Indian Economic Development PDF

 Ë)˛!Ùܲy 2006 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ xT˛Ù ˆ◊!î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G í˛zFã˛≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ Ù%oî G ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚hflψÏÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ G §Ù,Âôï˛Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ...

 Ë)˛!Ùܲy 2006 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ xT˛Ù ˆ◊!î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G í˛zFã˛≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ Ù%oî G ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚hflψÏÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ G §Ù,Âôï˛Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !e˛õ%Ó˚y Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ xT˛Ùñ lÓÙ G ~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ çlƒ 2019 !¢«˛yÓ£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ å~l !§ z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ä ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ§Ù) @˝Ã î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y Î˚– ÓyÇ°y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˛õ%hflÏܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xl)!òï˛ G x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚î 2019 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ ÓSÈÓ˚ G z§Ó ˛õ%hflÏܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ%lÙ%≈oî ܲÓ˚y °– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ò¢Ù G myò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˛õ%hflÏܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xl)!òï˛ G x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚î 2020 !¢«˛yӈϣÏ≈ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y Î˚– ~áyˆÏl í˛zˆÏՑრˆÎñ ÓyÇ°y !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢lyÓ˚ òy!Î˚cG Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– !Ó¢y° ~ z ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛ ˆÎ§Ó !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛yñ xôƒy˛õܲÈüÈxôƒy!˛õܲyñ !¢«˛y!Óòñ xl%Óyòܲñ xl%ˆÏ°áܲñ Ù%oîܲÙ#≈ G !¢“#Ó˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÓ˚°§Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÜœ˛yhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙ ~ z í˛zˆÏòƒyà ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy zˆÏܲ §Ü,˛ï˛K˛ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ– ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ~ z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ G ˆ§Ô®Î≈ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yl%Ó˚yà# G à%î#çˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ ˆÏÓ– xyàÓ˚ï˛°y í˛z_Ù Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ã˛yܲÙy Ùyã≈˛ñ 2020 x!ôܲï≈˛y Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò !e˛õ%Ó˚y–  ≤Ãy ܲ‰ÈüÈܲ Ì l çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy å2005äÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ç#Ól G fl%҈ϰÓ˚ Óy zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §¡õÜ≈˛ Ìyܲy á%Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛y Î!ò ¢%ô%Ùye fl%Ò° ~ÓÇ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ à![˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §#!Ùï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y ˆÏ° ˆ§ z§Ó !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ñ Óy!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ §¡±òyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~ z !ï˛l çyÎ˚àyÓ˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÊÑ˛yܲ ÌyܲyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ù)°ï˛ ~ z ¢)lƒfiÌylê˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ z çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù G lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆlGÎ˚y ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈÉ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%áfiÌ Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛#Ó Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y xyÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Órô ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y ˆÏFSÈ– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ê˛yG xy¢y ܲÓ˚y ˆÏ F SÈ ˆÎñ ~ z ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ l çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛Ó˚ å1986ä !¢¢% ˆ Ï Ü ˛!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒˆÏ Ü ˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ xˆÏlܲê˛y z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎÑyÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyˆÏç !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ“ly¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy! ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy á%Ó çÓ˚%!Ó˚ñ !¢¢%Ó˚y Î!ò §ÙÎ˚ñ fiÌyl ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛y ˆÏ° ÓˆÏí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ K˛yl !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y lï%˛l xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ܲÙye ˛õyë˛ƒÓ z ˛õˆÏí˛¸ z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õy§ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüÈ Ù)°ï˛ ~ z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° z !¢«˛yÓ˚ xlƒylƒ !òܲà%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈òy í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛ ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ˆàˆÏ° ã˛°ˆÏÓ lyñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ï˛ál z §Ω˛Óñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y GˆÏòÓ˚ ~ z ˆàyê˛y !¢ál ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye @˝Ã #ï˛y ly ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚Ó– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ z °«˛ƒ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ܲyÎ≈§)!ã˛ G ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xy¢y x!lÓyÎ≈– fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ˜òl!