Integrated Science Secrets - Secondary One - PDF

Summary

This document discusses the transfer of energy within ecosystems, detailing how energy flows through food chains, highlighting the role of producers, consumers, and decomposers. It also covers the concept of energy loss at each trophic level, and the process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, linking chemical energy and heat. The use of examples and illustrations helps to explain the transfer of energy within an ecosystem.

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LESSON 1 Transfer of ecosystem energy Introdvction In this lesson we will... ts Explore how energy from the sun is transmitted through e...

LESSON 1 Transfer of ecosystem energy Introdvction In this lesson we will... ts Explore how energy from the sun is transmitted through ecosystems through food chains e How does energy transition affect the ecological balance cr first : The concept of energy in se the ecosystem: Onewaytoudytheinteraction between livingorganismsin n ecosyems istotrackthetransferof ce ie energythroughthissyem sc So how the energy transfer through the system ed at Green plants receive sunlight and perform photosynthesis. ١ 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 gr ٢ te Plant Insect eaten when eaten by by In Insect Animal it obtains the chemical the energy is transferred from energy stored in the plants the insect to the animal 1 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Thesetransformationscontinueuntiltheene Note reachesthedecomposerorganisms,whichreturn theremaining As energy moves chemical from one trophic level to another, Notice energyfrom a large amount that thedead organismsto of it is lost. thesoilinthe formof salts. ts Trophic levels e cr Primary Secondary Producers Consumers Consumers Energy loss se herbivores simplytheenergynotused carnivores directly,representingthe plants dierencebetweenthetotal energyfromfoodandthe energyutilizedbytheorganism autotrophic organisms heterotrophic organisms heterotrophic organisms foressentialprocessessuchas movementandgrowth. n ce ie It states that the energy transferred from sc one level to another In vital processes such as: 90% is equal to %10 of the cellular respiration, ored stored energy. energy (glucose) is consumed -So, throughout the Of to produce the energy needed food chain a portion of energy lost to perform vital functions. ed energy is lost at each Causes of energy loss level Notic e pyramid rarely contains 6 at thatenergy levels : So it is better for humans to get their food from plants, as they Fox provide them with the greatest as the remaining energy Grass amount of energy that they get gr becomes insufficient to sustain Rabbit from animals another organism te Calculation of wasted energy law of conservation of energy : energy In The expression «lost energy» does not can neither be created nor be destroyed. contradict the law of conservation of Although, it may be transformed from one energy. form to another Where a large part of the energy is lost in the form of heat during the vital systems. 2 Integrated science secrets Secondary one An example that illustrates how energy is transferred within an organism›s body Example A rabbit eats a plant and gets 100 joules stored in its food Calculation of wasted energy ts During cellular respiration Kinetic energy e The majority of energy is converted in a part of the energy produced that is the process of burninging sugar during used in the rabbit's movement cr cellular respiration to CO2 (chemical energy ) -Which released into nature during exhalation. se Thermal energy Another part of the energy is converted into heat to warm the body and maintain its temperature. n ce undigested food there a part of energy stored in the ie undigested food and exits the body in the form of waste (chemical When all the resulting forms of energy are added together, energy) sc their total will be 100J. This is aligns with the law of conservation of energy. ed Law of conservation of Energy in Food Chains Lawofconservationofenergyisdemon-ratedinfoodchainsthroughtransfor at ofenergyintovariousforms.Thechainbeginswithsolarenergyfromthesun,w isconvertedwithinplantsintochemicalenergy-oredinfoodduringthepr photosynthesis. gr Then,Energyistransferredtotheprimaryconsumerwhenitfeedsonthepla Duringthis-age,thechemicalenergyundergoesconversionintothermalan energythroughrespiration,withsomeenergylo-asheat. te Whenenergyistransferredtothesecondaryconsumer,whichfeedsonthepri consumer,additionalenergylossoccursduringprocessessuchasrespirat excretion. In These energy transformations continue until the remaining chemica decomposed organisms is recycled into the soil by decomposers in the f nutrients. Throughoutthefoodchain,energyislo-ateachlevelintheformofheat.Howe thisdoesnotcontradictthelawofconservationofenergy,which-atestha cannotbecreatedorde-royedbutonlytransformedfromoneformtoanother 3 Integrated science secrets Secondary one The energy journey begins inside living organisms with Chemistry in energy green plants where they carry out the process of transfer photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs inside chloroplasts. Photosynthesis Mechanism Process of cellular Chemical reactions : light respiration ts absorbed by chlorophyll (A whenthe glucoseisburning This energy green pigment -imulates ) transferred byusingoxygen,itrelaese heatenergythatresponsible e complexchemicalreactions. to animals feeds that CO2andH 2O converts to on the plant forthelifeoflivingorganisms cr oxygenandglucose (chemical