Immunoserology Prelim PDF

PRELIM IMMUNOSEROLODY IMMUNOSEROLOGY 2ND SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | ​ The Chinese inhaled the antigen of the INTRODUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGY...

PRELIM IMMUNOSEROLODY IMMUNOSEROLOGY 2ND SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | ​ The Chinese inhaled the antigen of the INTRODUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGY smallpox ​ IMMUNOLOGY ​ 1700 / EDWARD JENNER ​ The study of host reaction when foreign ​ prevent infections with smallpox using cowpox. substances are introduced to the body “ ​ Vaccine-antigen suspension derived from a Antigen” pathogen ○​ The study of immunity ​ Vaccination - From vacca, the Latin word for ○​ Study of all aspects of the body's defense. "cow" ○​ It is a form of immunoprophylaxis ​ IMMUNITY ○​ Smallpox - deadly ○​ PHAGOCYTOSIS CELLS- first responder that ○​ cowpox - mild fights the pathogen. ​ LOUIS PASTEUR- "Father of Immunology” ​ ANTIBODIES ○​ First (live) attenuated vaccine ○​ Lymphocytes represented. ○​ Heat, aging, or chemical means ○​ Birth of Immunology ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ○​ Prevention of rabies ​ Defending the Body against infections. ○​ →Chicken Cholera - first attenuated cause of ○​ Creates immunity pathogen P. multocida ○​ Tissue repair ○​ Destroy the pathogen. ​ Recognition and responding to foreign FACTORS AFFECTING IMMUNOGENICITY antigens ​ Age of the recipient, individual immune status, ○​ Memory Cells nature of the vaccine ​ Remember previous exposure ​ Live attenuated vaccine for measles, mumps, and ​ Defending the body against the development rubella -12-15 months of age ​ Meningococcal meningitis y Hey - 11-12 year old of tumors. age ​ Tumor antigen- considered nonself attracts ​ live, attenuated vaccine -most immunogenic the immune system. ​ purified subunit vaccine derived from the pathogen least immunogenic ❖​ Cytotoxic cells- natural killer cells when it comes to fighting tumors. ❖​ Immune System- recognizes self from non-self ​ IMMUNOCOMPETENT antigen/cells that do not belong in the body.. ​ Well-functioning immune system ​ Individuals cannot respond well to the following HISTORY condition ​ 1500s/CHINESE- ​ HIV/AIDS ​ Inhaled powder made from smallpox scab. ​ Recipient of organ transplant ​ Variation( inoculation)-exposing an individual to the specific antigen IMMUNOSEROLOGY GANZON, J.B 1  PRELIM IMMUNOSEROLODY IMMUNOSEROLOGY 2ND SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | ​ IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS 1984 NIELS JERNE GEORGE Immunoregulation ​ Recipient transplanted organs take this drug KOHLER monoclonal CESAR MILSTEIN antibody ​ LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE ​ Most immunogenic 1987 SUSUMO TONEGAWA Antibody Diversity 1991 EDWARD DONNALL Transplantation THOMAS SIGNIFICANT MILESTONE JOSEPH MURRAY ​ 1862 HAEKEL 1996 PETER DOHERTY Cytotoxic T-Cells ​ Have a mechanism that is capable of ROLF ZINKERNAGEL recognition of responding to particles virally ​ 1883-1905 METCHNIKOFF 2008 FRANCOISE BARRE-SINOUSSI ​ Cellular theory of immunity through LUC MONTAGNEIR phagocytosis 1949 SABIN, SALIK ORAL FORM, AND WHAT IN IMMUNOLOGY? INJECTABLE ​ Resistance to disease 1901 EMIL VON BEHRING Serum Antitoxin ​ Consists of the following: > study of molecules cells, organs, Prastem 1905 ROBERT KOCH Cellular immunity responsible for recognition and disposal of Tb foreign material 1908 ELIE METCHNIKOFF Phagocytosis >response & interaction of body components PAUL ERLICH immunity > Desirable and undesirable consequences of immune interacting 