®l §ÙÎ˚ §)!ã˛ ˆÎÙl lÙl#Î˚ GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ùl z Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ܲyÎ≈§)!ã˛ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÎyˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ !òlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ly xyˆÏ§– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÓyhflψÏÓ ~ z lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÓ z !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ܲyˆÏç °yàˆÏÓñ GˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ç#Ól ܲï˛ê˛y §Ù,Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ !ܲÇÓy GˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ò%!Ó≈£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ !ܲlyñ §Óê˛y z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚y ܲ# ˛õÂô!ï˛ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ z Ó z!ê˛ fl%҈ϰ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏÓl ~ÓÇ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§ z ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl– !Óàï˛ !òlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÓyV˛y Ó zˆÏï˛ ly Î˚ñ ~ z lï%˛l ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï lçÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ zˆÏÎ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ lï%˛l ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%là≈ë˛l ܲÓ˚y ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ z ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚yñ lï%˛l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓlyÈüÈ!ã˛hs˝yñ ï˛Ü≈˛ÈüÈ!Óï˛Ü≈˛ñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y @˝Ã%˛õ Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ yˆÏï˛ÈüÈܲ°ˆÏÙ !¢«˛y ~ z§Ó !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õyë˛ƒÓ z í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c≤ÃyÆ §Ü˛° Óƒ!=˛Óà≈ ÎÑyÓ˚y ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ z Ó z!ê˛ Ó˚)˛õyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~l !§ z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ ≤âǧy çylyˆÏFSÈ– ~ z ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ùyç!ÓK˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l xôƒy˛õܲ !Ó˚ Óy§%ˆÏòÓl ~ÓÇ ~ z ˛õyë˛ƒ Ó zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù%რí˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y xôƒy˛õܲ ˆÎyˆÏàw !§Ç ÙˆÏ yòÎ˚àˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ôlƒÓyò K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ– ~ z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ z ˛õ%là≈ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl Ó % !¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚ xÓòyl xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈– xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§ z§Ó fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚G !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ– ~ z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ z ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ§Ó ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ~ÓÇ §Çàë˛l ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó %Ù)°ƒ §¡õòñ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ˆ°yܲӰ !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zòyÓ˚ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÙÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SÈ ~ÓÇ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ– ÙylÓ §¡õò í˛zߨÎ˚l ÙsfˆÏܲÓ˚ å~Ù ~ zã˛ xyÓ˚ !í˛ä ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l xôƒy˛õܲ Ù,îy° !Ù!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xôƒy˛õܲ !ç !˛õ ˆò¢˛õyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥ÓôyˆÏl Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !¢«˛y !Ó˲yà myÓ˚y !lÎ%=˛ çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î §!Ù!ï˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ Ó %Ù)°ƒ §ÙÎ˚ G xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ôlƒÓyò K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ– !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ly ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ à%îàï˛ Ùyl §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ìyܲy ~l !§ z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ Ü˛ï,≈˛˛õ«˛ §Ó≈òy ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ˆÏܲ fl∫yàï˛ çylyÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ z §ÇˆÏ¢yôl# ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õߨ ˆÏï˛ õyˆÏÓ˚– !lí˛z !ò!Õ‘ x!ôܲï≈˛y 20 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ñ 2005 Ó˚yT˛…#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò å~l !§ z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ä  TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSON, ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR TEXTBOOKS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AT HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL Hari Vasudevan, Professor, Department of History, University of Calcutta, Kolkata CHIEF ADVISOR Tapas Majumdar, Emeritus Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi MEMBERS Bharat C. Thakur, PGT, Government Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya, Surajmal Vihar, Delhi Gopinath Perumula, Lecturer, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai Jaya Singh, Lecturer, DESS, NCERT, New Delhi Nishit Ranjan Das, PGT, New Alipore Multipurpose School, Behala, Kolkata Naushad Ali Azad, Professor, Department of Economics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi Neeraja Rashmi, Reader, DESS, NCERT, New Delhi Rama Gopal, Professor, Department of Economics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu Pratima Kumari, Lecturer, DERPP, NCERT, New Delhi Poonam Bakshi, Senior Lecturer, Department of Economics, Punjab University, Chandigarh R. Srinivasan, S.G. Lecturer, Department of