INFOTECH Q1 Reviewer PDF

TOPIC 1 INFORMATION SYSTEM ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM - Formal, sociotechnical, organizational system designed to collect, process, store, and distribute...

TOPIC 1 INFORMATION SYSTEM ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM - Formal, sociotechnical, organizational system designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information SYSTEM - From a sociotechnical perspective, information - Interdependent group of items, people, or processes systems comprise four components: working together toward a common purpose o Task - Greek word systema (organize relationship among o People functioning units or components) o Structure (or roles) - Designed to achieve one or more objectives o Technology - Defined as a set of devices, procedures and THREE BASIC IMPLICATIONS IN THE STUDY OF operating system designed around user-based SYSTEM CONCEPTS: criteria to produce information and communicate it to 1. Designed to achieve a predetermined the user for planning, control, and performance objective 2. Interrelationships and interdependence must BUSINESS exist among the components - Economic activity that involves the exchange, 3. Objectives of organization as a whole have a purchase, sale or production of goods and services higher priority than the objectives of its with a motive to earn profits and satisfy the needs of subsystems customers CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYSTEM: BUSINESS SYSTEM 1. Organization – implies structure and order - Group of interdependent elements or tasks that meet 2. Interaction – manner in which each a business objective component functions with other components of the system SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT 3. Interdependence – parts of the organization - Primarily the set of variables that define or control or computer system depend on one another certain aspects of process execution. 4. Integration – holism of systems; how a - They are set or reset each time a shell is started. system is tied together - Suprasystem within an organization operates 5. Central Objective – could be real or stated - Determines how a system must function (stated goals: represent an organizations public-facing mission and purpose; real SUBSYSTEM goals: reveal the underlying objectives that - Unit or device that is part of a larger system guide its actions and decisions) - No subsystem can function in isolation because it is dependent on the data inputs it receives from other ELEMENTS OF A SYSTEM: subsystem to perform its required task 1. Inputs & Outputs 2. Processors DATA CYCLE 3. Controls - Illustrates how data conceptually flows through its 4. Feedback lifecycle of usefulness 5. Environment 6. Boundaries & Interface Data Creation INFORMATION - Output that results from analyzing, contextualizing, Destruction Storage structuring, interpreting or in other ways processing data - Created when data are processed, organized, or structured to provide context and meaning. - Essentially processed data. (Knowledge - is what we know) Archival Usage SYSTEMS ANALYSIS TOPIC 2 - Application of the systems approach to the study THE SYSTEMS ANALYST & THE SYSTEMS and solution of problems using computer-based DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) system - Way of thinking about the analysis and design of SYSTEMS ANALYST computer-based application - A person who conducts a study, identifies activities - Focus on systems, process, and technology and objectives, and determines a procedure to - Considering an alternative system means improving achieve the objectives one or more of the criteria - Professionals who: o Work with companies, institutions, and ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: independent clients to survey and diagnose 1. Improved data integrity, system reliability, database program issues, resolve user and maintaining data security issues, and advise management about 2. Increased organizational efficiency and systems innovations effectiveness o Monitor the effectiveness of technology 3. Improved customer service systems and analyze their efficiency for 4. Increased operational flexibility business operations and clients' needs. 5. Better decision making o Combine IT and business skills to understand 6. Improved communication and organizational needs and plan, develop, and collaboration configure systems to meet those needs LIMITATIONS OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: SYSTEMS ANALYST A MUST SKILLS 1. System analyst needs to consider and clarify whether the existing system is INTERPERSONAL TECHNICAL SKILLS SKILLS working well or there is any problem in Deals with relationship Focus on procedures terms of speed or process etc. and the interface of the and techniques for 2. It also includes observing if the existing analyst with the people in operations analyst, system is giving proper response and business systems analysts, and meets the requirement of the users. computer science 3. Cost and benefit ✓ Communication ✓ Creativity ✓ Understanding ✓ Project ✓ Teaching Management ✓ Selling ✓ Dynamic ✓ Questioning attitude and inquiring mind ✓ Knowledge of basics of computer and business function SKILLS CAN BE ACQUIRED THROUGH: 1. Education – accounting, management, or information systems 2. Experience – background in systems theory and organization behavior, familiarity with major application areas, competence in systems tools, and hardware and software specification 3. Personality – personal attributes: a. Authority b. Communication skills c. Creativity d. Responsibility e. Varied skills  MULTIFACETED ROLE (7 ROLES) OF ANALYST: 5. Implementation (trainings) 1. Change Agent – introduce change; goal is ✓ User training to achieve acceptance of the candidate ✓ File/system conversion system with a minimum of resistance 6. Post-implementation & Maintenance (errors 2. Investigator & Monitor – extract real are patched); [2 types of error: Code Copy (not problems from existing systems and create complete from test environment to production); information structures; monitors program in and Bug] relation to time, cost, and quality to ✓ Evaluation successfully complete a project ✓ Maintenance 3. Architect – creates detailed physical ✓ Enhancements system design; aid users in formalizing abstract ideas to build the candidate system 4. Psychologist – interprets people’s thoughts and draws conclusions from these interactions (listening to responses and TEST feedbacks) ENVIRONMENT PRODUCTION - dummy data 5. Salesperson – sells systems to users - live transaction - previous 6. Motivator – motivates people to accept new transaction system 7. Politician – appease all parties involved with the goal to have support of the users’ staff THINGS TO CONSIDER FOR A CANDIDATE SYSTEM SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) 1. Operations of existing systems (baka - Aka system study subsystem lang ang need iimprove hindi ang - Process for planning, creating, testing, and buong system) deploying an information system 2. Maintenance that focuses on “patching” - Includes hardware & software consideration programs (baka costly ang pag-maintain) 3. Enhancement that involve major modifications in SIX STAGES OF SDLC program structure or equipment (baka yung 1. Recognition of need (problem; improvement & system hindi kaya ng equipment) costs) 4. Request for candidate system ✓ Preliminary survey/initial investigation 2. Feasibility study (feasible ba?; anong ECONOMIC FACTOR information system ang gagamitin) - Most important criterion in selecting a project ✓ Evaluation of existing system & procedures - Focuses on the system’s potential return on ✓ Analysis of alternative candidate system investment (ROI = 5 years) ✓ Cost estimates - 20% of investment = increase in revenue or 3. Analysis (sino gagawa) decrease in expense/cost ✓ Detailed evaluation of present system ✓ Data collection PLANNING & CONTROL FOR SYSTEM SUCCESS 4. Design (overall design ng process; existing 1. Plan must be devised workplace should fit the new system) 2. Members must be equipped with skills & ✓ General design specifications capable ✓ Detailed design specifications 3. Workaround (may process) o Output 4. Project should be divided into manageable o Input modules o Files o Procedures ✓ Program construction ✓ Testing o Unit testing o Combined module testing o User acceptance testing