Industries - Economic Activities, Production & Classification PDF

Ok, here is the converted text from the images into a structured markdown format. ### Industries **LET'S CONNECT BACK** In Chapter 5, we learned about the three types of economic activities. Let us recall them by doing an activity. **ACTIVITY 1** **(a)** Classify the following into primary, sec...

Ok, here is the converted text from the images into a structured markdown format. ### Industries **LET'S CONNECT BACK** In Chapter 5, we learned about the three types of economic activities. Let us recall them by doing an activity. **ACTIVITY 1** **(a)** Classify the following into primary, secondary, and tertiary activities. | Activity | Making bread | Postal services | Fishing | Transportation | Agriculture | Making iron | Trading | | :------------------------- | :------------------ | :-------------- | :------ | :------------- | :------------ | :---------- | :------ | | **Type of Activity** | | | | | | | | **(b)** Why do you think some activities are considered secondary activities? Use the guiding questions given below. * What is used in each of these activities? * What is the end-result of these activities? * What are the benefits of these activities? From Activity 1, we understand that primary activities involve the direct use or extraction of natural resources, such as land, water, plants, and minerals, while secondary activities involve **manufacturing**, i.e. transforming the raw material into finished products. The finished products are then sold through various tertiary activities. In this chapter, we will focus on the secondary activities. We will also learn about the various industries in India and the world. **Secondary Activities Add Value** Have you ever wondered why a packet of bread costs more than a bag of wheat? 1. The primary sector grows and harvests wheat. 2. The secondary sector processes it into useful products such as bread. 3. This processing requires extra inputs, such as labour and machinery, which add value to the final product. So, bread is sold at a higher price than wheat. **THINK** The following is a list of raw materials obtained from primary activities. For each of these, think how we can manufacture them into finished products and increase their value. 1. Coconuts 2. Wood logs 3. Tomatoes 4. Stones The image shows a field, probably for growing wheat, since the text next to it also mentions wheat. This demonstrates agriculture as a primary activity. The image shows an assortment of packaged loafs of bread. This exemplifies manufacturing as a secondary activity. The image shows wheat being sold directly, along with a grocery store scene where bread is also being sold. Figure 6.1: Agriculture (primary activity) Figure 6.2: Making Bread (secondary activity) Figure 6.3: Value addition through secondary activities ### Chapter 6 #### 6.1 INDUSTRIES Factories only manufacture goods. We know that economic activities involve manufacturing, buying, and selling of goods and services. These activities, associated with the production of goods and the provision of services, are carried out by industries. However, industries are not the same as factories. Factories are the sites where manufacturing takes place, whiles industries have a broader scope and cover all aspects of economic activities. Industries inhabit all three economic activities. **Industrial System** In the previous chapter, we learned about the farm system. Can you recall the main components of a system? A system is composed of three main components: inputs, processes, and outputs. Like agriculture, industries also operate as systems. Let us consider the textile or clothing industry to understand how the industrial system works. 1. **Inputs** Inputs include the basic raw materials, equipment, and other elements required to produce the final goods or services Examples: threads, machines, and labour 2. **Processes** Processes refer to the actions taken to convert the raw materials into finished products. Examples: spinning, weaving, and dyeing 3. **Outputs** Outputs are the final products obtained through the processes. Examples: shirts and pants **Significance of Industries** How are these industries and industrial systems important to us? They affect our everyday lives in the following ways: * Industries are important for the country's economy as they create jobs and help people earn a living * They produce many things that we use everyday such as processed food, clothes, electronics and automobiles. They provide our everyday things. * They encourage new ideas and technologies that can make products better, more efficient, and cheaper thereby improving the standard of living. Encourages innovation and helps the economy by encouraging. * They can sell their products to other countries, which helps bring more money into the country. * They can help build things, such as roads, power plants, and communication systems, which can help a country develop and grow. #### Classification of Industries **COLLABORATE** Read about the two industries given below. **Industry A** It is located in a small village in Maharashtra, where four employees manage all activities. 15 bottles of oil are produced in a month. The oil is made by hand using a big stone roller. The industry makes a profit of ₹ 10,000 per month. **Industry B** It is located in Navi Mumbai and makes paper bags. It purchases high-quality paper from different suppliers and produces 5,000 bags every month. It has modern machinery to do most of the work. Ten people manage all the activities. The industry makes a profit of ₹ 25,000 per month. Complete the Venn diagram to compare and contrast your observations about the two industries. The image displays the two industries in question, with Industry A shown being simpler and more rustic, while Industry B is a more elaborate operation. From the activity above, we observed that while both Industry A and Industry B manufacture goods, they differ significantly in terms of size, inputs, and processes. To understand industries better, we classify them based on three factors - the raw materials used, size, and ownership. **Types of Industries Based on Raw Materials** Based on the raw materials. Agro-based industries: They use agricultural or plant-based and animal-based products as raw materials. For example, the dairy industry and vegetable oil industry use agriculture products. Other examples include the food processing and cotton textile industries. Mineral-based industries: They use mineral ores as raw materials. The final products of these industries serve as raw materials for other industries. Examples include the iron and steel industry, which uses iron ore, and the cement industry, which uses minerals such as limestone. Marine-based industries: They use resources from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Examples of such industries include the seafood industry and the fish oil manufacturing industry. Forest-based industries: They use forest products as raw materials. Examples include the pulp and paper industry, the forest-based pharmaceutical industry, and the furniture industry. ### Types of Industries Based on Size The size of an industry refers to the amount of capital, labour, and output of the industry. Based on their size, industries are classified into three categories. Cottage industries: They make handmade products such as candles, baskets, and pottery. They require a small amount of capital and are usually run by families. Small-scale industries: They are larger than the cottage industries. They employ a few people and may use some machinery. For example, textiles, paper bags, and bakeries are small-scale industries. Large-scale industries: They use large amounts of capital employ thousands of people and use advanced technology to produce high output. Products are manufactured by machines in large factories. The automobile industry and the heavy machinery industry are examples of large-scale industries. The typical type of industries. ### Types of Industries Based on Ownership The image shows three different industries for the private, Public and Joint sector. Private-sector industries: They are owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals. An example is Reliance Industries (Family owned). Public-sector industries: They are owned and operated by the government. Examples include Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Steel Authority of India Limited, and Indian Railways. Joint-sector industries: They are jointly owned and operated by the state and an individual or a group of individuals. An example is Maruti Suzuki India Limited (formerly known as Maruti Udyog Limited). Cooperative-sector industries: They are collectively owned and operated by the people who produce or supply the raw materials or by the people who work in the industry. Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL) is an example of a cooperative in which three million producers of milk jointly own the company. **THINK** Now that you have learned about the different types of industries refer to the Collaborate activity on pg. 77. How would you classify Industry A and Industry B? Give reasons to support your answer. **CONNECT TO LIFE** With the help of your family members, identify any two types of industries located in your hometown. 1. Identify the type of industry. (Hint: Based on different categories, an industry can be of more than one type.) 2. List the benefits your town enjoys from these industries. **QUESTIONS** 1. Choose the correct option(s). Which of the following are ways in which industries contribute to development? (a) They generate employment (b) They encourage new ideas. (c) They help develop infrastructure. (d) They use many natural resources. 2. 'Industries can be looked at as a system' Justify the statement in 60-70 words. 3. List any three ways in which industries affect our lives. 4. State whether the following statements are true or false: (a) Public-sector industries are owned and operated by the government. (b) Agro-based industries use mineral ores as raw materials. (c) Cottage industries employ a large number of people. (d) The automobile industry is an example of a large-scale industry. 5. How are industries classified? Explain with an example for each type. 6. Match the following: | | Industry | | Type of Industry | | :--- | :---------------------------- | :--- | :-------------------------- | | (a) | Iron and steel industry | (i) | Marine-based industry | | (b) | Seafood industry | (ii) | Cottage industry | | (c) | Military aircraft industry | (iii) | Large-scale industry | | (d) | Handicraft industry | (iv) | Public-sector industry( | 7. Answer the following questions in 40-50 words: **(a)** Ravi works for a company that produces frozen seafood, and Omar works for a company that makes medicines from herbs. Based on the raw materials used in each industry, what types of industries do Ravi and Omar work in? Give reasons to support your answer. **(b)** Give an example) of a cottage industry and a large-scale industry that you have seen or heard of. Give reasons why they fall into the respective categories. 8. INDUSTRIAL REGIONS **Factors Affecting the Location of and Industry** We know that industries have inputs, processes, and outputs. Now, let us consider how these inputs and processes can impact the location of an industry. Do you have factories or industries in your town or city? If yes, have you wondered why they are situated there? If not, have you wondered why there are no industries in your locality? We will find the answers as we learn about several factors that affect the location of an industry. ### Ensuring safe practices * Industries should be located at a safe distance from residential areas. * All industrial equipment should be regularly checked to avoid malfunctions that can result in accidents. ### Following safety regulations * Workers should be given proper safety equipment and be trained in emergency response procedures in case of an accident. * All government regulations regarding safety must be followed. * Regular inspections need to be conducted to identify potential hazards that must be corrected. ### Responsibility towards people and the environment * Industries should limit the amount of $toxic$ waste and properly dispose of their wastes without harming the environment. * They should educate the public about their activities, the risks involved, and the safety measures taken. **COMMUNICATE** Read about the Bhopal Gas Tragedy from a reliable source on the internet and find out 1. the cause of this industrial disaster. 2. the effects of this disaster on people, property, and the environment. 3. the effects of this disaster on the lives of people even today. 4. some ways in which we can prevent such disasters from happening in the future. Using your findings, write a short newspaper report on the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. **KEYWORDS** * hazards: dangers * toxic: poisonous