Immunology workbook_DTH23_Completed copy.html

Immunology Workbook Answer copy Introduction This workbook is to be used in conjunction with your sessions on Immunology. -  The premise of the first session (Introduction to Immunology) is for you to complete the tasks in a self-directed way -  Work through each PowerPoint slide and f...

Immunology Workbook Answer copy Introduction This workbook is to be used in conjunction with your sessions on Immunology. -  The premise of the first session (Introduction to Immunology) is for you to complete the tasks in a self-directed way -  Work through each PowerPoint slide and follow the instructions -  There are links to documents and research articles which will enable you to gain knowledge of this subject and to complete the tasks as you proceed -  You are encouraged to use various methods of notetaking such as spider diagrams/pictures/tables to help you build up your Immunology notes -  It is important that you complete and have your notes in preparation for the next session in order that knowledge of the subject matter is consolidated. You will need to complete the workbook to meet the intended learning outcomes: By the end of this session students should be able to: -  Define immunology and recognise the terminology associated with it -  Describe the natural defence systems of the body -  Identify the components and functions of the non-specific (innate) and adaptive (acquired) immune systems -  Differentiate between non-specific (innate) and adaptive (acquired) immunity -  Recognise and list the cells of the non-specific immune system and the adaptive immune system 1. 1\. Read the following article up to (10 of 14) 'Antibody-mediated vs. cell-mediated immunity' (15 minutes) An introduction to immunology and immunopathology Jean S. Marshall, Richard Warrington, Wade Watson and Harold L. Kim (2018) [An introduction to immunology and immunopathology (biomedcentral.com)](https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13223-018-0278-1.pdf) 2. Research and make own notes/spider diagram/memory map on the organs and tissues of the Immune System 3. minutes) [What are the organs of the immune system? - InformedHealth.org - NCBI Bookshelf (nih.gov)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279395/) Worksheet 1) Notate and review the terminology associated with immunology: Continue to add to this when you encounter new terminology. You may use details from resources given/conduct own research ------ --------- --------- Term Meaning Example ------ --------- --------- +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Microbe | Microscopic | Bacteria, fungi, | | | organisms which | algae, protozoa, | | | reside in water, | | | | soil and air. \... | Viruses, parasites | | | Some microbes are | | | | pathogenic, others | | | | are important for | | | | our health- | | | | commensal. | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Antigen | Any substance that | bacteria, chemicals, | | | is able to cause an | toxins, viruses, | | | immune response in | pollen | | | the body. | | | | | | | | Reacts specifically | | | | with the resultant | | | | antibodies and/or | | | | cells generated | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Cytokine | A type of protein | Interleukins, | | | that impacts the | Lymphokines, | | | immune system by | Monokines, | | | either ramping it up | Interferons (IFN), | | | or slowing it down. | colony stimulating | | | | factors (CSF), | | | Cytokines can occur | Chemokines and a | | | naturally in the | variety of other | | | body or be produced | proteins. | | | in a laboratory | | | | | Type-1 cytokines are | | | | cytokines produced | | | | by Th1 T-helper | | | | cells; Type-2 | | | | cytokines are those | | | | produced by Th2 | | | | T-helper cells. | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Antibody | Special proteins | IgA (immunoglobulin | | | created by white | A) 2 forms: | | Also referred to as | blood cells | Secretory IgA is | | Immunoglobulin (Ig) | (activated B cells) | found in the linings | | | that can kill or | of the respiratory | | | weaken | tract & digestive | | | infection-causing | system, saliva, | | | organisms. | tears, and breast | | | Antibodies travel | milk (colostrum). | | | through the blood | Known as the | | | stream looking for | antiseptic paint of | | | specific pathogens. | mucous membranes. | | | | Can activate the | | | The body can create | complement system in | | | new antibodies in | the presence of | | | response to new | lysosome to kill | | | pathogens or | certain organisms. | | | vaccines. | | | | | Serum IgA cannot | | | Also referred to as | activate complement | | | immunoglobulin (Ig). | system. | | | | | | | | IgD (immunoglobulin | | | | D) Found in blood in | | | | low levels; cannot | | | | activate the | | | | complement system. | | | | Approximately half | | | | of antigen specific | | | | receptors on B | | | | lymphocyte membranes | | | | are composed of IgD | | | | antibodies | | | | | | | | IgE (immunoglobulin | | | | E) Found in serum- | | | | small amounts. Most | | | | IgE is attached to | | | | mast cells & | | | | basophils | | | | (granulocytes). High | | | | levels of IgE found | | | | on those with | | | | allergies (e.g | | | | asthma/hayfever) | | | | | | | | IgG | | | | (immunoglobulinG) | | | | Most common antibody | | | | in blood/tissue | | | | fluid | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | | | (75%) of total serum | | | | immunoglobin level. | | | | Defends against | | | | diffusing toxins and | | | | spreading microbes, | | | | IgG response found | | | | mainly to occur in | | | | the secondary immune | | | | response. Effective | | | | opsonins. | | | | | | | | Maternal IgG is | | | | transferred across | | | | placenta, giving | | | | passive protection | | | | to new borns for | | | | 4-6/12) | | | | | | | | IgM (immunoglobulin | | | | M) Largest of the | | | | immunoglobulin | | | | molecules; usually | | | | earliest antibody | | | | response in a | | | | primary immune | | | | response; short | | | | lived. | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Phagocyte | Phagocytes eat up | Monocytes, | | | pathogens by | macrophages, | | | attaching to and | granulocytes, | | | wrapping around the | dendritic cells | | | pathogen to engulf | | | | it. Once the | | | | pathogen is trapped | | | | inside the | | | | phagocyte, it is in | | | | a compartment called | | | | a phagosome. The | | | | phagosome will then | | | | merge with a | | | | lysosome or granule | | | | to form a | | | | phagolysosome, where | | | | the pathogen is | | | | killed by toxic | | | | materials, such as | | | | antimicrobial | | | | agents, enzymes, | | | | nitrogen oxides or | | | | other proteins. | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Proteins (in the | Large molecules | Antibodies | | immune system) | composed of one or | | | | more chains of amino | Signalling proteins- | | | acids in a specific | cytokines | | | order determined by | | | | the base sequence of | Complement proteins | | | nucleotides in the | | | | DNA coding for the | | | | protein. | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Opsonins | Substances present | IgG antibody | | | in serum which | | | | promote phagocytosis | C3b molecule of the | | | of bacteria (act as | complement system | | | 'markers'). | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Opsonize | The capacity of | | | | antibodies and | | | | complement | | | | components (as well | | | | as other proteins) | | | | to coat dangerous | | | | antigens that can | | | | then be recognized | | | | by antibodies or | | | | complement receptors | | | | on phagocytic cells. | | | | \... The opsonins | | | | act as markers or | | | | tags that allow | | | | recognition by the | | | | immune system of the | | | | body | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Phagocytosis | Phagocytosis, | Neutrophil | | | process by which | phagocytosing a | | | certain living cells | bacterium | | | called phagocytes | | | | ingest or engulf | | | | other cells or | | | | particles. | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Apoptosis | A type of cell death | Also called | | | in which a series of | programmed cell | | | molecular steps in a | death. | | | cell lead to its | | | | death. This is one | | | | method the body uses | | | | to get rid of | | | | unneeded or abnormal | | | | cells. The process | | | | of apoptosis may be | | | | blocked in cancer | | | | cells. | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Antigen Presenting | Cells which process | Macrophages, | | cell | protein antigens | dendritic cells and | | | into peptides- these | B cells | | | can then be | | | | presented to T-cell | | | | receptors on the | | | | cell surface. | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Complement system | Part of innate | 3 different | | | immune system | pathways: | | | response, playing an | | | | important role in | - Classical | | | host defence and | pathway | | | inflammation. The | - Alternative | | | complement system | pathway | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | | consists of a group | - Lectin pathway | | | of protein molecules | | | | found circulating in | | | | the blood stream & | | | | body tissues | | | | (humoral), which | | | | activate each other | | | | rapidly in a | | | | sequential cascade. | | | | This results in | | | | lysis of foreign and | | | | infected cells, | | | | phagocytosis of | | | | foreign particles | | | | and cell debris and | | | | inflammation of | | | | surrounding tissue. | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | PMNs | A type of white | Examples: | | | blood cell (WBC) | neutrophils, | | Polymorphonuclear | | eosinophils, | | leukocytes | | basophils, and mast | | | | cells.