energy-oredinit) C66CO2 + 6H H12O 2O + 6O 66H12O+5 +6H → 6CO 6O2O+ + Energy se 6 2 2 2 Light Light 6CO22 + 6CO + 6H 6H22O O → C 6H6612 HO O ++ 6O 12 6 5 6O22 Carbon Dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen AndbythatweconcludethatLight f energyconverttochemicalenergy ce i n oredbetweenthechemicalbondsin glucosemolecule,thenthermalenergy ie thatresbonsbleforthelifeofliving organism sc ed The energy stored in fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) Source of originally comes from solar energy by direct or indirect enoessril fgueyls way. Composition of fossil at fuels in f Petroleum: It is a mixture of gr hydrocarbon compounds. C n e It originatedn from marine te of carbon (C) organisms and marine plants that t i gf ht were bugried for millions of years fge r h ago.tgg In f rn ygtg were exposed to high They t gf fgt g n pressure gt and heat which led h g g t nn to their decomposition h and the g t i formation of petroleum. 4 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Natural gas: It consists of hydrocarbon gases, such as: Methane (CH₄ (CH₄): the largest proportion (70-98%). Ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈), butane (C₄H₁₀): in smaller proportions. Natural gas exists in two states: Floating on oil In its underground locations. In mines or between rocks. ts Utilization of Fossile fuels e cr W hen fossil fuels are burned with oxygen ,The stored chemical energy is released as heat energy. se 2 103 This heat energy is used to operate 303 222 machines, such as: Car engines Turbines in power plants. n ce The relation between photosynthesis and cellular respiration ie sc The cellular photosynthesis respiration ed photosynthesis Plants during cellular respiration In living at the process organisms(humans ,animals) carbon dioxide (CO₂) is absorbed glucose (from photosynthesis) and from the atmosphere oxygen are used to produce energy gr oxygen (O₂) is released and energy As a result, carbon dioxide and water stored in glucose molecule are released as waste products te In The importance Of Thesereactionscontributetomaintainingthe these process balanceofoxygenandcarbondioxideinthe atmosphere 5 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Impact of This 1 2 3 Relationship on - Environmen talBalance Energy Flow TheCarbon Cycle the Ecosystem Photosynthesis produces oxygen, which is essential for respiration in ts Environmental living organisms. Balance In return, respiration releases carbon dioxide, which plants need for photosynthesis. e This cycle maintains the balance of gases (oxygen and carbon cr dioxide) in the atmosphere. se Energy Flow Solar energy stored in glucose during photosynthesis is transferred through food chains, starting with plants consumed by animals. Animals digest glucose and use it in cellular respiration to produce ce ATP, the main energy source for their biological processes. n The natural carbon cycle is a continuous process ie where carbon dioxide and water is recycled between the environment and living organisms, ensuring life sustains on Earth. sc The Carbon Photosynthesis and cellular Cycle respiration are central to this cycle. Where The process of photosynthesis ed provides oxygen and glucose, which is used in the process of cellular respiration to release energy at gr Lesson 1 isOver te In 6 Integrated science secrets Secondary one LESSON 2 Conserve environmental resources Introdvction In this lesson we will... ts Explore how do our daily activities affect the environment?? e means the extent to which the cr system system is able to convert energy efficiency: from its original form to a desired se form with the least possible loss. ce Highly efficient systems are those that reduce production of unwanted energy n ie The science of thermodynamics is The basic concerned with studying the concepts sc concepts in of energy and its transformations associated with physical processes, thermodynamics chemical reactions, biological processes, and others ed Is part of the universe in which physical or chemical change takes at System place. gr Surrounding: Is the part outside the system that exchanges energy with it in the form of heat or work. te - Can be real or hypothetical In It is the envelope that surrounds the system and separates it from the The surrounding environment and represents the wall containing the system ry bounda can be real (such as walls) or virtual (an imaginary line that defines the system) 7 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Types of Systems 1 It is the system that freely exchanges matter and Open energy with its surrounding. open sea system e ts z 2 cr It is the system that exchanges energy thermometer Closed (but not matter) with its surrounding system in the form of heat or work se 3 Isolated ce It is the system that does not exchange either energy or matter with its surrounding n system calorimeter ie sc the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, in which.... ed at gr te In 8 Integrated science secrets Secondary one System Properties Extensiue These properties depend on the quantity of matter within the system. Mass ,Volume , Surface Area,internal energy and Heat Capacity Properties e ts Intensiue These properties are independent of the quantity of matter in the cr Properties system and are characteristic of the material itself. Temperature , Density and se Surface Tension: The cohesive force between molecules on a liquid’s surface. Specific Heat: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one unit of mass by one degree. n ce ie sc ed at gr te