Infectious Disease Key Concepts and Drugs PDF

Infectious Disease and Microbiome Key Learning Objectives Describe the clinical syndrome(s) that are associated with each of the following infectious agents, and indicate the appropriate antimicrobial agents to treat them. o Bacteria ▪ Gram Positive Cocci...

Infectious Disease and Microbiome Key Learning Objectives Describe the clinical syndrome(s) that are associated with each of the following infectious agents, and indicate the appropriate antimicrobial agents to treat them. o Bacteria ▪ Gram Positive Cocci Staphylococcus: aureus, epidermidis, saprophyticis Streptococci (Lancefield serotypes: A, B, C, D, G) Streptococcus viridans Streptococcus pneumoniae Enterococcus: faecalis, faecium ▪ Gram Positive Bacilli Listeria monocytogenes ▪ Gram Negative Cocci Neisseria: meningitidis, gonorrhoeae Haemophilus influenzae ▪ Gram Negative Bacilli Enterobacteriaceae: (E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Salmonella: enteriditis & typhi) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Legionella pneumophila Bacteroides spp ▪ Miscellaneous Bacteria Bartonella hensalae Borrelia burgdorferi Chlamyldophila pneumonia Treponema pallidum ▪ Rickettsia Rickettsia rickettsii ▪ Mycobacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis o Fungi ▪ Candida spp ▪ Pneumocystis jiroveci ▪ Aspergillus spp ▪ Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidiodiodes immitis o DNA Viruses ▪ HSV1 & 2; CMV, VZV, EBV ▪ Adenovirus ▪ Parvovirus ▪ Enterovirus o RNA Viruses ▪ Influenza A ▪ Paramyxovirus : measles, RSV ▪ Retrovirus: HIV-1 o Protozoa ▪ Plasmodium falciparum ▪ Toxoplasma gondii  o Helminths ▪ Ascaris lubricoides ▪ Strongyloides stercoralis Describe the mechanisms of action, toxicities and antimicrobial spectrum of the following drugs: o Penicillins: Penicillin, Ampicillin (Amp-salbactam), Nafcillin , Pipercillin-tazobactam o Cephalosporins: Cefazolin, Cefoxitin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidine, Cefapime o Monobactams: Aztreonam o Carbipenams: Imipenam o Glycopeptides, and others for Gram positive infections: Vancomycin, Linezolid, Daptomycin o Macrolides: Clindamycin, Azithromycin o Sulfonamides: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxizole o Aminoglycosides: Gentamycin o Quinolones: Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin o Tetracyclines: Doxycycline, Tigecycline o Metronidazole o Albendazole o ANTIFUNGAL CLASSES: Amphoterecin B, Azole, Echinocandins o ANTIVIRALS o ANTIRETROVIRAL (classes: Nuclceoside antagonists, Non-Nucleoside Antagonists, Protease Inhibitors, Cell Entry Inhibitors, Integrase Inhibitors) o Acyclovir o ANTI-INFLUENZA: Neuraminidase inhibitors, Amantadine, Ramantidine o Anti-TB: INH, Rifampin, Pryazinamide, Ethambutol Characterize the immune defects and the patterns of infection to which the following patient groups exhibit increased susceptibility: o Diabetes o Neutropenia o Asplenia (from splenectomy or functional asplenia) o AIDS o Organ transplant recipient o Newborns Characterize the microbiology and the initial empiric antibiotic therapy for the following clinical syndromes: o Pneumonia: Community acquired AND health care associated o Acute meningitis, brain abscess o Bacterial endocarditis o UTI: Upper and lower tract o Pelvic inflammatory disease, urethritis o Intraabdominal infections (diverticulitis, appendicitis, peritonitis) o Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis o Sepsis, source not identified o Fever in a neutropenic host