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tribes had a medicine man, or shaman, who performed ritu- als using various plants, herbs, and other materials, to heal costumes and masks. Some groups used human or animal the sick. Tribal rituals included dances, chants, and special sacrifices. Women had various folk roles in ancient health practi...

tribes had a medicine man, or shaman, who performed ritu- als using various plants, herbs, and other materials, to heal costumes and masks. Some groups used human or animal the sick. Tribal rituals included dances, chants, and special sacrifices. Women had various folk roles in ancient health practices, depending on the culture and social customs. Women were often involved with assisting in childbirth. Religious images of the nurse developed as care of the sick became associated with concepts that are discussed in the Bible, the Talmud, and other ancient texts. Centers in India and Babylonia provided care for the sick before the time of Christ. By 500 BC, the advanced Greek civilization had begun to acknowledge causes of disease other than pun- ishment by God or demonic possession. Based on mythical figures, the caduceus and the staff of Aesculapius are the modern symbols of medicine (Fig. 1-1). The Greeks began to establish centers, sometimes called hostels or hospitals, for care of the sick and injured. They used warm and mineral baths, massage, and other forms of therapy that priestesses sometimes administered. Pregnant women or people with an incurable illness were not admitted to these hostels: med the pr repeat of me Nurse Ea pract event tor o traini Mod izati hear deve need E that tic: ent aw spi in The Influence of Hippocrates TI TI W re One of the early outstanding figures in medicine was Hippocrates, born in 460 BC on the Greek island of Kos. Hippocrates is the acknowledged "Father of Medicine." Hippocrates denounced the idea of mystical influence on disease. He was also the first person to propose concepts to such as physical assessment, medical ethics, client-centered care, and systematic observation and reporting. By empha- sizing the importance of caring for the whole person (holistic healthcare), he helped to lay the groundwork for nursing and a 2