1913 CHARLES RICHET Anaphylaxis >Immune system manipulated to protect 1919 JULES BORAET Complement against and treat disease 1930 KARL LANDSTEINER Human blood *Ag, antibodies group Antigen * Phagocytic cells 1960 MACFARLANE BURNET Discovery of Tissue -Macrophages /mast cells PETER MEDAWAR immunologic tolerance 1 Celsius- BM,, Thymus, I lymphocytes 2 Celsius- spleen 1972 RODNEY PORTER Structure of GERALD EDELMAN antibodies Desired 1977 ROSALYN YALOW Radioimmunoassay Undesirable- Autoimmune 1980 GEORGE SNELL Major JEAN DAUSSET Histocompatibility BARUJ BENACERAF complex. IMMUNOSEROLOGY GANZON, J.B 2  PRELIM IMMUNOSEROLODY IMMUNOSEROLOGY 2ND SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | ○​ Diverse response to each antigen or INNATE V.S ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY specific response each antigen ​ Elie Metchnikoff ○​ Capable of recalling previous antigen ​ Cellular theory of phagocytosis memory cells ​ Phagocytosis means "Cell eating cells" ○​ Secondary Immune response is greater ​ Nature, or innate host defense than the Primary Immune response ○​ Responsible for Third Line of defense of the ​ Emil von Behring Body ​ Humoral Theory of Immunity ○​ Pathogen recognized by receptors ​ Diphtheria and tetanus toxins were generated randomly (narrow specificity) neutralized by a noncellular portion of the blood ​ Humoral Immunity- antibody ​ Almroth Wright (1903) INNATE ADAPTIVE ​ combined both cellular & humoral Nonspecific Specific theories of Immunity ​ Humoral / circulating factors - OPSONINS Immediate Slow -Antibodies and acute phase reactant Phagocytes Lymphocytes ​ phagocytic cells Present at Birth Not present TWO BRANCHES OF IMMUNITY: ​ Innate or Natural Immunity BODY DEFENSE / FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE ​ Adaptive Immunity ​ Innate Immunity ​ The External Defense System which is ​ INNATE/NATURAL IMMUNITY composed of physical of structural Barriers: ○​ Present at birth ○​ Standardized response for all antigen TYPES OF BARRIERS: ○​ Lack memory ​ MECHANICAL BARRIERS ○​ Responsible for first and second line of ○​ Unbroken skin, mucosal membrane defense in the body surface, cilia and mucus ○​ Pathogen recognized by receptors ​ CHEMICAL BARRIERS incoded in germline (broad specificity) ○​ Low ph skin (5.5- 5.6) ○​ Immediate response Gastric acid (ph 1.3) Viginal (ph 5) ​ ADAPTIVE/ACQUIRED IMMUNITY ​ Enzymes: lysozymes ( secretion), ○​ NOT Present at birth Lactic Acid (Sweat), HCI (Gi tract) Acid (urine) IMMUNOSEROLOGY GANZON, J.B 3  PRELIM IMMUNOSEROLODY IMMUNOSEROLOGY 2ND SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | ○​ IgA- tears and saliva ○​ Cerumen - Ear wax BODY DEFENSE / THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE ​ BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS ​ Acquired or Adaptive Immunity ○​ Skin and mucous ​ Recognize, Remember, and Respond is a membrane specific stimulus an Antigen ○​ Normal Flora ​ Cellular components ○​ Competitive Exclusion ○​ T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and Plasma cells ​ Humoral components BODY DEFENSE / SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE ○​ Antibodies and Cytokines ​ Internal defense System ​ Both cells and soluble factors play essential parts HUMORAL MEDIATED IMMUNITY ​ Recognized molecules that are unique to a ​ Specific antibodies have been forming for pathogenic organism antigen stimulation ​ Included both cellular and humoral ​ Two types of acquired Immunity components of immunity ○​ ACTIVE IMMUNITY ​ Phagocytic Cells ​ Natural exposure and ​ Tissue damage- Inflammatory response- vaccination phagocytosis ○​ PASSIVE IMMUNITY ​ Serum and plasma ​ ACUTE PHASE REACTANT transplacental antibody ○​ Sensitive indicators of the presence transfer and breast milk of inflammatory disease ​ C-REACTIVE PROTEIN ○​ Most potent, non- specific CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY ​ COMPLEMENT ​ LYMPHOCYTES- antigen receptor ○​ To produce lysis ​ Link between T-lymphocytes and Phagocytic ​ INTERFERON cells ○​ Regulate the immune system to ​ present HUMORAL MEDIATED IMMUNITY ​ CELLULAR COMPONENTS ​ B-LYMPHOCYTES ○​ Mast Cell, Basophil, Eosinophil, ○​ respond to a native antigen and Neutrophil determinants ○​ Macrophages : Dendritic cells and ​ T-LYMPHOCYTES- Natural killer cells ○​ Respond to antigen presented by ​ HUMORAL COMPONENTS- complement, other cells “antigen-presenting lysozymes, interferon a and b cells” IMMUNOSEROLOGY GANZON, J.B 4  PRELIM IMMUNOSEROLODY IMMUNOSEROLOGY 2ND SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS ​ Receptor of innate immune system that recognize the PAMPS ○​ PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPS) ​ Associated with large groups of microorganism recognized by the innate immune system ​ THREE GROUPS OF PRRs ○​ Secreted PRRs ​ Circulate in the blood and lymph ​ Triggers the complement cascade ○​ Cell-surface Receptor ​ Phagocytic receptor ​ Release of effector molecules ○​ Toll-like Receptor ​ Self of transmembrane receptor ​ TLR1- gram-positive bacteria ​ TLR2-gram-negative bacteria IMMUNOSEROLOGY GANZON, J.B 5  PRELIM IMMUNOSEROLODY IMMUNOSEROLOGY 2ND SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR ACTIVATING SIGNAL ​ Discovered by CHARLES JANEWAY ​ Cancer cells ​ A protein originally from the fruit fly ○​ Lacks MHC class 1 “Missing self” DROSOPHILA ○​ Under stress releases C16 and NKG2D ​ Found in the MONOCYTES, MACROPHAGES, AND (Bind to NK cells) NEUTROPHILS ○​ when either Of the 2 met. NK cells will ​ TLR2 -gram-positive bacteria/ pedtidoglycans be activated ​ TLR4- gram negative ​ Once activated it releases Perforin and bacteria/lipopolysaccharides Granzymes ​ TLR5- Flagella ○​ Perforin- cause creation of pore I present lysis ○​ Granzymes - an enzyme. For cellular NATURAL KILLER CELLS LYSIS ​ First line of defense against cell that are: ​ ANTIBODY - DEPENDENT CELL CYTOTOXICITY ○​ Virally infected ○​ Recognize and lyse the antibody ○​ Cell infected with the intracellular coated calls pathogen ○​ C16 receptor of NK cells bind to the FC ○​ Tumor cells portion of IgG coated cell ​ Recognized and eliminate damage cell without ○​ Mechanism for viral infection prior exposure ○​ FC Bind the natural killer cells ​ Stimulated by 11-12, IFN-a and, IFN-D ○​ Apoptosis- Program death cells ​ Peak activity: 3 days ​ Major producers Of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY ​ Release various colony stimulating Factors ​ main all involved: LYMPHOCYTES ​ Link between innate and adaptive immunity ​ T-Lymphocytes- mature in Thymus ​ B-Lymphocytes- mature in Bone Marrow ​ Differentiation takes place very easily in fetal MECHANISM OF CYTOTOXICITY development ​ Inhibitory Signal ​ Progenitor. appear fetal liver as early as 8 ○​ Recognition of MCH CLASS 1 in healthy weeks of pregnancy Bone Marrow in later cells stages ○​ Example of inhibitory Receptor : ​ killer-cell immunoglobulin -like Receptor T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION ​ CD 94 / NKG2A ​ 60%-80% of circulating lymphocytes in peripheral blood ​ Differentiation occurs in the thymus ​ Function: cell-mediated immunity IMMUNOSEROLOGY GANZON, J.B 6  PRELIM IMMUNOSEROLODY IMMUNOSEROLOGY 2ND SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | ​ T REGULATORY CELLS (Treg) ○​ CD4 & CD25 is present T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION ○​ Approx. 5% of all CDy T cells 4 Development Stages: ○​ Suppressed immune response to self 1.​ DOUBLE NEGATIVE antigen. ​ NO CD4 & CD8 markers 4.​ ACTIVATED T CELLS ​ In the outer cortex: Actively proliferate ​ T cells exposed to antigen under the influence of 1L-7 ​ Production of CD25 receptor of 1L-2 ​ Gene rearrangement For T-cell ​ All single positive T cells in the medulla Receptor ​ Recirculate the blood and peripheral 2.​ DOUBLE POSITIVE organ approx. every 12 -24 hours ​ Express both CD4 & CD8 ​ Resting T cells- have a life span up ​ POSITIVE SELECTION- retain Several years. thymocytes with Functional TCR ​ NEGATIVE SELECTION-apoptosis of SUBPOPULATION OF T CELLS: cells with strong reactions with ​ TH9 self-peptides other than MHC ○​ PRODUCES IL-9 ​ MHC RESTRICTION- select thymocytes ○​ Proinflammatory effect that interact only with self-MHC ○​ words of fungi and extracellular ​ CLONAL DELETION- eliminate clone bacteria capable of ○​ stimulate growth Of hematopoietic 3.​ MATURE T CELLS cells ​ Either CD4 & CD8 is present ​ TH17 ​ T-helper Cells: CD4 -dependent ​ Produces IL-17 and IL-22 ○​ ⅔ of population ​ Increase inflammation and joint destruction ○​ Recognize antigen along with ​ rheumatoid arthritis class II MHC protein ​ Cytotoxic cells- CD8 -cytokines Most of the circulating T cells express the following CD ○​ ⅓ of population markers: ○​ Interact with antigen and class ​ CD2 - Sheep blood cell receptor, the classical T 1 MHC protein cell surface marker ​ CD3- port of T-cell antigen-receptor complex SUBSETS OF T HELPER CELLS ​ CD4- receptor for MHC Class 11 molecule ​ TH1 ​ CD8- receptor of MHC Class 1 molecule ○​ Produces IFN-Y, IL-2, and TNF-13 ○​ Activates cytotoxic lymphocytes Macrophages. ​ TH2 B-CELL DIFFERENTIATION ○​ Produces IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, 1L-10, IL-13 site of differentiation: Bone marrow ○​ Help to cells produce antibodies stromal cells form special Riches ○​ Regulate B-cells activity Function: humoral mediated Immunity IMMUNOSEROLOGY GANZON, J.B 7  PRELIM IMMUNOSEROLODY IMMUNOSEROLOGY 2ND SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | blood -borne pathogen B-CELL DIFFERENTIATION ○​ Follicular B cells ​ migrate to lymph nodes & other Development stages: secondary organs. 1.​ PHASE 1- ANTIGEN INDEPENDENT ○​ Surface IgD is present ​ PRO B-CELLS (PROGENITOR B-CELLS) ​ Prolong the lifespan of ○​ Rearrangement of genes B-cells coding for heavy and light ○​ Synthesize be light chain chain of antibody ○​ Rearrangement of gene on 2.​ PHASE 2: ANTIGEN DEPENDENT CHROMOSOMES 14 with code ​ B cells is stimulated by antigen for the heavy chain. ​ Memory cells & Plasma cells ​ PRE- B Cells ○​ Synthesis of heavy chain 3.​ Differentiation into Plasma ○​ IgM- first heavy chain ​ Plasma cells ○​ Surrogate light chain - short ○​ Most fully differentiated polypeptides link together lymphocytes ​ IMMATURE B CELLS ○​ Size 10-20 um ○​ Appearance of IgM antibody ○​ Abundant cytoplasmic; ○​ Rearrangement of the genetic immunoglobulins sequence coding for light ○​ Nucleus -eccentric or oval w/ chains on either Chromosome heavily clumped Chromatin 2 or 22 (stain dark) ○​ CD21, CD40 and MHC CLASS 11 ○​ Golgi apparatus is present molecules ○​ Function: Antibody production ○​ CD21 -receptor for a. ○​ Normally Found in the Blood breakdown product of the complement C3 ○​ CD40 and MHC Class 11 ACTIVATORS OF LYMPHOCYTES: ​ Interaction of B-cells ​ Monoclonal Activators: Antigen and T-cells ​ Oligoclonal Activators: Superantigen ○​ CENTRAL