cfi/44!/4#placeholder_kyAOa) League of Nations; a collective security organization founded in 1919 after the cold war 1 , United Nations (UN),a collective security organization founded in 1945 after world war 2, with 190 members and includes all recognized countries collective security organizations: broad based institutions that promote peace and security among their members. Example: the league of nations and the united nations collective action problem,: Genocide: international and systematic killing amid at eliminating and identifiable group or people, such as ethnic and religious groups. humanitarian interventions: interventions designed to relieve humanitarian crises stemming form civil conflicts or large scale human rights abuse including genocide. UN Security Council (permanent five members): the main governing body of the UN, which has authority to identify threats to international peace and security and to prescribe the organizations response, including military and economic sanctions (permanent five members): the United States, great Britain, France, Russia (formally the soviet union) and China veto power: the ability to prevent the passage of a measure through a unilateral act, such as a single negative power peace-enforcement operation: a military operation in which force is used to make and enforce pace among warring parties that have not agreed to end their fighting peacekeeping operation: an operation in which troops and observers are deployed to monitor a cease-fire or peace agreement. FLS: