Caribbean Studies Lecture 4: Integration Movement (PDF)

Caribbean Studies 6A © 2008 www.classnotes.ai Lecture # 4 The Integration Movement LeRoy Hill BS Andrews University MA Virginia Tech  Objective Explain the ways in which the evolution of the integration movement in the Caribbean has influenced dev...

Caribbean Studies 6A © 2008 www.classnotes.ai Lecture # 4 The Integration Movement LeRoy Hill BS Andrews University MA Virginia Tech  Objective Explain the ways in which the evolution of the integration movement in the Caribbean has influenced development in the region. KEY ACTIVITIES 1.Trace the history of the integration movement 2.Evaluate the progress of the integration movement. 3.Explain the difficulties involved in deepening the integration movement. 4.Explain the challenges and achievements of key regional institutions such as the following: West Indian Cricket Board Caribbean tourism Organisation Caribbean Examinations Council University of the West Indies Caribbean Community Caribbean Single Market and Economy Regional Security System Regional Integration? Regional integration in the Caribbean is an attempt to deal with the challenges of globalisation. The arrival of our ancestors in the Caribbean is part of this globalisation process. DISCUSSION Present Caribbean society is a direct effect of globalisation. Do you agree or disagree?  A historical overview West Indian Federation CARIFTA (1958 – 1962) (1965­1972) CSME CSM (Jan 1st 2006) CARICOM (1973)  CARICOM The Caribbean Community (CARICOM), originally the Caribbean Community and Common Market, was established by the Treaty of Chaguaramas which came into effect on August 1, 1973. The first four signatories were Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago. A Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas establishing the Caribbean Community including the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) was signed by the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community on July 5 2001 at their Twenty­Second Meeting of the Conference in Nassau, The Bahamas.  Membership Currently CARICOM has 15 full members: Antigua and Barbuda (4 July 1974) Bahamas (4 July 1983) (not part of customs union) Barbados (1 August 1973) Belize (1 May 1974) Dominica (1 May 1974) Grenada (1 May 1974) Guyana (1 August 1973) Haiti (provisional membership on 4 July 1998, full membership on 2 July 2002) Jamaica (1 August 1973) Montserrat (a territory of the United Kingdom) (1 May 1974) Saint Kitts and Nevis (26 July 1974 as Saint Christopher­Nevis­Anguilla) Saint Lucia (1 May 1974) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1 May 1974) Suriname (4 July 1995) Trinidad and Tobago (1 August 1973)  Associate Members There are 5 associate members: Anguilla (July 1999) Bermuda (2 July 2003) British Virgin Islands (July 1991) Cayman Islands (16 May 2002) Turks and Caicos Islands (July 1991)  Observers There are seven observers: Aruba Colombia Dominican Republic Mexico Netherlands Antilles Puerto Rico (U.S.) Venezuela Caribbean Community Institutions Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency (CDERA) Caribbean Meteorological Institute (CMI) Caribbean Meteorological Organisation (CMO) Caribbean Food Corporation (CFC) Caribbean Environment Health Institute (CEHI) Caribbean Agriculture Research and Development Institute (CARDI) Caribbean Regional Centre for the Education and training of Animal Health and Veterinary Public Health Assistants (REPAHA) Assembly of Caribbean Community Parliamentarians (ACCP) Caribbean Centre for Development Administration (CARICAD) Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute (CFNI) Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) CARICOM Competition Commission (CCC) Caribbean Regional Information and Translation Institute (CRITI) Associate Institutions Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) University of Guyana (UG) University of the West Indies (UWI) Caribbean Law Institute / Caribbean Law Institute Centre (CLI / CLIC) Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Secondary organs Council for Trade and Economic Development (COTED) Council for Foreign and Community Relations (COFCOR) Council for Human and Social Development (COHSOD) Council for Finance and Planning (COFAP) Other bodies Legal Affairs Committee (related: CARICOM Law) Budget Committee Committee of the Central Bank Governors Stages in Economic Cooperation  Stage 1. Free Trade Area. Tariffs between members are abolished or significantly reduced. Each member keeps its own tariffs in regard of third parties. Stage 2. Custom union. Sets common external tariffs among members, implying that the same tariffs are applied to third parties. Stage 3. Common market. Factors of production, such a labour and capital, are free to move within members, expanding scale economies and comparative advantages. Stage 4. Economic union. Monetary and fiscal policies between members are harmonized as well as the use of a common currency. It also imply a level of political integration. This type of economic integration does not truly exists but the European Union is the closest example. Stage 5. Political union. Represents the potentially most advanced form of integration with a common government.  Removal of barriers Removal of barriers CARIFTA to regional trade to regional trade in goods Common in goods External Token provision for Tariff Est. of business Services Movement of capital Co­ord. of econ. Policy Common Market ­ Devpt. of capital markets ­ Standard setting ­ Competition policy Co­ordinated devpt ­ Consumer protection of productive and Removal of barriers econ. sectors Single Market Goods, services, and Economy capital flows Free movement technology of skilled persons Harmonisation of macro­economic policy Rights of Common external trade establishment of Policy enterprises  CSME The CARICOM Single Market and Economy also known as the Caribbean Single Market and Economy or CSME is an integrated development strategy envisioned at the 10th Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community which took place in July 1989 in Grand Anse, Grenada. The Grand Anse Declaration had three key Features: Deepening economic integration by advancing beyond a common market towards a Single Market and Economy. Widening the membership and thereby expanding the economic mass of the Caribbean Community (eg. Suriname and Haiti were admitted as full members in 1995 and 2002 respectively). Progressive insertion of the region into the global trading and economic system by strengthening trading links with non­traditional partners.  What are some objections to CSME? Governments may not wish to lose control over certain policies. Some countries fear loss of skilled personnel. Firms may gravitate to the bigger territories. Some bigger countries fear mass migrations from other countries Some smaller territories may believe they could do better if they negotiated with the outside world.  