TOLERANCE ​ Polyclonal Activators: Mitogen ​ elimination of B-cells ○​ B cell mitogen- Liposaccharides bearing self-reactive ○​ T cell mitogen- Concanavalin A, receptors Phytohaemagglutinin ​ MATURE B CELLS: ○​ Bothe T & B Mitogen: Pokeweed ○​ Occurs in the spleen Mitogen ○​ Marginal B cells ​ remain in the spleen to LABORATORY IDENTIFICATION: respond quickly to any IMMUNOSEROLOGY GANZON, J.B 8  PRELIM IMMUNOSEROLODY IMMUNOSEROLOGY 2ND SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | ​ Density Gradient centrifugation- haven ○​ "all immunogens are antigens, but lymphocytes using Ficoll Hypaque not all antigen. Are immunogen ​ Roswell park memorial Institute medium (RPMI,640)- traditional culture medium for FACTORS INFLUENCING THE IMMUNE RESPONSE: human lymphocytes ​ AGE- decrease immune response in ​ Flow cytometry geriatrics and neonates ○​ Gold Standard for lymphocyte ID ​ OVERALL HEALTH- immunocompromised T CELLS host ​ TEST: E-rosette Test ​ DOSE- increase immunogen= increase ​ Principle: based on CD2 receptor on Sheep RBC immune response ​ Positive test; ‘Rose" Agglutination under the ​ Route of inoculation -intravenous, microscope intradermal, Subcutaneous ​ End product :Cytokines ​ Genetic Capacity - MHC and T-and B-cell ​ Location: Paracortical Region receptors B CELLS TRAITS OR IMMUNOGEN ​ Test: surface IgD Detection ​ Immunogenicity - the ability of an ​ Principle: IgD & 1gM Are on the surface of Naive immunogen to stimulate a host response B cells ​ End Product: Antibody Depends on the ff. ​ Location: Cortical Region 1.​ Macromolecular size ​ MW: 1OKDa ​ the greater the mw, the more immunogenic 2.​ FOREIGNNESS ​ able to distinguish self from non-self NATURE OF ANTIGEN ​ The more distant taxonomically ​ Antigens the source of the immunogen it ○​ Decreased substance that results from the host, the more successful w/ an antibody or sensitized T cells it il as a stimulus but may not be able to evoke an 3.​ Chemical composition and molecular immune response in the first place complexity ​ Immunogens ​ Proteins and polysaccharides ○​ macromolecules capable of ○​ Most immunogenic triggering an Adaptive immune ​ Carbohydrate response ○​ Least immunogenic IMMUNOSEROLOGY GANZON, J.B 9  PRELIM IMMUNOSEROLODY IMMUNOSEROLOGY 2ND SEMESTER | 2024-2025 | ​ Lipid and nucleic acid- least or non ANTIBODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION immunogenic alone ​ IMMUNOGLOBULIN 4.​ The Ability to be processed and ○​ Glycoprotein is found in the serum presented with MHC molecule portion of the blood ​ Immunogens must be degraded ○​ Appx. 20% plasma protein in healthy into small peptides by APC the individual complex with MHC molecules to be ○​ Composition: 86-98% polypeptides presented to reactive lymphocytes 2-14% carbohydrates ○​ SPE: slowest protein and appear primarily in gamma band ○​ NATURE OF EPITOPES ​ Determinant side of Epitope ○​ key portion of the immunogen recognized immune response ​ Linear Epitope ○​ consist of sequential l Amino acid/ polypeptide ​ Contormotional- folding bring epitope HAPTENS- to small to recognize ​ Combined with larger molecules they are then stable to stimulate response ADJUVANTS-a substrate administered with an immunogen that increase the immune response in order to provide immunity to particular dse. RELATIONSHIP OF ANTIGENS TO THE HOST ​ Autoantigens- antigen that belong to the host ​ Alloantigen- from other member of the host ​ Heteroantigen- from other species or from other animals ​ Heterophile antigen- exist in unrelated plants or animals but are either identical or closely related by structure IMMUNOSEROLOGY GANZON, J.B 10