Economics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu Sabitha Patnaik, PGT, Demonstration School, Regional Institute of Education, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar Sharmista Banerjee, Headmistress, Bidya Bharti Girls High School, Kolkata MEMBER–COORDINATOR M.V. Srinivasan, Lecturer, DESS, NCERT, New Delhi  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many friends and colleagues have helped in preparing this textbook. The National Council of Educational Research and Training acknowledges M. Karpagam, Lecturer, Department of Economics, Meenakshi College, Chennai; J. John, Director, Centre for Education and Communication, New Delhi; Pratyusa K. Mandal, Reader, DESS, NCERT, New Delhi; Nandana Reddy, Director (Development), Concern for Working Children, Bangalore; V. Selvam, Research Scholar, Centre for Study of Regional Development and Satish Jain, Professor, Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; Pooja Kapoor, Modern School, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi; Priya Vaidya, Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, Lodhi Estate, New Delhi; and Nalini Padmanabhan, DTEA Senior Secondary School, Janakpuri, New Delhi for providing their feedback and inputs. The Council expresses its gratitude to Jan Breman and Parthiv Shah for using photographs from their book, Working in the mill no more, published by Oxford University Press, Delhi. Some stories were taken from the book, Everybody Loves a Good Drought, authored by P. Sainath and published by Penguin Books, New Delhi. A photo relating to farmers committing suicides has been used from The Hindu. A few photographs and text materials on environmental issues have been used from the State of India’s Environment 1 and 2 published by the Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi. The Council thanks the authors, copyright holders and publishers of these reference materials. The Council also acknowledges the Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi; National Rail Museum, New Delhi for allowing to use photographs available in their photo library. Some photographs were given by S. Thirumal Murugan, Principal, Adhiyaman Matriculation School, Uthangarai, Tamil Nadu; John Suresh Kumar, Synodical Board of Social Service; Sindhu Menon of Labour File, New Delhi; R. C. Das of CIET, New Delhi; Renuka of National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi. The Council acknowledges their contribution as well. Special thanks are due to Savita Sinha, Professor and Head, Department of Education in Social Sciences and Humanities for her support. The Council also gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Mamta and Arvind Sharma, DTP Operators; Neena Chandra, Copy Editor; Dillip Kumar Agasti, Proof Reader; and Dinesh Kumar, Incharge Computer Station in shaping this book. 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!Ó¢l G Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y GÎ˚yÓ˚yˆÏrê˛y–  §)!ã˛˛õe ~ܲܲ I ı í˛zߨÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛Ùy°y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y å1947-1990ä 1-35 xôƒyÎ˚ 1 ı fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌy 3 È üüüÈ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ fl∫“ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨÎ˚l 4 ÈüüüÈ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e 5 ÈüüüÈ !¢“ˆÏ«˛e 7 ÈüüüÈ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ Óy!îçƒ 8 ÈüüüÈçl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ 9 ÈüüüÈ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 10 ÈüüüÈ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 11 xôƒyÎ˚ 2 ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ å1950-1990ä 16 ÈüüüÈ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ °«˛ƒ§Ù) 19 È üüüÈ Ü,˛!£Ï 22 È üüüÈ !¢“ ~ÓÇ Óy!îçƒ 27 È üüüÈ Óy!îçƒ l#!ï˛ ı xyÙòy!l !Óܲ“ 30 ~ܲܲ II ı xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ 1991ˆÌˆÏܲ 36-56 xôƒyÎ˚ 3 ı í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l 38 ÈüüüÈ ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ù 39 ÈüüüÈ í˛zòyÓ˚#ܲÓ˚î 41 ÈüüüÈ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚î 44 È üüüÈ !ÓŸªyÎ˚l 45 ÈüüüÈ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly 48 ~ܲܲ III ı ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O 57-178 xôƒyÎ˚ 4 ı òy!Ó˚oƒ 59 ÈüüüÈ ò!Ó˚o ܲyÓ˚y⁄ 60 ÈüüüÈ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛! ´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y Î˚⁄ 63 ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ò!Ó˚oˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy 65 ÈüüüÈ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÜ˛l Î˚⁄ ‡ ò!Ó˚oï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù) 68 ÈüüüÈ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈Ü˛Ù§Ù) 72 ÈüüüÈ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ ÈüüüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l 75 xôƒyÎ˚ 5 ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛l 82 ÈüüüÈ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl ܲ#⁄ 84 ÈüüüÈ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ 84 ÈüüüÈ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl G ÙylÓ í˛zߨÎ˚l 90 ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓfiÌy 91 ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !¢«˛yˆÏ«˛e 92 ÈüüüÈ Ë˛!Ó£ÏƒÍ §Ω˛yÓly 94 xôƒyÎ˚ 6 ı @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l 99 È üüüÈ @˝ÃyˆÏÙyߨÎ˚l ܲ#⁄ 100 ÈüüüÈ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˆ«˛ˆÏe }î G !Ó˛õîl 101 ÈüüüÈ Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˛õîl ÓƒÓfiÌy 104 ÈüüüÈ í˛zͲõyòl¢#° !ܲÎ˚yܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒÜ˛Ó˚î 106 ÈüüüÈ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ ˜çÓ Ü,˛!£Ï 110 xôƒyÎ˚ 7 ı ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl ı ≤ÃÓ,!Âôñ !Ó!