In 9 Integrated science secrets Secondary one These laws explain the physical processes, chemical reactions, biological phenomena, and energy transformations in different systems. ts States that heat is a form of energy and Which means that t Law The Firs obays to the principle of conservation of Law of the total energy of of ics energy or the first law of thermodynamic conservation a system remains dynam of energy constant. e erm o Th cr Work done by or on the system. se ΔW Mathematical Change in the system’sinternalenergy ΔU n Law ΔU=ΔQ-ΔW ce Expression Of the First ΔQ Heat transferred to or from the system ie sc U is the Internalenergy, which is the sum of: Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy from the motion of molecules ed + Potential Energy (PE): Energy associated with the forces of attraction between molecules. at + ve gr when System Gain heat surroundings from te - ve when System lose heat surroundings In ΔU to 10 Integrated science secrets Secondary one + ve The work done by the system on the surrounding when medium W ΔW - ve when The work done by the System W System ts surrounding environment on the Surrounding Surrounding system W is positive W is niegative e Thermodynamic processes cr If there is no heat (Q = 0) is exchanged between the 1. se system and its surroundings. Adiabatic -then (U) equal (W) and its expressed as: Process ΔU = -ΔW rapid compression 2. ce of a trapped gas If the system temperature does not change , n the internal energy (U) of the system remains ΔU = -ΔW ie Isothermal unchanged. ΔU = 0 Process So it represented as: The melting of ice and the Δ Q = ΔW sc boiling of water take place at a constant temperature If the volume remains constant (V), there is no ed 3. work is done (W). Isochoric ΔW = 0 Process So it represented as: at ΔU = ∆Q Heating water in sealed container gr te Whenanelectricbulboperates,itconvertselectricalenerg into: In 1. Lightenergy(toproduceillumination). ic Electr 2. Heatenergy(asthefilamentbecomeshot). Bulb This demonrates energy transformation from one form to another in accordance with the Fir Law of Thermodynamics. 11 Integrated science secrets Secondary one ThePlants duringphotosynthesis converts , thelightenergy fromsuntoOxygenandglucosewhichoreschemicalenergy theoredchemicalenergyinplantstransfersthroughthefood Photo is Chain :From plantsto Herbivores andthento Carnivores then s synthe feedonherbivores Duringtheseenergytransfers,heatenergyisoftengainedor lo. In a cylinder very slowly to half its original size, and during th ts process thetemperature remained conant and the work done in Gas in compression was 4 5 J, so calculate e Whatisthechangeintheinternalenergyofthesyem? er Cylind Theamountofheattransferredtothegas? cr Thetemperatureofthesyemisconantwhilechanging,sothe amountofinternalenergyalsoremainsconantßU=0 ΔU=ΔQ-ΔW 0= Δ Q - Δ W se So l Δ Q = ΔW 45 The Relationship Between Reactants n ce Chemistry and Energy Chemicalreactionscanbeexpressedasequationswith: Products ie 1 Themoleculeandtheatomareverysmallparticlesand sc The Mole it’sverydiculttodealwiththemSoweusetheconcept ‘ MOLE’ So the quantities in chemical reactions are measured in moles ed A moleofasubanceisthemassofasubance ingramsequivalenttoitsmolecularmass 2H+1O=H2O the molecular mass/molecular weight: H2O=(1×2)+(16×1)=18g/mole. at It’sthesumofatomicmassesofelementsforming 1C+2O=CO2 thismolecule. CO2​=(12×1)+(16×2)=44g/mole. gr 2 Enthalpy and Its Change te Enthalpy (H): Theamountofchemicalenergyoredinonemoleofasubance In Chemical energy is stored in....  theatomsandmoleculesofmatterandinthechemicalbondsandforcesofattractio betweenitsmolecules Different substances have differententhalpies due to variations in atoms, molecules, and bond types. 12 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Change in Thedierencebetweentheenthalpyof Enthalpy productsandreactants. (∆H) ΔH = HP – HR ts Types of Chemical 1- Reactions Based on 2- Endothermic Exothermic e Change in heat reaction enthalpy reaction cr se n ce ie Energy transfersfromsurroundingtothesyem. sc 1- increases of the system, and decreases temperature of the surrounding. (reactions accompanied by absorption of heat) Endothermic reaction  he sum of heat contents for the products ishigherthan T the sum of ed the heat contents for the reactants. at The heat content change (ΔH >0), has positive sign. -Because gr ∆H= HP-Hr Hprod > Hreact te Heat transfers from the system to the surrounding 2- decrease the temperature of the system, and increase the surrounding. In Exothermic (reactions accompanied by releasing of heat)the reactants. reaction the sum of the heat content of product is (lessthan) the sum of heat contents of reactants. 13 Integrated science secrets Secondary one The change in the heat content (ΔH < 0) has negative sign Because ∆H= HP-Hr Hprod ˂ Hreact e ts It is the quantity of heat required cr Is the quantity of heat needed to raise to raise the temperature of 1 g of Calorie the temperature of 1g of water by 1C. joule water 1/ 4.18ºc se Keep in mind that *1cal=4.18J Explain Why change? ce is a chemical reaction accompanied by a thermal Because during a chemical reaction, bonds in the reactants are broken, and n new bonds are formed in the products which accompanied with releasing or absorbing ie energy Absorbed energy Released energy sc during the breakig E+ C C + A A C A + C A+E during the making of bonds of bonds Bond breaking Bond making ed at The released energy during the Formation of bond < the adsrobed energy during the breaking of bonds Bond gr  ∆H = +ve sign The Endothermic reaction te The released energy during the formation of bond >the adsorbed energy during the breaking of bonds Bond In  ∆H = -ve sign The Endothermic reaction 14 Integrated science secrets Secondary one To determines whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic. We must know the difference between the energy needed to break bonds and the energy released from forming bonds (the bond energy) ts The energy required to break (in endo reaction) or form (in exo reaction) bonds Bond in one mole of a substance energy e cr AH= absorbed energy during bond breaking + released energy se during bond formation. (AH)=B.E Reactants -B.E products n ce Calculate the ∆H of the following reactions, and find if it its exothermic or ie endothermic. