Aviation System PDF

# Aviation System - This is a vast system, consisting of airports, aircrafts, supporting personnel, aviation command control, and communication IT system. ## Facts about Aviation - There are more than 19,800 general aviation and commercial airports. - 211,000 active aircraft. - 3,550,000 active pi...

# Aviation System - This is a vast system, consisting of airports, aircrafts, supporting personnel, aviation command control, and communication IT system. ## Facts about Aviation - There are more than 19,800 general aviation and commercial airports. - 211,000 active aircraft. - 3,550,000 active pilots ## Parts of Airport - The airport has two main parts: - Airfield: This is the open space with the runway, where planes actually fly. - Terminal: This is the building where passengers go. ### Air Side #### Runway - A flat, long surface made of concrete or asphalt. - Airplanes take off and land on it. - It has special markings and lights to help pilots see, especially at night. - There are no obstacles to ensure a smooth and safe landing and takeoff. ##### Factors considered when designing a runway - Number of runways: The number of runways depends on how busy the airport is. If there are more than 50 flights per hour, another runway must be available. - Width of runway: The width is determined by the size of the biggest planes that will use the runway. - Length of runway: The length depends on various factors, like the type of planes using it and the weather. #### Taxiway - It's like a highway within the airport. - Airplanes use it to travel from their gate at the terminal to the runway. - It also connects different parts of the airport, like the hangars (where planes are parked and repaired) and the aprons (where planes are loaded and unloaded). #### Apron - A flat paved area where planes park. - It's also where planes are loaded and unloaded. - Aprons are usually located in front of the terminal building or next to a hangar. #### Control Tower - It's the place where air traffic controllers work. - They use radar and other tools to watch all the planes in the sky and on the ground around the airport. - They give instructions to pilots about where to go, when to take off and land, and how to stay safe. #### Hangar - The plane is inside a building. - There is a special path that connects the hangar to the runway. - It allows planes to safely move between the hangar and the runway for repairs. - Hangars are often built like large buildings using strong steel trusses and frames. - Hangars need a lot of space to allow planes to move around comfortably during repairs. ### Land Side #### Terminal Building - The terminal building at an airport is like the main building where everything happens. - It's where you check in, go through security, and relax before your flight. - There are also special ways to get on and off the plane from the terminal building. #### Parking - A designated area for the parking of airport personnel or passenger vehicles is located outside the terminal building or in the basement of the terminal building. #### Ramp Handling - Helps people in the airport, including: - Cabin cleaning services: cleaning aircraft and restocking goods and materials. - Passenger Services: ticketing, passenger check-in, checking baggage, etc. - Cargo handling: loading/unloading cargo in the plane. - Aircraft refueling: supplying fuel while on the ground. - GSE Maintenance Services - Lounge Services # Airline Structure - The certificate from the government allows airlines to operate, carry passengers and cargo. Some airlines only have permission to carry cargo. ## Different Types of Jobs - Pilots: They fly the planes. - Flight Attendents: They take care of passengers on the plane and ensure safety. - Reservation Clerks: Airport check-in and gate personnel. They handle booking, checking in and guiding passengers at the airport. - Ramp Service Agents and Security Guards: They assist with baggage, security and other ground operations. # Jobs: Flight Operations Personnel - **Flight Crew:** Responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft and passengers. They include the Co-pilot or first officer, and flight operations officer. - **Cabin Crew:** Responsible for safety in the cabin and attending to passengers during flight. This includes the Flight Service Director, Purser, and in charge of financial matters on board, and flight cabin attendants. - **Operations Control Center:** They are responsible for movement control, flight planning, load planning and ground management. - **Air Crew Training:** They are responsible for training of flight crews. - **Other Personnel:** Include crew scheduling, aircraft schedulers in operations control. # Ground Operations Personnel - **Reservation Agents:** Assist passengers with booking flights, managing changes, and answering inquiries. - **Airport Check-in Staff:** Handle passenger check-in, issue boarding passes and tickets, and verify travel documents. - **Gate Personnel:** Help passengers with boarding, check seats, make announcements, and provide assistance to those with disabilities. - **Aircraft Maintenance:** Technicians who prepare aircraft for flying. # Other Personnel - **Ground Handlers:** Guide planes on ground, load and unload baggage, clean the aircraft, and handle fueling and catering. - **Sales and Marketing:** They are tasked with advertising, sales, promotion, reservation, customer service, and cargo sales. - **Specialists:** This includes lawyers, accountants, public relations, human resources, pilot airlines, head quarters, regional, and national office. # Air Transport Between Regulation and Deregulation - **Airline Regulation:** Initially, the industry was highly regulated by governments, with regulations governing routes, rates, and other aspects of operations. - **Deregulation:** This led to a shift towards a more self-regulating system where airlines have greater freedom in decision making. ## Effects of Deregulation - **Expansion of Hub and Spoke Networks:** Airlines created central hubs with numerous connecting flights to smaller destinations. - **New Markets:** Airlines entered new markets, increasing competition. - **Discounted Fares:** Introduction of lower fares, making air travel more accessible. - **Marketing Innovations:** Frequent flyer programs and other marketing strategies were introduced. - **Increased Air Travel:** Overall, air travel became more widespread. ## Benefits of Deregulation - **Lower Fares:** Deregulation contributed to lower airfares for passengers. - **Increased Competition:** Competition among airlines led to better service and lower costs. - **Market-Driven Decisions:** Airlines became more responsive to market demand. ## Deregulation is not Without Limitations - **Bilateral Agreements:** International agreements still restrict some aspects of airline operations. - **High Regulation:** The airline industry remains one of the most highly regulated sectors. # Role of the Government in Aviation - **Setting Aviation Legislation:** - **Forming the Head that Regulates Air Transport Industry:** - **Planning and Setting the Infrastructure Needed For Airports:** - **Setting Taxation on Aviation Businesses, Enterprises and Personnel:** - **Promotion of Business:** - Transport Suppliers - Ground Handling Companies - Aircraft Manufacturers - Flight Catering - Aircraft Maintenance - Banks - IT Companies - Oil Companies - Travel Agents.