ôÓ! Ë)≈˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù) 116 ÈüüüÈ Ü˛Ù#≈ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyl 118 È üüüÈ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏl çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã î 119 ÈüüüÈ fl∫!lÎ%!=˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yí˛¸y ܲÓ˚y ◊!Ùܲ 120 ÈüüüÈ Ê˛yÙ≈ñ ܲyÓ˚áyly ~ÓÇ x!Ê˛ˆÏ§ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl 123 ÈüüüÈ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy 124 ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ◊Ù¢!=˛Ó˚ x§Çà!ë˛ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î Óy !Ó!ôÓ! 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ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ§Ù)ˆÏ Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ xy!Ù Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ ~ z xM˛°!ê˛ !Ù¢Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG ˆÓ!¢ §Ù,Âô– ~áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §%!ï˛ Óflf ˆÓ˚¢Ùñ ã˛y°ñ !ã˛!l ~ÓÇ Ùyál Ó˚Æy!l Î˚– ~áyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝!Ó˚î ˆË˛yˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒG ˛õÎ≈yÆ˲yˆÏÓ àÙñ ¢yܲ§Ó!çñ ¢§ƒñ ˛õy!á åfowlsäñ yѧ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç yѧ çyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãyî# í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Î˚– ~áyˆÏl ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ¢%ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ SÈyà° G ˆË˛í˛¸yÓ˚ Ó Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~áyˆÏl ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ≤Ãyã%˛Î≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xï˛#ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó î ~ÓÇ ˆ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ çlƒ àAày lò#Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ Ó˚yçÙ ° ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ù%o ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ã˛e 1.1 ı !Ó!ê˛¢ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§ˆÏl Ü,˛!£Ï x§Çრáy° !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚y ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆ«˛ˆÏe fli!ÓÓ˚ï˛y Ø °«˛ƒî#Î˚ñ §ˆÏï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ §Ù,!ÂôÓ˚ !òܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ !Ó!ê˛¢Ó˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ ˆSȈíÏ ˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe ˆÎ fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ ˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ° Ï y ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆÏÓ– í˛zߨÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛Ùy°y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y 5 ~ÓÇ Ü˛áˆÏly Óy xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓl!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yG °«˛ƒ ç!ÙòyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎï˛– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y …y§ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚yçfl∫ ӈϮyÓhflÏ §Çܲyhs˝ ¢ï≈˛à%ˆÏ°y z òyÎ˚# !SÈ°– ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Î!òG Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ xyGï˛yô#l ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó˚yçfl∫ çÙy ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛y!Ó˚áà%ˆÏ°y Ó,!Âô ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õÓ˚ÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ~ z ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÌyܲˆÏï˛yó ï˛y §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ çÙy !òˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ !ܲS%È ≤ÃÓ,!Âô °«˛ ܲÓ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÏ° ç!ÙòyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ x!ôܲyÓ˚ yÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆÏï˛y– myÓ˚y ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ Ë)˛!٠ӈϮyÓhflÏ ÓƒÓfiÌy z !SÈ° Ù)°ï˛ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ xl%ß¨ï˛ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ñ x≤Ãï%˛° ˆ§ã˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ á%Ó fl∫“ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ yÓ˚ñ §!¡ø!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xM˛°§Ù) Îy ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆÓAà° ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛!™Ó˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ò%ò≈¢yˆÏܲ ã˛Ó˚Ù˲yˆÏÓ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°!SÈ° ~ÓÇ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ !SÈ°ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ç!ÙòyÓ˚# ≤ÃÌy ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛yˆÏܲ xï˛ˆÏ° !lÙ!Iï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– !SÈ°– ~ z ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ù%lyÊ˛y Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ Óy!îçƒÜ˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È ç!ÙòyÓ˚Ó˚y z ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚ï˛– ï˛Ó%Gñ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ° xÌ≈ܲ!Ó˚ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ç!ÙòyÓ˚ z Ü,˛!£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ≤ÃÙyî ˛õyGÎ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ܲvñ ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È z ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly xÌ≈ܲÓ˚# Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ly ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ñ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye áyçly xyòyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ y z !SÈ ° ç#ÓlÙyl í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §y y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x§ÙÌ≈ !SÈ°– ç!ÙòyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° xy@˝ÃˆÏ Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛llyñ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ xÌ≈ܲÓ˚# ã˛Ó˚Ù ò%ò≈¢y ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §¡ø%!