Interleukins PDF

THE INTERLEUKIN SYSTEM  INTRODUCTION TO INTERLEUKINS The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins (ILs) and related proteins. Interleukins are a group of cytokines which are signal molecules and secreted proteins produced by white blood cells and other body cells. Interleukins are num...

THE INTERLEUKIN SYSTEM  INTRODUCTION TO INTERLEUKINS The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins (ILs) and related proteins. Interleukins are a group of cytokines which are signal molecules and secreted proteins produced by white blood cells and other body cells. Interleukins are numbered in the order they were discovered IL-1 being the first and IL-35 being the 35th.  Interleukins play a complex role in the development of cancer and autoimmune diseases. FUNCTION OF Dysregulation of interleukin production or INTERLEUKINS signaling can lead to these diseases. Interleukins are also being investigated as potential immunotherapeutic targets for cancer treatment  INTRODUCTION TO INTERLEUKINS Interleukins (ILs) are cytokines that regulate immune responses Significance in the Immune System Activation Coordinate Proliferation differentiation of immune cells. Structural and Wide variety of structures and functions for Functional Diversity targeting specific immune pathways.  Small, soluble proteins with secondary structures like Protein alpha helices. Alpha helices are a structural element within the Structures protein a sequence of amino acids twists into a coiled, rod- IL-6 like shape, forming a right-handed helix STRUCTURAL Conserved CHARACTERISTICS such as four-helix bundle structures. OF INTERLEUKINS motifs Receptor Rod shape facilitates facilitate receptor interaction Binding CLASSIFICATION OF INTERLEUKINS Based on Function Based on Receptors Pro-inflammatory Type I receptors IL-1 common gamma IL-6 chain IL-17) Type II receptors Anti-inflammatory Interferons IL-10 IL-10 family IL-4 Communication Enable crosstalk between T cells, B Mediators cells, macrophages, etc. Activation and IL-2 promotes T cell proliferation Differentiation IL-4 drives B cell differentiation Immune Pro- and anti-inflammatory balance Regulation maintains immune homeostasis. ROLES OF INTERLEUKINS IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM SOME IMPORTANT INTERLEUKINS IL-1 A pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-2 Essential for the activation of T cells IL-3 Involved in the early stages of hematopoiesis IL-4 Promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and activation of B-lymphocytes IL-5 The main regulatory factor for eosinophilia IL-6 Regulates the immune response in hematopoiesis and has both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects  PRO-INFLAMMATORY INTERLEUKINS IL-1 Drives fever acute-phase response. IL-6 Promotes B cell maturation. IL-17 Enhances neutrophil recruitment. Mechanisms Activates inflammatory pathways like NF-κB. Clinical Implications Linked to autoimmune diseases ANTI-INFLAMMATORY INTERLEUKINS IL-10 Suppresses IL-4 Promotes Examples macrophage antibody class activity. switching. Downregulates supports Mechanisms pro-inflammatory regulatory T cells genes (Tregs). - Resolves Importance inflammation and prevents tissue damage. BALANCING PRO- AND ANTI- INFLAMMATORY INTERLEUKINS Homeostasis: Dynamic equilibrium ensures effective immune response Imbalance Effects: Excessive inflammation leads to autoimmunity Insufficient inflammation increases infection risk Restoration Strategies: Therapies to modulate specific interleukins INTERLEUKIN SIGNALING PATHWAYS Binding triggers intracellular JAK-STAT signaling MAPK cascades Specificity Determined by receptor subunits and co-factors JAK-STAT PATHWAY Binding induces Activation: receptor dimerization; Effects: JAKs phosphorylate STAT proteins. STAT dimers regulate Dysregulation linked Clinical Relevance: to autoimmune gene expression. diseases. OTHER SIGNALING PATHWAYS MAPK Pathway: NF-κB Pathway: Involved in cell Central to inflammation proliferation and and immune responses. inflammatory responses. Integration: Pathways interact to amplify or modulate immune signaling. DYSREGULATION OF INTERLEUKINS Causes Genetic mutations and environmental factors. Consequences - Overproduction or deficiency disrupts immune regulation.  Examples: Rheumatoid arthritis IL-1 AUTOIMMUNE IL-6 involvement DISORDERS AND Multiple sclerosis INTERLEUKINS IL-17 drives neuroinflammation IL-18 drives inflammation in Sickle cell Therapeutic Approaches Monoclonal antibodies targeting interleukins.  Role of IL-6 Sustains low-grade inflammation in chronic CHRONIC diseases. INFLAMMATION AND INTERLEUKINS Implications Chronic inflammation contributes to disease progression. IL-10 HIV AND PRE-ECLAMPSIA ROLE OF INTERLEUKINS AND COLO-RECTAL CANCER INTERLEUKINS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES Host Defense IL-12 and IL-23 support T helper1 (Th1) T helper 17 (Th17) responses Pathogen Evasion Some pathogens modulate interleukin production to evade immunity.  THERAPEUTIC TARGETING OF INTERLEUKINS Monoclonal Antibodies Examples: Tocilizumab (IL-6 receptor) Ustekinumab (IL-12/23). Challenges Immune suppression high costs need for personalized approaches INTERLEUKINS IN CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY Stimulates T cell activation IL-2 approved for metastatic melanoma. Emerging IL-12 and IL-15 enhance Targets anti-tumor immunity. RESEARCH FRONTIERS Discovery of New Interleukins Potential roles and applications Technological Advances Single-cell sequencing CRISPR for functional insights CONCLUSION Interleukins are central to immune regulation Implicated in many inflammatory disorders Crohns/ UC RA Sickle Cell disorder Asthma Future Directions Continued research for innovative therapies