Important Notes In Ge 112 The Contemporary World PDF

**IMPORTANT NOTES IN GE 112 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD** **[GLOBALIZATION ON MEDIA AND CULTURES]** **-**It explores the relationship between media, cultures and globalization throughout the different generations. -It also seeks to understand on how these media affects the behaviour of each individual...

**IMPORTANT NOTES IN GE 112 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD** **[GLOBALIZATION ON MEDIA AND CULTURES]** **-**It explores the relationship between media, cultures and globalization throughout the different generations. -It also seeks to understand on how these media affects the behaviour of each individual. -It discuss the **Media** as the primary agent that refers to the different means of communication such as radio, television, android phones etc. -Globalization and media have proceeded together through time and supported these claims by outlining the development of media throughout time. **[DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF MEDIA]** **Oral Communication** -Language allowed humans to communicate and share information and became the most important tool for exploring the world and the different culture. -Messages/Feedbacks are transferred through mouth-to-mouth conversation. **Script** -It allowed humans to communicate over a larger space and for a much longer duration. -It allowed the permanent codification of economic, cultural, and political practice. **Printing Press** -This was an idea of innovation and production developed by Johannes Gutenberg, a German inventor, to mitigate the problem of untimely dissemination of updates and in order to follow the goal of Industrial Revolution. -This are documents that projects different form of symbols and scripts using the principle of physics and ink. **Electronic Media** -It includes the telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and television. -The wide range of these media continue to open up new perspective in economic, political, and cultural processes of globalization. **Digital Media** -A much improved form of electronic media which utilized for marketing, online business connectivity, and faster interaction. -Internet, the biggest digital innovation and advantage of this form of media. -Users became more vulnerable with the spread of viruses and malwares such as spyware that can steal someone information, monitor their daily actions, and destroy the security system and valuable features of their device. **[PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBAL CULTURES]** **Culture differentialism** **-**Emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are only superficially affected by global flows. -Protecting their tradition to Western influences by ordering limited entrance of tourist to their country. **Cultural Hybridization** -Approach emphasizes the combination of local and global culture/elements. -Muslim girl scout wear the formal scout uniform and *hijab* scarf at the same time. -Showcasing the traditional costume in global market -A music festival performs various form of songs **Glocalization** -Is the interpenetration of Global products to suit on local standards resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic areas. -Jolibee enterprise, known for its jolly spaghetti, expand their business in Italy then introduce their new version spaghetti pasta with lesser ingredients and white sauce. **Culture Convergence** -Increasing similarities and shared traits between cultures which is not limited to beliefs, consumer brands, and media. -The spread of global consumer brands of different nations; engaging for similar opportunities such as economic **[GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION]** -With the growing developments to improve the quality of life of the people, religion also access the media in order to facilitate faster and innovative spread of their practices and beliefs; to engage to wider audience and younger generations. -Due to the integration of global and various religion practices, there are extreme tendency to create new offspring where both of them coexist. -**Pareidolia** is a psychological phenomenon which is a tendency to perceive a specific, often meaningful image in a random or ambiguous visual pattern; mysterious image projections that comes from shadow and reflection structures. -**Atheism** refers to the idea that there are no entities and resisting the practices of every other religion while **Agnosticism** believes that there is/are supreme and impersonal forces but also reject the churches' teachings. **[FIVE MAJOR RELIGION]** **Christianity** -founded on the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Unlike the other world religions, follower of Jesus do not labor to please God and earn salvation through good deeds. -**Bible** served as the holy scripture of the Christians that tells the journey and valuable lessons on how one person find their way through our God. -**Trinity** is the Christian doctrine concerning the nature of God (God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit) \- Types of Christian churches are Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox, Charismatic, Evangelical , and others. **Islam** -Monotheistic religion that was founded by their prophet Muhammad. Muslims believed Muhammad was visited by the angel Gabriel to reveal Allah's words. The Qur'an documents these revelations. The holy Qur'an, as