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) (O=O) 498, (C-H) 413 , (O-H) 467 , (C = O) 745 sc Solution:- ed at bond breaking = gr [ 4 x (C – H)] + [ 2 x ( O = O) ] → [ 4 x 413] + [ 2 x 498] = 2648 kJ The bond making = te [ 2 x (C=O) ] + [ 4 x (O – H) ] → [ 2 x 745] + [ 4 x 467] = 3358 kJ ΔH = bond breaking +(-bond making) = 2648+(-3358 ) = - 710 kJ / mol. In The change in heat content is negative, therefore the reaction is exothermic. 15 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Calculate the bond energy of Cl−Cl bond from the following data: CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g) giving that , ΔH= −100.3 kJ. Also the bond enthalpies of C−H =413, C−Cl=326 H−Cl =431kJ/mol : ts H H H -C-H + Cl-Cl → H -C- Cl + H-Cl e H H cr Hr = bond breaking+(− bond making) Bond breaking = 4 (C−H) + (Cl−Cl)= 4Х413 + (Cl−Cl) , Bond making = 3Х(C−H) +(C−Cl) +(H−Cl) se =3Х413 +326+431=1996 Hr = bond breaking+(− bond making) -100.3=bond breaking +(-1996) → bond breaking =-100.3+1996=1895.7 n ce Bond breaking = 4 (C−H) + (Cl−Cl)→ (Cl−Cl)=bond breaking- 4 (C−H) Cl-Cl =1895.7-(4 Х413)=243.7 Lesson 2:Conserveenvironmentalresour ie sc ed at gr te In 16 Integrated science secrets Secondary one LESSON 3 Nutrients and Ecosystem Health Introdvction In this lesson we will learn that ts Nutrients are essential substances that support the life of living organisms. e They are vital for growth, development, and health. cr They also play a key role in various biological processes. se carbon Types ce of main nutrients n phosphorus nitrogen ie Each serving a unique role in maintaining ecosystem stability sc Carbon is a fundamental element in all organic compounds, such as: Proteins. ed Carbohydrates. Fats. carbon Nucleicacids(RNAandDNA). at Atmosphere Carbon Is Found in........ In Living Organisms: In the bodies of terrestrial As carbon dioxide gas gr (CO2). and marine organisms. te In Soil In the Hydrosphere: In organic matter and In dissolved forms like humus carbonate ions (CO3)-2 and In bicarbonate ions (HCO3)-. In Rocks In Fossil Fuels In sedimentary rocks like Such as coal, petrleum, limestone (CaCO3) and dolo- mite (CaMg(CO3)2. and natural gas. 17 Integrated science secrets Secondary one WhatistheCarbonCycle isacontinuousbiological-geologicalprocesswherecarbonisexchan betweenlivingorganisms,theatmosphere,oceans,androcks. Thecycle-arts Plantsalso - per withgreenplants formrespiration, absorbingcarbon whichreleases ts = dioxide (CO2)from someofthecar - theatmosphere duringphotosyn thesis,producing - + bondioxideback intotheatmo - sphere,allowing continouse process e organic com- ittobereusedin pounds. photosynthesis cr Whenherbivoresconsumeplants,thecarb Carbon se intheorganiccompoundsisusedtobuildt Transition to tissues. Animals Thecarboninplantsbecomespartofthece Co2 n ce andtissuesoftheanimalsthatfeedonth What Happens to Carbon Next? ie Through Waste and Through Secretions: sc Respiration: Somecarbonisreturned Carbonisalsolo- totheatmosphereas fromlivingorganisms carbondioxidethrough throughtheirsecrtions andwa-e. ed respiration. After the Death of Carbon in Marine at Organisms: Animals The carbon in their tissue carbonbecomespartof decomposes into organic gr hard-ructures(likemollusk matter. shells)ascalciumcarbonate AndDecomposermicroorgan - (CaCO3). isms : break this matter down, Overlongperiods,thiscarbon releasing carbon into the isfixedin(lime-onerocks) atmosphere or the soil. te formedfromshelldeposits. Carbon in Fossil Carbon in Water: Fuels: In Carbonmaybecometrapped Alarge portion of carbon infossilfuelssuchascoal dioxide (CO2 ) dissolves in andoil. oceans, lakes, and seas, -Whenfossilfuelsareburned, leading to the formation of carbonisreleasedbackinto lime- one rocks. theatmosphereascarbon These rocks can undergo dioxide (CO2),re-artingthe chemical weathering, - re cycle. leasing carbon back into the atmosphere. 18 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Understanding this cycle is essential to comprehend: Notic that eClimatechanges. Humanimpactontheenvironment. Nitrogen is a key component of… ts amino Proteins acids essentialforgrowth whicharethe e anddevelopmentin nitrogen buildingblocks alllivingorganisms cr ofproteins. se Nitrogen enters the ecosystem through the process of nitrogen fixation by bacteria and then moves through the food chain. TheNitrogenCycle 1.Decomposition ce Afterthedeathofplantsandanimals,spec bacteriaandfungibreakdowntheorganicmat n of Organic Duringthisprocess,ammonia3)is (NH released ie Matter fromnitrogencompounds foundinthedeadmatteror sc animalexcretions. ed 2.Ammonia Plantsabsorbsomeofthe Absorption: ammoniaanduseittosynthesizeproteins otheressentialcompounds. at gr The ammonia that plants do not absorb is converted by 3.Conversion te of Ammonia: 1-Nitrifying bacteria 2- Nitrifying (Nitrosomonas): bacteria (Nitrobacter): Convert ammonia Convertnitrites In (NH 3)to (NO 2)to nitrites (NO2). nitrates (NO3). 