University of the West Indies The University of the West Indies (UWI), has been operating since 1948.is an autonomous regional institution supported by and serving 16 English speaking countries and territories in the Caribbean: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turks and Caicos. UWI has 3 main campuses – Mona, Jamaica, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago and Cave Hill, Barbados. UWI has expanded its faculties to include: – Medicine – Mona – Law – Cave Hill – Engineering – St. Augustine  UWI Challenges UWI has taken long to embrace change. UWI faces stiff competition from other regional and international universities. A number of offshore universities have set up bases in Caribbean. Eg – Durham University, Ross University. Individual governments are focusing on community based tertiary education. Poor students have difficulty accessing tertiary education since they are expected to bear most of the cost of tertiary education. Caribbean Examinations Council The Caribbean Examinations council (CXC) was established in 1972 by an Agreement among 15 English speaking Commonwealth Caribbean Countries and Territories. It has its headquarters in Barbados (Eastern Zone) and Jamaica (Western Zone). CXC’s objectives are to: provide regionally and internationally recognised secondary school leaving examinations relevant to the needs of the Region; assist in Common Entrance and other types of examinations; produce teaching materials and train teachers to use the CXC syllabi; and advise regional governments on Education matters. In 1998, CXC offered the first Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination (CAPE) in a range of subjects. The CAPE scheme is intended to satisfy requirements for entry into regional and extra regional universities as well as other professional courses.  Members The members of the CXC are: Anguilla Jamaica Antigua and Barbuda Montserrat Barbados St Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Belize St Vincent and the Grenadines British Virgin Islands Trinidad and Tobago Cayman Islands Turks and Caicos Islands. Dominica Grenada Guyana  Organisation CXC is governed by a Council comprising representatives from each participating country. The day to day operations of the Council are managed by a Registrar. Members of the Council are drawn from the 16 territories and the region's two universities, the University of Guyana and the University of the West Indies. It currently consists of the following members: The Vice Chancellor of the University of the West Indies; The Vice Chancellor of the University of Guyana; Three representatives of the University of the West Indies appointed by the Vice Chancellor of the University of the West Indies, regard being given to the geographic dispersion of the campuses; One representative of the University of Guyana appointed by the Vice Chancellor of the University of Guyana; Two representatives appointed by each of the Participating Governments of Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago and one representative appointed by each of the other Participating Governments; One representative of the teaching profession appointed by each National Committee from among its members.  Challenges Competition from other examinations boards eg…Welch Board, Hart Trust Strong emphasis on academic courses. Cost of printing exams The appropriateness of curriculum The marketing of CXC programmes and courses.  Benefits… CXC employs a range of people to manage its affairs; administrators, curriculum officers, measurement experts, subject specialists in various disciplines, markers, supervisors and examiners in all the different subject areas. Thousand of children sit exams every year. Foreign exchange is saved by region. Subjects by distance education.  West Indies Cricket Board The West Indies Cricket Board (WICB) is the governing body for professional and amateur cricket in the West Indies (a sporting confederation of over a dozen mainly English­ speaking Caribbean countries and dependencies that formed the British West Indies). It was originally formed in the early 1920s as the West Indies Cricket Board of Control but changed its name in 1996. The Board has its headquarters in St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda. The WICB has been a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) since 1926.  Organisation The WICB's membership includes the 6 territorial cricket associations of the various countries and territories which contest the West Indies first­class and limited­ overs competition in the Caribbean. Each provides two (2) Directors, in addition to a number of non­member Directors. Two (2) of these associations are themselves multi­national boards representing a number of countries and dependencies. The member associations are: Barbados Cricket Association (BCA) Guyana Cricket Board (GCB) Jamaica Cricket Association (JCA) Leewards Islands Cricket Association (LICA) Trinidad & Tobago Cricket Board (TTCB) Windward Islands Cricket Board of Control (WICBC)  Achievements Is seen as a strong factor in promoting regional integration. Support from government and private sector for the game The development of coaching programmes. Increase awareness among Caribbean individuals about the game.  Challenges Need to raise standard of cricket To get more government and private sector support and sponsorship. To develop a new thrust in coaching throughout West Indies. Modernize coaching – appropriate diet, player education.  The Caribbean Tourism Organisation The Caribbean Tourism Organisation (CTO) formed by a merger of the Caribbean Tourism Association and the Caribbean Research Centre in 1989, is a Caribbean based joint­coalition of 33 independent: committees, boards, consuls, authorities and organisations involved in tourism throughout Central America, the Caribbean basin, South America and Bermuda. The head office of the organisation is based in Bridgetown, Barbados.  Activities of CTO include – Tourism and marketing – Research and information management – Human resource development – Product development and technical assistance – Consultancy services  Achievements An annual conference on tourism in the Caribbean Sponsorship of trade shows in foreign markets. Establishment of chapters in major markets Maintains comprehensive tourism information. Marketing the Caribbean as one destination Development and maintenance of website in various languages with information on the Caribbean.  Challenges Receiving more governmental support Maintaining the lead in sustainable tourism The overdependence of some territories on cruise tourism. Changing the public perception of tourism. Providing greater assistance to small scale tourism operators