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## Renal System & Conditions PLP PT/OT Board Review By Paul Jimson Sy, PTRP ### Renal System Components | | PCT | Loop of Henle | DCT | Collecting Duct | |---|---|---|---|---| | | Creatinine, Hydrogen, Urea, NH$_4$, Drugs | Urea | H, K, NH$_4$, Drugs | H, K, NH$_4$, Drugs | ### RAAS: Renin-Angio...

## Renal System & Conditions PLP PT/OT Board Review By Paul Jimson Sy, PTRP ### Renal System Components | | PCT | Loop of Henle | DCT | Collecting Duct | |---|---|---|---|---| | | Creatinine, Hydrogen, Urea, NH$_4$, Drugs | Urea | H, K, NH$_4$, Drugs | H, K, NH$_4$, Drugs | ### RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System * **Stimulus:** Low Blood Pressure (LBP) * **Goal:** Regulate Blood Pressure (BP) * **To produce:** Angiotensin II * **Angiotensin II:** * Potent vasoconstrictor * Increases blood volume #### Mechanism - Low Blood Pressure is detected by the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS), which stimulates Juxta Glomerular Cells to release Renin. - Renin converts Angiotensinogen (found in the liver) into Angiotensin I. - Angiotensin I is converted into Angiotensin II by Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (found in the lungs and kidneys). - Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of the systemic arteries. - Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex, causing the release of aldosterone, which increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, leading to an increase in blood volume. #### Other Factors Affecting Blood Pressure - **Hypothalamus:** regulates water intake and controls the release of vasopressin, which aids in water reabsorption. - **Posterior Pituitary Gland:** releases Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, also known as Vasopressin) into the blood, leading to water reabsorption. - **Arginine Vasopressin:** (AVP) is a hormone that causes vasoconstriction.