(also known as | | | | granulocytes) | | | | | | | | Function: They play | | | | a major role in the | | | | innate immune | | | | system- protect the | | | | body from infectious | | | | organisms | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ Worksheet 2) Cells of the Immune System: ------ ------ ------------------------ -------------- ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- ----------- -------------- Cell Type White blood cell (Y/N) Derived from Differentiate into/ also known as: Innate or Adaptive immune system Functions Main targets ------ ------ ------------------------ -------------- ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- ----------- -------------- +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Macro | Monon | yes | Monoc | - K | Innat | - P | Vario | | phage | uclea | | ytes- | upffe | e | hagoc | us | | | r | | | r | | ytosi | | | | leuko | | turn | c | | s | -Dest | | | cytes | | into | ells- | | - A | roy | | | | | macro | liver | | ntige | old, | | | Phago | | phage | - H | | n | damag | | | cyte | | s | istio | | p | ed | | | | | when | cytes | | resen | and | | | | | they | - | | tatio | dead | | | | | exit | -conn | | n | cells | | | | | the | ectiv | | t | in | | | | | blood | e | | o | the | | | | | strea | t | | T | body | | | | | m | issue | | c | | | | | | | | | ells | | | | | | | Large | | - R | | | | | | | st | | ecrui | | | | | | | of | | t | | | | | | | the | | o | | | | | | | WBC's | | ther | | | | | | | | | p | | | | | | | | | hagoc | | | | | | | | | ytic | | | | | | | | | c | | | | | | | | | ells | | | | | | | | | b | | | | | | | | | y | | | | | | | | | r | | | | | | | | | eleas | | | | | | | | | ing | | | | | | | | | c | | | | | | | | | ytoki | | | | | | | | | nes | | | | | | | | | ( | | | | | | | | | there | | | | | | | | | by | | | | | | | | | i | | | | | | | | | nitia | | | | | | | | | ting | | | | | | | | | i | | | | | | | | | nflam | | | | | | | | | matio | | | | | | | | | n) | | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Neutr | Granu | yes | myelo | Most | innat | - P | - B | | ophil | locyt | | blast | commo | e | hagoc | acter | | s | e | | | n | | ytosi | ia | | | | | | white | | s | - F | | | Phago | | | blood | | - D | ungi | | | cyte | | | cell. | | egran | | | | | | | | | ulati | | | | | | | Also | | on | | | | | | | calle | | ( | | | | | | | d | | disch | | | | | | | polym | | arge | | | | | | | orpho | | o | | | | | | | nucle | | f | | | | | | | ar | | c | | | | | | | (PMN) | | onten | | | | | | | | | ts | | | | | | | | | o | | | | | | | | | f | | | | | | | | | a | | | | | | | | | c | | | | | | | | | ell) | | | | | | | | | - A | | | | | | | | | lso | | | | | | | | | r | | | | | | | | | eleas | | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | | b | | | | | | | | | urst | | | | | | | | | o | | | | | | | | | f | | | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | | | uper | | | | | | | | | o | | | | | | | | | xides | | | | | | | | | t | | | | | | | | | hat | | | | | | | | | h | | | | | | | | | ave | | | | | | | | | a | | | | | | | | | bilit | | | | | | | | | y | | | | | | | | | t | | | | | | | | | o | | | | | | | | | k | | | | | | | | | ill | | | | | | | | | m | | | | | | | | | any | | | | | | | | | b | | | | | | | | | acter | | | | | | | | | ia | | | | | | | | | a | | | | | | | | | t | | | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | | | ame | | | | | | | | | t | | | | | | | | | ime | | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Eosin | Granu | yes | myelo | | innat | - D | - P | | ophil | locyt | | blast | | e | egran | arasi | | s | e | | | | | ulati | tes | | | | | | | | on | - V | | | | | | | | - R | ariou | | | | | | | | eleas | s | | | | | | | | e | a | | | | | | | | o | llerg | | | | | | | | f | ic | | | | | | | | e | r | | | | | | | | nzyme | eacti | | | | | | | | s, | ons | | | | | | | | g | | | | | | | | | rowth | | | | | | | | | f | | | | | | | | | actor | | | | | | | | | a | | | | | | | | | nd | | | | | | | | | c | | | | | | | | | ytoki | | | | | | | | | nes | | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Basop | Granu | yes | myelo | | innat | - D | - V | | hils | locyt | | blast | | e | egran | ariou | | | e | | | | | ulati | s | | | | | | | | on | a | | | | | | | | - R | llerg | | | | | | | | eleas | ic | | | | | | | | e | r | | | | | | | | o | eacti | | | | | | | | f | ons | | | | | | | | h | - S | | | | | | | | istam | ecret | | | | | | | | ine, | e | | | | | | | | e | a | | | | | | | | nzyme | ntico | | | | | | | | s, | agula | | | | | | | | a | nts | | | | | | | | nd | ( | | | | | | | | c | hepar | | | | | | | | ytoki | in) | | | | | | | | nes | t | | | | | | | | | hus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | promo | | | | | | | | | ting | | | | | | | | | mobil | | | | | | | | | ity | | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | other | | | | | | | | | WBCs | | | | | | | | | by | | | | | | | | | preve | | | | | | | | | nting | | | | | | | | | clott | | | | | | | | | ing. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -secr | | | | | | | | | ete | | | | | | | | | antib | | | | | | | | | odies | | | | | | | | | that | | | | | | | | | have | | | | | | | | | funct | | | | | | | | | ion | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | | | | | | | | again | | | | | | | | | st | | | | | | | | | hyper | | | | | | | | | sensi | | | | | | | | | tivit | | | | | | | | | y | | | | | | | | | react | | | | | | | | | ions | | | | | | | | | in | | | | | | | | | the | | | | | | | | | blood | | | | | | | | | strea | | | | | | | | | m | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -hist | | | | | | | | | amine | | | | | | | | | relea | | | | | | | | | sed | | | | | | | | | in | | | | | | | | | respo | | | | | | | | | nse | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | antib | | | | | | | | | odies | | | | | | | | | which | | | | | | | | | dilat | | | | | | | | | es | | | | | | | | | blood | | | | | | | | | vesse | | | | | | | | | ls | | | | | | | | | bring | | | | | | | | | ing | | | | | | | | | more | | | | | | | | | immun | | | | | | | | | e | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | area | | | | | | | | | of | | | | | | | | | injur | | | | | | | | | y | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Mast | Granu | yes | Deriv | Relea | Innat | Once | -Host | | Cells | locyt | | ed | sed | e | activ | defen | | | e | | from | in | | ated- | ce | | | | | bone | the | Locat | relea | to | | | (Gran | | marro | blood | ed | se | paras | | | ules | | w | and | at | wide | itic | | | are | | myelo | only | bound | varie | infec | | | rich | | id | matur | aries | ty | tion | | | in | | stem | e | betwe | of | | | | hista | | cell | once | en | infla | -Alle | | | mine | | | recru | the | mmato | rgic | | | and | | | ited | tissu | ry | react | | | hepar | | | into | e | media | ion | | | in) | | | the | and | tors | | | | | | | tissu | exter | (cyto | | | | | | | e | nal | kines | | | | | | | where | envir | ) | | | | | | | final | onmen | from | | | | | | | diffe | t | vario | | | | | | | renti | | us | | | | | | | ation | | antig | | | | | | | takes | | ens: | | | | | | | place | | aller | | | | | | | (spec | | gens, | | | | | | | ific | | patho | | | | | | | to | | gens | | | | | | | desti | | and | | | | | | | natio | | physi | | | | | | | n | | ologi | | | | | | | site) | | cal | | | | | | | | | media | | | | | | | | | tors | | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Dendr | Monon | yes | Deriv | | Link | - 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T | | ocyte | uclea | | oblas | renti | e | Helpe | h | | s | r | | t | ate | | r | c | | | leuko | | | into | & | cells | ells: | | (T | cytes | | Matur | antig | | (Th) | i | | Cells | | | e | en-sp | Most | | ntrac | | ) | | | in | ecifi | adapt | (CD4+ | ellul | | | | | the | c | ive | ) | ar | | | | | thymu | effec | immun | immun | b | | | | | s | tor | e | e | acter | | | | | | cell | respo | respo | ia | | | | | | | nses | nse | - C | | | | | | T | are | media | ytoto | | | | | | Helpe | trigg | tors | xic | | | | | | r | ered | | T | | | | | | cells | when | -Cyto | c | | | | | | (Th) | a | toxic | ells: | | | | | | | recir | T | v | | | | | | Cytot | culat | cells | irus | | | | | | oxic | ing | (CD8+ | i | | | | | | T | T | ) | nfect | | | | | | cells | cell | cell | ed | | | | | | | recog | destr | a | | | | | | | nizes | uctio | nd | | | | | | | its | n | t | | | | | | | speci | | umour | | | | | | | fic | Mainl | c | | | | | | | antig | y | ells | | | | | | | en | invol | - N | | | | | | | on | ved | atura | | | | | | | the | with | l | | | | | | | surfa | cell- | K | | | | | | | ce | media | iller | | | | | | | of a | ted | c | | | | | | | dendr | immun | ells: | | | | | | | itic | ity | v | | | | | | | cell. | (inde | irus | | | | | | | | pende | i | | | | | | | | nt | nfect | | | | | | | | of B | ed | | | | | | | | cells | a | | | | | | | | ) | nd | | | | | | | | | t | | | | | | | | T | umour | | | | | | | | cells | c | | | | | | | | essen | ells | | | | | | | | tial | | | | | | | | | for | | | | | | | | | helpi | | | | | | | | | ng | | | | | | | | | B | | | | | | | | | cells | | | | | | | | | respo | | | | | | | | | nd | | | | | | | | | to | | | | | | | | | antig | | | | | | | | | en. | | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | Lymph | Monon | yes | Lymph | Diffe | Adapt | - P | -Fore | | ocyte | uclea | | oblas | renti | ive, | roduc | ign | | s | r | | t | ate | humor | tion | antig | | | leuko | | | into: | al/an | o | ens | | (B | cytes | | Matur | | tibod | f | | | cells | | | e | - P | y | a | | | ) | | | in | lasma | media | ntibo | | | | | | the | c | ted | dies | | | | | | bone | ells: | respo | - M | | | | | | marro | a | nse. | emory | | | | | | w | ntibo | | c | | | | | | | dy-se | | ells | | | | | | | creti | | I | | | | | | | ng | | nvolv | | | | | | | c | | ed | | | | | | | ells | | w | | | | | | | - M | | ith | | | | | | | emory | | s | | | | | | | ( | | econd | | | | | | | effec | | ary | | | | | | | tor) | | i | | | | | | | c | | mmune | | | | | | | ells | | r | | | | | | | | | espon | | | | | | | | | se | | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ Task: Distinctions between innate and acquired immunity ----------------------- ----------------------- ------------------- Characteristic Innate immunity Adaptive immunity Specific/non specific Non-specific Specific Time Immediate/hours Days/weeks Antigen dependant Non-antigen dependant Antigen dependant Memory No Yes ----------------------- ----------------------- ------------------- Worksheet 3) Describe the barriers of the innate immune system. Give the mechanism for each example. Which barriers are associated with the oral cavity? +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Description of | Barrier | Mechanism | Example | | barrier | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Anatomic: | - Skin | Initial | Externally all | | | | mechanical | over body | | | | barrier- stops | | | | | influx of | | | | | pathogens | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - Mucous | - Normal | -mucous | | | membrane | flora | membrane sites | | | | compete | | | | | with | -nose | | | | microbes | | | | | for | \- respiratory | | | | attachment | tract | | | | sites. | | | | | - Mucous | | | | | entraps | | | | | foreign | | | | | microbes | | | | | - Cilia | | | | | propel | | | | | microbes | | | | | out of body | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Physiological: | - Temperature | -Body | body | | | | temperature/fev | | | | | er | | | | | response can | | | | | inhibit | | | | | pathogen | | | | | proliferation | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - Low pH | -acidic pH | Stomach | | | | kills most | (hydrochloric | | | | undigested | acid) | | | | pathogens | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - Chemical | - Lysozyme | -Tears | | | mediators | cleaves | | | | | (disrupts) | -saliva | | | | bacterial | | | | | cell wall | | | | | - Interferon | | | | | induces | | | | | antiviral | | | | | defences in | | | | | uninfected | | | | | cells | | | | | - Complement | | | | | lyses | | | | | pathogens | | | | | or | | | | | facilitates | | | | | phagocytosi | | | | | s | | | | | | | | | | Lysozyme and | | | | | histatine | | | | | (antimicrobial | | | | | peptide) | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Phagocytic/endo | - e.g. | - Some immune | At site of | | cytic | macrophages | cells break | entry/pathogen | | (internalise) | - dendritic | down | targeted sites | | | cells | foreign | within the body | | | - neutrophils | macroglobul | | | | | es. | | | | | - Others | | | | | internalise | | | | | and | | | | | phagocytose | | | | | , | | | | | kill and | | | | | digest | | | | | whole | | | | | organisms | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Inflammatory | - e.g. | Tissue | Site of damage | | | recruitment | damage/infectio | externally/ | | | of blood | n | internally | | | leucocytes | induce vascular | | | | - release of | fluid to leak- | | | | cytokines | contains serum | | | | and | protein- | | | | | antibacterial | | | | | activity | | | | | leading to | | | | | influx of | | | | | phagocytic | | | | | cells | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | - chemokines | into infection | | | | - histamine | site | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+