Integumentary System Reviewer PDF

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM REVIEWER Body membranes- cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form potective (and often lubricating) sheets around organs. 2 MAJOR ORGANS  Epithelial membranes  Cutaneous  mucous  Serous membranes  Connective tissue membranes  Syno...

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM REVIEWER Body membranes- cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form potective (and often lubricating) sheets around organs. 2 MAJOR ORGANS  Epithelial membranes  Cutaneous  mucous  Serous membranes  Connective tissue membranes  Synovial membranes Synovial membrane EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES  Composed of areolar connective tissue.  line the fibrous capsule surrounding the  Cutaneous membrane- exposed to air joints where they provide a sooth and is a dry membrane. surface and secrete a lubricating fluid.  Mucous membrane- composed of  line small sacs of connective tissue epithelium resting on a loose called brusae and the tublike tendon connective tissue membrane called sheaths--cushion organs moving against lamina propria. each other during muscle activity-- - lines all body cavitiesthat open to the tendon bone's surface. exterior, such as those of the hollow organs of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.  Serous membrane- composed of a laye of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. - lines bod cavities that are closed to the exterior. - occurs in pair: parietal layer and visceral layer. Parietal layer- lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity. Visceral layer- which covers the outside of the organs in that cavity.  avascular- that is, it has no blood supply of its own. keratinocytes- which produce keratin, the fibrous protein that makes the epidermis a tough protective layer in a process called keratinization. COMPOSED OF FIVE LAYERS CALLED STRATA: 1. Stratum basale- lies closest to the dermis and contains the only epidermal STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN cells that receive adequate nourishment via diffusion of nutrients Composed of 2 tissue: from the dermis: stratum germinativum "germinating layer".  Epidemis- made up of stratified 2. Stratum spinosum- multilayer of squamous epithelium that is capable of distorted ("spined cell"). keratinizing, or becoming hard and 3. Stratum granulosum- superficia to tough. stratum spinosum; contains flattened  Dermis- made up of dense connective cells push up form the deeper strata: tissue; deep to the dermis is from protein granules. subcataneous tissue or hypodermis- 4. Stratum lucidum- only occurs when the adipose tissue, anchor the skin to skin is hairless and extra thick; palms underlying organs and provides site for and sole; translucent. nutrient storage, serves as a shock 5. Stratum corneum- 20-30 cell layer thick: absorber and insulates the deeper shinglelike dead cell remnants, tissues from extreme temperature completely filled with keratin , are changes occuring outside the body. reffered to as cornified or horny cells.  blister MELANIN- a pigment that ranges from yellow to brown to black, is produce by special cells called melanocytes; freckles and moles are seen where melanin is concentated in one spot EPIDERMIS (avascular) (keratinocytes)   Leathery skin, herpes simplex or cold sore, skin cancer DERMIS  "hide", a strong, strechy envelope that helps to hold the body together. 2 MAJOR REGIONS 1. PAPILLARY LAYER- upper dermal region; uneven and has fingerlike projections from its superior surface called dermal papillae which indent the epidermis above--contain capillary loops, which furnish nutrients te the epidermis, other house pain receptors (free nerve  Decubitus ulcer (beds sore) ending) and touch receptors called Meissner's corpuscles; papillary patterns are genetically determined; SKIN COLOR fingerprints 2. RETICULAR LAYER- deepest skin layer;  Three pigments contribute to skin color: contains dense irregular connective 1. The amount and kind of melanin found tissue, blood vessels, sweat and oil in the epidermis. glands, and deep pressure receptor 2. The amount of carotene deposited in called Pacinian corpuscles; papillary- act the stratum corneum and subcutaneous to prevent bacteria that have manage tissue. to get through the epidermis from 3. The amount of oxygen-rich hemoglobin penetrating any deeper into the body; in the blood vessels. cutaneous sensory receptors (which are  cyanosis- hemoglobin is poorly actually part of the nervous system, are oxygenated, both the blood and the also located in the skin.) skin of light-skinned people appear  Collagen- responsible for toughness of blue. the dermis; attract and bind water and Skin color is also influenced by emotional thus help the skin hydrated. stimuli, and man alterations in skin color signal  Elastic fibers- give the skin's elesticity certain disease: when are young.  redness or erythema  pallor or blanching  jaundice or yellow cast   bruises or black-and-blue marks; hematomas APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN  Cutaneous glands  Hair and hair follicles  Nails CUTANEOUS GLANDS- exocrine glands HAIR AND HAIR FOLLICLES  Sebaceous (oil) glands- found all over the skin except on the palms and sole; Hair- produced by hair follicles, is a flexible their ducts usually empty into the hair epithelial structure; cylinde compact of follicle, but some open directly into the keratinized material. skin; sebum (is a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells.)  