Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fizoix Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fizoix...

Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fizoix Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fizoix Anatomy study of normal structure of body produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal devel- Physiology the study of how the body and its parts work or function opment; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that female reproductive system influence sexual function and behaviors ovaries, uterine tubes, Gross Anatomy Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures Surface Anatomy produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces Systemic Anatomy body structure is studied system by system male reproductive system hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis Regional Anatomy study of specific regions of the body such as the head or chest organization specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imag- Anatomical Imaging ing (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth. metabolism structures Movement, and reproduction Six Levels of Organization of the Body chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and responsiveness make the adjustments that help maintain its life development, reproduction, metabolism, organization, respon- characteristics of life increase in size of all or part of the organism; it can result from siveness, growth growth an increase in cell number, cell size, or the amount of substance chemical level atoms interact and combine into molecules surrounding cells cell level structural and functional unit of living organisms development changes an organism undergoes through time groups of similar cells and extracellular surroundings that per- tissue level change in cell structure and function from generalized to special- forms specific functions differentiation ized contains two or more types of tissues that performs a common organ level morphogenesis the change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism function reproduction formation of new cells or new organisms group of organs that work together to accomplish a common organ system level the study of structures of the human body that require the use of purpose microscopic anatomy a microscope for observation organism level living thing considered as a whole cytology study of cells Skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, Eleven major body systems histology study of tissues lymphatic, digestive, integumentary, reproductive, and urinary provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, study of development of the human body from fertilization of ovum embryology integumentary system helps produce vitamin D skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands and up to the period of extrauterine life. sweat glands cell physiology the study of the functions of living cells provides organ protection and weight support, allows body move- special physiology the study of the physiology of specific organs skeletal system ments, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, joints pathology study of disease produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces homeostasis maintain a constant environment muscular system body heat muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons variables range of conditions major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls set point average normal value nervous system movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors homeostasis mechanism maintain a condition to a the setpoint major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, re- negative feedback restores homeostasis endocrine system production, and many other functions endocrine glands that se- process of negative feedback mechanism receptor, control center, effector crete hormones receptor monitors and detects stimuli transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones cardiovascular system throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the brain, determines the set point for the condition and list set of control center regulation of body temperature heart, blood vessels, and blood instructions to restore homeostasis removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats effector changes value of variable back to normal disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats it set apart further from the set point, increasing the condition lymphatic system positive feedback from the digestive tract lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, other before restoring, it usually have a purpose like birth lymphatic organs a person standing upright with the face and eyes directed for- exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air anatomical position ward, upper limbs hanging to the sides, and palms facing forward, respiratory system and regulates blood pH lungs and respiratory passages thumbs pointing away from the body performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, supine lying facing upward digestive system absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes mouth, esoph- prone lying face down agus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs right toward the body right side removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, urinary system ion balance, and water balance kidneys, urinary bladder, and left toward the body left side ureters 1/4 2/4 Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fizoix Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fizoix inferior (caudal) away from the head ventral cavity thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity superior (cephalic) toward the head thoracic cavity cavity housing lungs and heart anterior front of the body area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, mediastinum posterior toward the back esophagus, and trachea dorsal toward the back abdominopelvic cavity contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities ventral Toward the belly abdominal cavity contains primarily the major organs of digestion proximal Nearer to the trunk of the body pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum distal Farther from the trunk of the body serous membrane a thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body lateral away from the midline visceral serous membrane membrane covering the organ medial toward the midline parietal serous membrane lines cavity An imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing it cavity or serous fluid (serosa) fills the space between the two lining serous membranes midline into right and left halves. surrounds the heart, contains visceral pericardium & parietal peri- pericardial cavity superficial towards the surface cardium & pericardial fluid deep away from the surface surrounds the lung, contains visceral pleura & parietal pleura & pleural cavity pleural fluid main body region axial region, appendicular region lines the abdominopelvic, contains visceral peritoneum, parietal axial region head, neck, trunk peritoneal cavity peritoneum, peritoneal fluid appendicular region upper and lower limbs pericarditis inflammation of the pericardium Four regions into which a coordinate plane is divided by the x-axis pleurisy inflammation of the pleura Quadrants and the y-axis peritonitis inflammation of the peritoneum Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney, pancreas, right upper quadrant appendicitis inflammation of the appendix transverse colon, right adrenal gland, small intestine Liver, left adrenal gland, stomach, left kidney, pancreas, spleen, two layers of peritoneum fused together, provide pathway for left upper quadrant mesentries transverse colon, small intestine nerves and blood vessels to reach the digestive organs Small intestine, large intestine, cecum, appendix, right ureter, right located behind the peritoneum, include kidneys, adrenal glands, right lower quadrant retroperitoneal reproductive organs (ovary, fallopian tube, spermatic cord) portion of pancreas, parts of the intestines, and urinary bladder Small intestine, large intestine, left ureter, left reproductive organs left lower quadrant (ovary, fallopian tube, spermatic cord, sigmoid colon) right hypochondriac region Liver, right kidney, small and large intestines epigastric region Liver, stomach, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands, pancreas Liver's tip, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, small and large left hypochondriac region intestines right lumbar region Ascending colon, small intestine, and right kidney umbilical region Duodenum, small intestine, and transverse colon left lumbar region Descending colon, small intestine, left kidney right iliac region Appendix, cecum, ascending colon, and small intestine hypogastric region Bladder, sigmoid colon, small intestine, reproductive organs sagittal plane divides body into left and right midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left sides parasagittal plane Divides body into unequal right and left sides transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts longitudinal section cut through the long axis of an organ transverse section cuts completely through an organ oblique section cuts made diagonally main body cavity dorsal, ventral body cavity dorsal cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities. 3/4 4/4