ál ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ê˛§° í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ï˛ !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚y Ø !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ fl∫yô#l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùyl!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ§ z xM˛°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ !ã˛! ´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓy˚ ˆÎà%ˆ° Ï y ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏlÓ˚ xÇ¢ ! §yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˙ xM˛°à%ˆÏ°y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛l à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ !SÈ°⁄ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ ≤çAàï˛ í˛zˆÏՑრí˛É Ó˚yˆÏçw ≤çyò ~Ó˚ ˛õ%hflÏܲ ‘India Divided’. Ø !Ó!ê˛¢Ó˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ܲ# Ó˚yçfl∫ ӈϮyÓˆÏhflÏÓ˚ l#!ï˛ @˝Ã î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl⁄ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚y Î˚ ~ÓÇ §Ùyç ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ܲ# ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SȈϰy⁄ !Ó!ê˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãî#ï˛ ~ z Ó˚yçfl∫ ӈϮyÓhflÏ l#!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y Óï≈˛Ùyl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# Ùï˛yÙï˛⁄ 6 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy ܲyÓ˚áylyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ ,ï˛ ï˛– ˆ§ã˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !ܲS%È hflÏ!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ xÓ°%!ÆÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓ° í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl ܲÓ˚y ˆÏ°G ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ §,!T˛ ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xyÓyÓ˚ fiÌyl#Î˚ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ çlƒ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yàñ Ólƒy !lÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ °ÓîÙ%=˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆË˛y=˛yÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ çç≈!Ó˚ï˛ !SÈ°– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ ã˛y! òyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !ÓˆÏê˛ˆÏl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ §hflÏy Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o xÇ¢ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ ôÓ˚l ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xyÙòy!l Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ z ã˛y! òy °y˲çlܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛z Í ˛õyòl ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ xÌ≈ Ü ˛Ó˚ # Ê˛§° ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ 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SÈ°– !¢“ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e G xyô% ! lܲ#ܲÓ˚ î ñ x!ï˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ z §ÙÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ å˜Ó!ã˛eƒÜ˛Ó˚îäñ §«˛Ùï˛y §,!T˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈ ˜ Ï l !ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü) ˛ °ï˛y !SÈ° !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ï˛#Ó ã˛y! òy §,,!T˛ ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù– §Ç!«˛ÆÓ,!_ Ø fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ x!ç≈ï˛ í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ çylˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÏÓ– Ø Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy!Ì≈ܲl#!ï˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°y Ù)°ï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚y ˆÏï˛y– çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~à%ˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚y ˆÏï˛y ly– Ø ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ çlàî ç#Ól !lÓ≈yˆÏ Ó˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ˆÏ°G ~ z ˆ«˛e!ê˛ Ü˛Ù¢ fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ xÓl!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ø Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y§lÓƒÓfiÌy ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓŸªáƒyï˛ hflÏ!¢“ˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~Ùl!ܲ ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl xyô%!lܲ !¢“fiÌy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yG ˆlGÎ˚y Î˚!l– Ø x˛õÎ≈yÆ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óyñ âlâl §Çà!ë˛ï˛ GÎ˚y ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ò%ˆÏÎ≈yà ~ÓÇ ò%!Ë≈˛«˛ x§ yÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çlàîˆÏܲ !l/fl∫ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ z Ê˛°fl∫Ó˛)˚ õ Ù,ï˛% ƒ yÓ˚ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– Ø ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ܲS%È ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã î ܲÓ˚y ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !ܲv ï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yÌ≈Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒ ˛õ)Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ çlƒ ܲÓ˚y ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– xï˛~Óñ fl∫yô#l ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ z xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !˲!_fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÏÓ– í˛zߨÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛Ùy°y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y 13  xl%¢#°l# / 1. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ myÓ˚y à, #ï˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% ܲ# !SÈ°⁄ ~ z §ÙhflÏ xy!Ì≈ܲ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ü˛# !SÈ°⁄ 2. Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È xyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲyÓ˚# !ܲS%È xÌ≈l#!ï˛!