The pat of the hair is enclosed in the  white head, blackhead, acne, follicle is called the root. seborrhea  The part projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin is called shaft.  A hair is formed by division of the well- nourished stratum basale epithelial cells in the growth zone, or hair bulb matrix, at the inferior end of the follicle. Hair follicles- compound structures; inner epithelial root sheath is composed os epitheial tissue and form the hair; outer dermal sheath is dermal connective tissue.  small bands of smooth muscle cells-  Sweat glands- sudoriferous glands; arrector pill-connect each side of the widely distributed in the skin; two types: hair follicle to the dermal tissue; "goose  Eccrine glands- produce sweat; important heat-reguating euipment.  Apocrine glands- confined to the axillary ad genital areas.  bumps". HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE OF THE SKIN Infections and allergies NAILS  Athletes foot- an itchy red peeling  Scalelike modification of the epidemis condition of the skin between the toes, that corresponds to the hoof or claw of resulting from fungus infection;trinea other animals pedis.  Plate of compact keratinized material  Boils and carbuncles- inflammation of  Each nail a free edge, a body (visible hair follicles and sebaceous glands, attached portion), and a root common on the dorsal neck; composite (embedded in the skin). boild typically caused by bacterial  The borders of the nai are overlapped infection (Staphylococcus aureus). by skin folds, called nail folds.  the thick proximal nail fod is called  Cold sores- small fluid filled blisters that cuticle. itch and sting, caused by a herpes  the stratum basale of the epidermis simplex infection; virus localize in a extends beneath the nail as the nail bed. cutaneous nerve. Its thickened poximal area, nail matrix-  Contact dermtitis- itching, redness, and responsible for nail growth. swelling of the skin, progressing to  region over the thickened nail matrix blistering. Caused by exposure of the that appear as a white crescent is called skin to chemicals that provoke allergic lumula. responses in sensitive individuals.  Impetigo- pink, watery filled, raised lesions that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture. Caused by highly contagious staphylococcus infection; common in elementary school aged children.   Psoriasis- a chronic condition, Classification of burns: characterized by reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales.  first degree burn- only the epidermis is damaged, area becomes red and swollen sunburn.  second degree burn- involve injury to the epidermis and upper region of the dermis, skin is red, painful, and blistered.  third degree burn (full thickness burn)- destroy the entire thickness of the skin, BURNS presence of blisters, burned are is  Tissue damage and cell death caused by blanched or blackened; not painful, intense heat, electricity, UV radiation egenration is not possible. (sunburn), or certain chemicals (such as  fourth degree burn- full thickness burn acids) that extends to the deeper tissues such as bone, muscle, and tedons; dry and Life threatening conditions: leathery, and require surgery and 1. Body loses supply of fluid containing grafting to cover exposed tissue. proteins and electrolytes as these seep CRITICAL from the burned surfaces. 2. Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance 1. Over 30% of the body has second follow and can lead to a shutdown of degree burns the kidneys and circulatory shock 2. Over 10% of the body has third degree  RULE OF NINES- way of estimating burn burns surface by assigning major organs of the 3. There are third degree burns of the face, body the surface are vaue of 9%. hands, or feet, or genitals 4. Burn affect airway 5. Circumferential burn have occcured SKIN CANCER  Basal cell carcimona- is the least malignant and most common skin cancer. Cells of the stratum basale, altered so that they cannot form keratin, no longer honor the boundary between epidermis and dermis. They proliferate, invading the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.   Squamous cell cercinoma- arises from  Alopecia, male pattern baldness, the cells of the stratum spinosum. The graying hair lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules (small, rounded swellings) that gradually form shallow ulcers with firm, raised borders; grows rapidly and metastasizes.  Maligant melanoma- is a cancer of melanocytes; begin when there is pigment; some develop from pigmented moles; ABCD rue: (A) Asymmetry. Any two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match. (B) Border irregularity. The borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentations. (C) Color. The pigmented spot contains areas of different colors (black, brown, tan, and sometimes blue or red). (D) Diameter. The lesion is larger than 6 millimeters (mm) in diameter (the size of a pencil eraser). (E) Evolution. One or more of these characteristics (ABCD) is evolving, or changing. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECT OSF SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES  lanugo- covers the soon to be born infant; during fifth and sixth month of fetal development; shed off  Vernix caseosa- covers the skin when a baby is born.  Milia- accumulation in the sebaceous gands, which appear in small white spots on the baby's nose and forehead.  Acne- sppear during adolescence.  Pimples, scales, dermatitis or skin inflammation  Thinning, drying, decrease elasticity