their holy book, stated that the God created various groups and tribes to make everyone respect the differences of their perspectives and find their way on how they can coordinate on one another to promote unity and understanding with others. **[Five Pillars of the Islam]** **Shahada** -- testimony of faith similar to the holy communion of Christians. **Sala**t **or Salah** -- prayer rituals occurring five times a day unlike Christians that are not required to have an exact number of prayers. **Sawm** -- A month- long fast know as Ramadan during the ninth month of Muslim calendar. **Zakat** -- 2.5% of income is required to be given to the poor once a year. **Hajj** -- Muslims are to take a pilgrimage to Mecca while Christians goes to Jerusalem. **[Two Primary Sects of Islam]** **Sunni** -- 90 % of all Muslim; Muhammad's successors belongs to the lineage of first four caliphs **Shia** -- Caliph Ali is the only lineage that could be the worthy successors of Muhammad. **Hinduism** **-**Polytheistic religion with over 330 million gods and goddesses and one supreme and impersonal god known as Brahmin. \- Originating in modern-day Pakistan, this faith system is based on reincarnation and a caste system. -They conduct rituals same with Judaism as a means of connecting the community with the divine and maintaining cultural identity in both religions. **Caste System** Brahmins -- priests, academics Kshatriyas -- soldiers, king-warrior class Vaishyas -- merchants, farmers, laborers, craftspeople Sudras -- commoners, peasants, servants Harijans -- the "untouchables" **Karma** -- a system of cause and effect in which a person ranks in the caste system. Good karma present if one individual do good deeds which he/she will be promoted to the caste system on his second life while Bad karma has opposite reaction where he/she will be demoted to the caste system if he/she commit a violation against the rule of Hinduism. **Reincarnation** - the belief that a person's spirit or soul is reborn into a new body after death. **First Life Second Life** Brahmins commit he belongs to the a crime lower class depends on the degree of the crime committed (Kshatriyas to non-living things) **Buddhism** -Derived from the teachings of Siddharta Gautama (Buddha), in search of truth and meaning, left his luxurious life as Indian royalty. **Four Noble Truths** **Dukkha** -- to live is to suffer **Samudaya** -- suffering is caused by desire **Nirodha** -- one can eliminate suffering by eliminating all attachments **Magga** -- achieved by following the **Noble Eightfold Path** -- having a right understanding, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration. **Nirvana** -- an enlightened state free of desire **[The Five Prececepts]** Abstain from harming living beings Abstain form stealing Abstain from sexual misconduct Abstain from false speech Abstain from intoxicating drinks or drugs **Judaism** **-**Monotheistic religion developed among the ancient Hebrews. Judaism is characterized by a belief in one transcedent God who revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrews prophets and by a religious life in accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic traditions. -In a general sense, the Star of David has come to be a symbol of the nation and identity of the Jewish people. **[GLOBAL CITY]** -A variety of international financial services notably in finance, insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy, and marketing. -Headquarters of several multinational corporations -The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and major financial institutions -Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area -Major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities -Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global level. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **URBAN** | **RURAL** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | \*Urban areas are places of high | \*Preserved peaceful and common | | population and high density | living ensuring to maintain | | allowing them to built | valuable industries that provide | | skyscrapers and tall buildings to | basic products and materials. | | promote beauty, protect citizens | | | from natural disasters, and enjoy | \*Opportunities are evenly | | new atmosphere on higher areas. | distributed for every people | | | living in this state but not more | | \*Forest are added only for parks | than what they can achieved. | | and amusement purposes to cut | | | spaces and maximize the | \*They conserved more forest | | industrial projects. | areas than transforming this to | | | other valuable assets. | | -This developments encourage | | | tourist to invest and travel to | \*People who are satisfied on | | the country due to an advance | living on this area achieved | | lifestyle with the help of | peaceful and secured life. | | technology and having multiple | | | opportunities that can attracts | | | individual across the globe. | | | | | | -One of the general requirement | | | on becoming a city is based on | | | their number of people. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **[GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY AND MIGRATION]** -It is basically a population change model that demographers can use to review how a population has changed in the past as well as how to make predictions about the future of the population. -Demographic change will lead to increased demand for healthcare services on aging population since older people are much vulnerable to injuries, complications, and diseases which the status of their body cannot upholds. -Factors affecting the demographic data are the fertility and mortality rate, migration and emigration, change of the territorial size and life expectancy. -Population is the most important element of identifying the level of demographic studies. Population in a certain area could increase if healthcare services can help the older individuals to cope up and add more years to their life while also giving a frequent attention for the babies to anticipate their early death. \- **Demography **is the statistical study of human populations. The transition will be based on the level of birth and death rate in a certain period. The basic tool that the agencies like Philippine Statistical Authority (PSA) used is census to count the population and gather demographic information. -**Fertility rate** refers to the number of births in a population. On urban and populous areas, there are higher chance that the population will be doubled due to the limited spaces and frequent social interactions. -**Mortality rate** is the number of deaths in a population. -**Life expectancy** refers to the age at which someone is predicted to die. -**Migration** is the movement of people or animals from one place to another, with the intention of settling there, either temporary and permanently. -Since there are more open opportunities for skilled workers outside the country, the mobility of professionals accepted the offers and decided to stay and work with them which often refers as **Brain Drain.** -People migrate for many reasons, including: - Economic opportunity - to find work, higher wages, or better employment opportunities. - Education- To pursue educational ventures. - Family- To join family or reunite with loved ones. - Safety - To escape conflict, persecution, human rights violations, or religious intolerance. - Environmental factors - To anticipate the effects of climate change, natural disasters, or other perils. - Connections - To connect with existing ethnic or diaspora networks. **[Types of Migration]** 1. **Emigrant** - A person who leaves their country of origin to live elsewhere. 2. **Immigrant** - A person who moves to a new country to settle there. (Original country: USA residential country: Korea moving to: China) 3. **Refugee** - Individual who is forced to leave their home, family, and community to seek safety in a new country. 4. **Asylum seeker** - People who moved across borders in search of protection, but who may not fulfill the strict criteria laid down by the 1951 convention. 5. **Return migrants** - People who return to their countries of origin after a period in another country. **[GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY AND GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP]** -Citizenship is the membership, the fact of being related to a certain group that is determined by particular characteristics, such as age, gender, political affiliation and other features. \- However, global citizenship implies thinking for the whole world, having an intention of improving it and creating a sustainable environment. \- It is all about encouraging young people to develop the knowledge, skills and values they need to engage with the world. -Urbanization commonly lead to scarce on food supply due to the increasing demand of number of people. This will also reduce agricultural spaces limiting the production of raw materials. -To alleviate the crisis toward global food security, advance agricultural technology must be utilized to improve and maximize the production of crops while government should also intervened to managed properly the supply chain of crops and monitor the sector effectively. -Sustainability is the top priority to increased food production without any issues. This will be attain if the government will tend to explore more programs to enhance the quality and standards of local products. Agriculture programs such as agroforestry, organic farming, and crop rotation are beneficial agricultural practices that will lessen the agricultural issues. -Climate change is the major factor that controls negatively the level of food supply since this phenomena resulted for abnormal extreme weather patterns, droughts and floods, and soil infertility. -Global citizenship encompasses awareness and action regarding international issues, including food security. It promotes a sense of responsibility and action towards addressing food insecurity and its root causes on a global scale. -On maintaining biodiversity in agricultural systems is essential for resilience against food supply disruptions since it enhances ecosystem resilience, allowing for better adaptation to pests, diseases, and climate variability. -The primary way these organizations contribute to enhancing food security in vulnerable regions is by providing funding, technical assistance, and resources to combat hunger and improve agricultural practices. -To effectively promote global citizenship related to sustainability and food security, providing education about global interconnectedness and the impact of food choices on sustainability. -Technology has the potential to significantly improve food security globally. Enhancing agricultural efficiency, reducing waste, and improving food distribution networks are one way that can technological advancements contribute to sustainable food production.