19 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Plants  absorbmo-ofthenitratesanduse 4.Nitrates theminthesamewayasammonia. and Plants: Animals  obtainnitrogenbyeatingplantsor consumingotheranimalsthatfeedonplan ts Thisprocess addsnitrogentothebiologicalcycle. 5.Nitrogen Nitrogen-fixingbacteriaorconvert algae atmospheric Fixation: nitrogengasintoammonia 3) ,which (NH isabsorbedby e plants,thoughsomeammoniamaydissipateinto - thea cr mosphere. se Thereisareverseprocessdenitrification. called 6.Nitrogen Denitrifyingbacteriaconvert backintonitrogengas2)or (NOnitrates 3- )inthesoil (NOnitrousoxide 2O)(N , Return: returningnitrogentotheatmosphere. severaltimes ce beforereturningtotheatmosphere,nitrogenmaycy betweenorganismsandthesoil. n ie Impact of Human Activities on the Nitrogen Cycle: Indu-ries consume significant amounts nitrogen of to produce Notice fertilizers. sc that Whilefertilizersincreaseagriculturalproductivit cancausewaterpollution excess whennitrogenleachesfromth soilintowater,leading bodies toenvironmentaldamage. ed at phosphorus Phosphorusisessentialfor-oringandtransferring gr energywithinlivingcells,primarilythroughthe compoundATP(AdenosineTriphosphate). Itplaysakeyroleinthedevelopment roots,offlowers,andfruits,whichboo-s te plantproductivity. PhosphorusisalsovitalforthesynthesisofnucleicacidsDNAandRN In Importance of Nvtrients in Nutrients maintain the balance of ecosystems by supporting Ecosystems the growth and interactions of living organisms. 20 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are foundation of the food The chain: nutrient Plants absorbthesenutrientsfromthesoil. in Herbivores feed on plants, and predators feed on othe ecosystem animals. Leads to weakplantgrowthandreducedproductivity. ts A-ects animal health, increasing diseases and reducin Nutrient populations. Deficiency Disruptstheentireecosy-em. e cr Impact of Physical Processes on Nutrients: se n ce ie Rainfall Effects of Evaporation Drought: sc Transfersdissolved nutrientsintothe Transfersdissolved Negativee-ectsonorganic - car soil,aidingtheir nutrientsintothe bonandnitrogen. evendi-ribution soil,aidingtheir Positivee-ectsoninorganic ed evendi-ribution phosphorus. Reduces vegetation cover, resulting in: decreasesbiological at processes(e.g.decomposition) whileIncreasesphysical- pro cesses(e.g.rockerosion), gr Chapter 1 isOver te In 21 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Chapter 2 renewable and non-renewable energy Lesson 1: Non-renewable energy sources What could happen to our planet if we continue to rely heavily ts introduction on fossil fuels, and how can we balance energy consumption with environmental protection?? e cr Energyisessentialinourlivesandafundamentalc in science Energyexi-sindi-erentforms,eachwithitsownuses se andimportance. The energy the form of ce enegy n light energy ie Nuclear energy sc Thermal energy Mechanical ed energy Chemical energy at Electrical energy gr What makes energy special is that it can change from one form to another. For example: te Electric heater: Light bulb : electrical energy electrical energy In Convert Convert to heat energy to Light energy 22 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Non-renewable energy sources Theyareextracted Theseresourcesarenot ts fromthegroundand rapidlyrenewable takemillionsofyearsto form. e cr Theiruseconsumeslarge Whentheseresources quantitiesofitwithout runout,itbecomes se beingreplacedquickly di-culttoreproduce enoughtomeethuman themintheshortterm. needs. The n ce most important ie types of non- renewable sc energy Oil Natural sources: (petroleum) Coal gas ed Oil  Amixtureofhydrocarbonsformedbypressureandheatonorganic (Petroleum) at materialsburiedunderground. What is oil used in ? Problems caused by Where is oil extracted oil gr from ? 1-Burning oil leads to 1- Fuel (such as gasoline the emission of (CO2), A mixture of hydrocarbons and diesel) used to operate which contributes to the te formed by pressure and heat cars, planes and factories phenomenon of global on organic materials buried warming. 2-Manufacture of plastics 2-Oil leakage in seas and underground. and other chemicals. In oceans poses a threat to marine life. 23 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Coal Itconsisofdecayingplantremainsmillionsofyearsago problems caused by coal What is coal used in? Where is coal extracted Burning coal releases toxic ts from? 1- It is mainly used to gases such as Extracted from mines generate electricity (S ,CO2) e 2-It is used to operate which contribute to Climate factories cr change and air pollution Coal mining cause Destruction of landscapes se Natural gas ce  itisamixtureofhydrocarbongasesthatflammable,naturalgasis consideredcleanerthanoilandcoal n ie Where is natural gas What is natural gas Problems caused by extracted from? used in? natural gas sc From the depths of the earth Electricity generation 1-its combustion leads by drilling Cooking to the release of carbon Heating. dioxide 2-During the extraction ed process: Gas may leak leading to environmental pollution and increase risk of explosion. at gr te In 24 Integrated science secrets Secondary one ts Air Pollutants from Fossil 1. Carbon Dioxide (CO2): 2. Carbon monoxide (CO): e Fuel Combustion Hydrocarbon Burning carbon dioxide Wood or kerosene + carbon monoxide benzene ,coal, cr + oxygen +water oxygen natural gas (the main component of fuel ) (incomplete combustion ) Example of Combustion: CO: is a poisonous gas that is Combustion of methane (CH4): odorless and colorless se CH4 + 2O2WCO 2 + 2H2O 2C + O2W2CO Nitrogen ce oxides+ oxygen 1.Formation of (NO): n At high temperature N 2 + O2W2NO (NO and NO2) ie 2.Formation of (NO2): Easily oxidize 2NO+O 2 W2NO 2 sc These gases cause: Irritating the eyes and 3. Nitrogen Oxides (NO and NO2): respiratory system.In the long term ed Chronic diseases such as asthma and heart disease. Residents of urban areas at more risk from inhaling nitrogen oxide gases at Contributes to the formation of acid rain gr te In 25 Integrated science secrets Secondary one fuel containing At high temperature (SO2) + oxygen Easily Chemical equation: Oxidize to S+O 2 WSO 2 2SO 2 + O2W2SO 3 (SO3) The formation of the acid rain ts SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 (main component in acidic rain) It corrodes building materials such as limestone and marble e used in architectural designs, which are composed of calci- 4. Sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3): um carbonate. cr H2SO 4 +CaCO3WCaSO 4 +H2O +CO2 Acidic rain reacts with calcium carbonate forming calcium se sulfate that dissolve in water This reaction leads to corrosion of cultural and histroical artifacts Role of Chemicals and Pollutant : n ce Industrial activities (e.g., chemical production, fertilizers, and pesticides) release toxic substances into ie the environment Examples of pollvtants sc The combustion of fuels ProduceNitrogen Oxides (NOx) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Which cause acid rain, leading to soil and water pollution. ed Energy Production from Fossil Fuels: at Provides electricity to Homes and gr institutions for essential appliances. te Boosts economic growth and creates jobs in the energy sector. In Enhances living standards and supports economic and national security. 26 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Operated based on the first law of thermodynamics to convert energy forms. Where the chemical energy stored in fossil fuels is converted into electrical energy ts In Which … e Massive carbon Consume large Environmental Power dioxide emissions, amounts of fossil pollutants that cr driving global Plants fuels harm health and warming. climate. Produce leadto se Fossil fuels (coal, oil, or natural gas) are burned. where Chemical energy convert to Thermal Electricity Generation Process n ce Energy A significant amount of heat is lost during the process. Pollutant gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) are released. Turbines convert the steam’s kinetic energy into electrical energy via generators. ie Steam flows through pipes to spin turbines. Heat is used to boil water, producing high-pressure steam. sc Lesson 1 :Non-renewableenergysourcesis ed at gr te In 27 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Chapter 2 - renewable and non-renewable energy Lesson 2: Chemistry and mining How does our use of natural resources affect the environment introduction How can we reduce this impact? ts depletion of natural e resources: cr means using these resources faster than they can naturally regenerate. fossil fuels (oil, coal, and gas) soil This includes se things like minerals (like gold and iron) plants water animals This process greatly affects ecosystems and public health, an example of which is mining Mining: n ce The process of done This process is the ie extracting valuable minerals from the by digging into ss e ground to acc s. earth, like (gold or iron). sc e these resourc Note: While these resources are essential for our daily lives, mining has ed environmental costs. Howdoesminingharmtheenvironment Excessive mining can cause several issues and physical changes , at such as ….. 1. Changes to soil gr Removing the top layers of soil during mining te alters its properties. It affects the exchange of heat and moisture in the soil In where wet soil retains heat for longer than dry soil. affecting the local climate and humidity. 28 Integrated science secrets Secondary one 2. Air and water pollution Dust from digging and chemicals used in mining , can pollute: the air Groundwater Surface water. 3. Pressure and Erosion ts Activities such as mining apply great pressures to rocks and soil that cause: e 1-Pressure 2-Removal cr 3- Chemical on Rocks: of Topsoil: Pollution: Creates underground Mining and drilling Harmful chemicals may se voids, which may lead remove the upper soil seep into groundwater to: layers, causing: during mining. Ground collapses. Soil erosion: This can alter: Formation of deep Destruction of fertile 1-pH levels of water. pits. topsoil. Landslides. 2-Metal concentrations. Habitat destruction n TheRoleofChemiryinMining ce affecting the aquatic environment ie Chemi-  ryislinkedtotheprocessesofextracting,refining,and sc mineralsinvariousindu-ries.Thisincludes. 