Óò ~Ó˚ lyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– 3. Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ü,˛!£ÏÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ 4. fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ §!ܲÎ˚ !ܲS%È xyô%!lܲ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ lyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– 5. ≤Ãy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà !Ó!ê˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ myÓ˚y §%ã˛yÓ˚%˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ xÓ!¢“yÎ˚l l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˜mï˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# !SÈ°⁄ 6. !Ó!ê˛¢ ¢y§lܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l ˙!ï˛ ƒÓy # hflÏ!¢“ˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚y ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~ z Ùï˛yÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲÙï˛⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ òyG– 7. ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ í˛zßΨ ˆ˚ lÏ Ó˚ l#!ï˛ ≤ÃîÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!ê˛¢Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yl‰ í˛zˆj Ï ¢ƒ ˛õ)Óî˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°⁄ 8. !Ó!ê˛¢ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ≤ây§l myÓ˚y ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ !¢“l#!ï˛Ó˚ ò%Ó≈°ï˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Î%!=˛§ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 9. Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢l Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄ 10. çl§Çáƒy Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ !mï˛#Î˚ hflÏÓ˚ !lÓ˚)˛õˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yl‰ ÓSÈÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ 11. Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ !ã˛e!ê˛ §Çáƒyï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 12. ≤Ãy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆ°ˆÏáy– 13. fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ù%რxÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyà%!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– 14. ≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛ál ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ çlàîlyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ¢%Ó˚% ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄ 15. fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ÓÇ x!˲Ù%á !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 16. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!ê˛¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylÓ˚Ü˛Ù §òÌ≈ܲ xÓòyl !SÈ° !ܲ⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 14 ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ı !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy  ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° / 1. ≤Ãy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î ~ÓÇ ¢ ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛z˛õ°kô ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyܲyÎ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ z §ÙhflÏ oÓƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆË˛yà ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ ï˛y ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ ÙylÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒà%ˆÏ°y !ã˛! ´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 2. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ‡¢ ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãy܉˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÈ!Ó §Ç@˝Ã ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 3. ÚÚ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ z ç!Ùòy!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ xÓ°%!Æ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ⁄ÛÛ ÈüüüÈ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ § yÎ˚ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%FSÈ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò §ÓyÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe }îydܲ Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛# ˛õÂô!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ z ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ !ӈϰy˛õ §yôl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 4. fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlàî ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ!¢ !lÎ%=˛ !SÈ° ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y !ã˛! ´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ çlƒ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Ùyl%£Ï ˆÜ˛yl ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ!¢ !lÎ%=˛⁄ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓñ 2020 ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ 15 ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ܲ#Ó˚)˛õ ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄ REFERENCES BADEN-POWELL, B.H. 1892. The Land Systems of British India, Vols I, II and III. Oxford Clarendon Press, Oxford. BUCHANAN, D.H. 1966. Development of Capitalist Enterprise in India. Frank Cass and Co, London. CHANDRA, BIPAN. 1993. ‘The Colonial Legacy’ in Bimal Jalan (Ed.), The Indian Economy: Problems and Prospects. Penguin Books, New Delhi. D UTT, R.C. 1963. Economic History of India, Vols I and II. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi. KUMAR, D. AND MEGHNAD DESAI (Eds.). 1983. Cambridge Economic History of India. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. MILL, JAMES.1972. History of British India. Associated Publishing House, New Delhi. PRASAD, RAJENDRA. 1946. India Divided. Hind Kitabs, Bombay. SEN, AMARTYA. 1999. Poverty and Famines. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Government Reports Economic Survey (for various years). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. í˛zߨÎ˚l §Çܲyhs˝ l#!ï˛Ùy°y ~ÓÇ x!˲K˛ï˛y 15 2