1-Chemical Analysis of ed 2-Extraction Processes: Ore: Ores Chemical reactions are at are analyzed chemically to used to extract metals Determine…… from ores. gr The type of metal present. Examples include: The quantity of metal in Electrolysis to extract the ore. aluminum. te This helps decide if mining is Extracting gold from economically feasible. cyanide solutions Extracting iron from In hematite ore. 29 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Examples of Metal Extraction: Electrolysis is used to extract aluminum 1- Aluminum Aluminum is extracted from bauxite ore (Al₂O₃). dissolved in ts Extraction from cryolite(Na₃AlF₆) Bauxite Chemical Equation: 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 e Electrolysis cr Cynaid is used to extract gold from its ores 2- Gold Gold is dissolved in a solution of sodium cyanide (NaCN). Extraction se This forms a soluble gold cyanide complex. Using Cyanide Gold is then separated from the solution using activated carbon or other techniques. Chemical Equation: 4NaAu(CN)2 + 4NaOH 4Au + 8NaCN + O2 + 2H2O n ce ie sc Iron is extracted from hematite ore It is done in the Blast Furnace using coke 3-Iron Coke (carbon) reacts with oxygen to produce Extraction from ed carbon dioxide (CO₂). Hematite Carbon dioxide reacts with more coke to form carbon monoxide (CO). at Carbon monoxide reduces hematite to its molten. C + O2 → CO2 CO2 + C → 2CO gr Chemical Equation: Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 te After metals are extracted from their ores, they Metal Purification require purification to remove impurities and improve quality. In 30 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Methods Specific chemicals of metal This process is used for are added to remove purification: purifying metals like Electrolysis copper. Chemical impurities from the agents: metal Chemical waste often contains hazardous and toxic substances, making disposal a process that requires ts strict measures and standards. Chemical Waste Disposal of e Disposal chemical wastes cr Classification and Separation se suchlevel, Waste isclassifiedbasedonitstypeandrisk as: Flammablewa-e. Toxicwa-e. Radioactivewa-e. Reactivewa-e. Each type of waste is separated into individual containers to n ce avoid dangerous reactions.. Temporary Storage ie Wa-eis-oredinleak-proofcontainersmadefromnon-reactivematerials. Temporary-orageisdoneinsecurelocationstopreventaccidentalleaks sc Treatment To reduce the toxicity of the waste or convert it into less hazardous materials. ed Treatment methods: METHODS OF WASTE DISPOSAL Chemical neutralization: Addingsub-ancestoneutralizeacidsorbases. Oxidation or reduction: at Breakingdowntoxiccompoundsintosaferones. Safe disposal methods: gr Landfill in specialized sites: Wa-eisburiedinlandfillsTheselandfillsareequippedwithinsulatinglaye te controlsy-emstopreventchemicalleakage. Incineration in high-temperature furnaces: Specializedfurnacesburnwa-eatveryhightemperatures,reducingwa-evolu In andneutralizingitstoxicity. Recycling: Certainchemicalwa-escanbepurifiedandreused. For example, chemical solvents can be recycled for use in other industrial processes. 31 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Monitoring and Follow-Up: Long-term monitoring: Evenafterdisposal,thedisposalsitesmu-beregularlymonitoredtoensur orcontaminationoccur. Compliance with environmental standards: All-epsofwa-edisposalmu-adheretoenvironmentallawsandregulations. ts Lesson 2:Depletionofnaturalresource e cr se n ce ie sc ed at gr te In 32 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Chapter 2 - renewable and non-renewable energy Lesson 3: Renewable energy How can renewable energy contribute to protecting the introduction ts environment and combating climate change? e Wind cr Solar energy Energy Renewable se energy sources Biomass Hydro Energy power n ce ie Solar Cells Solar energy aredevicesmadeofsemiconducting sc materials,suchassiliconthat , convertsolarenergydirectlyinto electricalenergy ed NoticThey e areenvironmentallyfriendlyas that they reducedependenceonfossil fuels,whichcausepollution. at HowSolarCellsWork gr 1-Light Absorption: When sunlight (photons)hitsthesurfaceofthe te semiconductormaterial Electronsaredisplacedwithin material. the Avoltagedi-erenceiscreatedbetween thesurfaces. In 2- E lectricity Generation Connectingthematerialtoanexternalcircuitproducesanelectriccu 33 Integrated science secrets Secondary one ElectricalEnergyOutput Eciency%= ×10 SolarEnergyInput If all the input solar energy converted into electrical energy, then the efficiancy of solar cell will be %100 Effciency of Solar Cells The angle of sunlight incidence. The absence or presence of clouds ts The efficiency wind, dust, and humidity. of the solar cell depends on e cr Modern Techniques to Improve Efciency se Nanotechnology: Used to enhance solar cell performance. Where the nanomaterials have unique properties that 1. Improve sunlight absorption 2. Contribute to increased efficiency. n ce E=V×I×t ie Calculating Electrical Energy V: Voltage t: Time sc (in volts, V). (in seconds, s). I:Current E: Electrical energy (in amperes, A). (in joules, J). ed Notice that In scientific applications, it is preferable to deal with power at P=V×I gr Power te Calculation Power (P) V: Voltage I: Current in watts (W) (in volts, V). (in amperes, A). In A solar panel generates: Voltage difference (V) = 10 volts. Current (I) = 0.5 amperes. Calculate the electrical power it produces. 34 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Wind energy is one of the most Wind important renewable and eco-friendly energy sources. Energy Wind Turbines converts wind energy into clean electrical energy. HowWindTurbinesWork? ts 1-Structure of 2-Effect of Wind e Wind Turbines: on Blades: Turbines consist of: When wind passes over the blades: cr Blades. Two pressure zones form due to the Turbines electric generators. difference in air velocity on both sides of the blades. se This causes the blades to rotate. 3-Electricity: Generating n ce The blades are connected to a shaft that drives the turbines. Turbines transfer mechanical energy to generators, which convert it into electrical energy.( mechanical energy ie to electrical ) Factors Ideal locations for wind sc Affecting wind speed in the turbines. Efficiency region. -Open areas like deserts. -High altitudes ed Hydro Hydropower is derived from the power at movement of water through dams. gr HowdamsWorktogenerateelectricit te Dams store water in reservoirs, 1-water storage giving it potential energy due to its new position. In 35 Integrated science secrets Secondary one When dam gates are opened: a.Water flows from a higher 2-water flow elevation to a lower one. b.It hits turbines, causing them to spin. turbine connected to a generator 3-electricity that produces electricity. generation by converting… mechanical energy into ts electrical energy. e cr se n ce ie sc ed Biomass energy is produced from organic materials, such as: at -Plants. -Animals. These materials can be converted into Biomass Energy biofuels like: Electricity: By gr Ethanol. burning it in Biodiesel. power plants to generate energy. te Bioenergy contributes to reducing carbon emissions compared to fossil fuels NoticWhere e thecarbondioxidethatreleasefromthecombu-ion,the In that plants absorbitagainduringthephotosynthesisreaction Lesson 3:Renewableenergyisover 36 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Chapter 2 - renewable and non-renewable energy Lesson 4: Renewable energy applications in daily life isaninnovativefieldthatcombinesbiol Greenbiotechnology andtechnology. Theuseoflivingorganismstoproducerenewableenergy velopsde su-ainableenergysources. introduction ts Thisfieldreliesonthenaturalbiologicalprocessesth variouslivingorganisms,enablingtheconversionoforga matterintousableenergy. e Researchanddevelopmentinthisfieldaimstoenhanceo abilitytoutilizenaturalresourcesinawaythatpres cr environmentandsupportsglobalenergygoals. se Renewable energy sources from living organisms Phototrophic bacteria Biomass n ce Methane- producing bacteria Microalgae ie sc Microalgae and Enzymes Aquatic microbes plants ed Biomass at Biomass is using rice straw or sugarcane gr agricultural waste or to produce energy through certain plants that Examples processes like fermintation are processed Concept: to produce energy. and anaerobic decomposition te In Reduces dependence on fossil fuels Benefit : 37 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Algae can be grown in non-arable environments, thus Microalgae and Benefit : preserving microbes agricultural land. Microalgae and Converting organic microbes provide innovative app matter into liquid fuels such as ethanol or into ts opportunities for lication: electrical energy. Concept: producing biofuels. e cr Methane- producing bacteria se These bacteria are able to decompose Concept: organic matter in waste treatment plants and animal barns. n ce ie Methane production sc as biofuel. Benefit : ed Enzymes at Enzymes are gr used to decompose organic matter and convert it into Enzymes used in … biofuel efficiently. Decompose cellulose in te Enzymes used to plants to convert it into Concept: speed up chemical sugar, then into ethanol transformations to (type of biofuels ). In convertorganic Example: Convert animal fats and materials into vegetable oils into biofuels biofuels such as biodiesel. 38 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Microalgae Grows quickly. Does not require large Produces oils that can agricultural areas and be converted into biodiesel. can be grown in ts Converting light and organic seawater or materials into efficient and Advantage: non-agricultural Concept: sustainable energy sources environments. e cr Aquatic se plants Plants aquatic plants : n ce are transformed through fermentation and decomposition processes into biofuels that are used sustainably Plants such as water hyacinth and aquatic algae can be used to produce ethanol or biodiesel. Uses : ie Provides the biomass needed to produce multiple types of biofuels sc Phototrophic ed bacteria at Uses light to convert carbon Reduces carbon dioxide and water into emissions and relies on biofuels such as ethanol or abundant natural re- Concept: hydrogen. Advantage: sources. gr te Solar-powered home appliances In We will learn in detail on the opposite page. 39 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Solar-powered home appliances  R  educes reliance on electric heaters. Fu n ct io n Reduces electricity bills. ts Benefit s Works efficiently throughout the Heats water for year due to its continuous exposure So la r heaters domestic use to the sun. e cr Fu n ct io n Reduces traditional electricity Benefits consumption, saving costs. se So la r ai r co nd itioner Necessary for residents of hot regions Fu n ct io n Lighting and decorating gardens. n ce Benefits Environmentally friendly. Does not produce exhaust. Operates automatically after being S olar la m ps Emergency lighting when charged by sunlight. ie power goes out. Chapter 2isover sc ed at gr te In 40 Integrated science secrets Secondary one e ts cr se n ce ie sc ed at gr te In 41 Integrated science secrets Secondary one Chapter 3 Patterns of resources recycling and its investment Lesson 1: Patterns of Resource Recycling and utilization ts In this lesson we will explore some methods of resource recycling introduction and their benefits to the ecosystem. e cr What is meant by resource recycling se Processofreusingmaterialsthathavealreadybeenused,transform intonewproductsin-eadofdiscardingthemaswa-e. vital Thisprocessplays a role inachievingsu-ainabledevelopmentby n 2)minimizingenvironmentalpollution ce 1)Reducingthepressureonnaturalresources ie Methods of Resource Recycling and Their Benefits to the Ecosystem sc ed

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