ITC 1370: Information Technology for Business - Chapter 01 Overview of Information Systems PDF

Chapter 01 Overview of Information Systems Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to: Define what an information system is by identifying its major components Describe the basic history of information systems Explain several ways Informati...

Chapter 01 Overview of Information Systems Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to: Define what an information system is by identifying its major components Describe the basic history of information systems Explain several ways Information Technology is integrated into our personal lives and corporate world Describe the use of Information Systems to competitive advantage © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 2 How does information technology transform our lives? Information technology appears almost everywhere in today’s world and most people need to use a computer or a computerized device frequently on the job, at home, at school or while on the go. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 3 Defining an Information System “An information system (IS) can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization” (Laudon and Laudon, 2016) © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 4 Types of Information Systems used according to the levels of management within an organization © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 5 Defining Information Technology In general, information technology includes any expertise (scientific knowledge) that helps create, modify, store, manage, or communicate information. (Reynolds, 2010) © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 6 Information Systems vs. Information Technology © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 7 Components of Information Systems Information systems can be viewed as having five major components. Hardware Software Data People Processes Technology Related © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 8 Hardware Tangible, physical portion of an information system – the part you can touch. Computers, keyboards, disk drives, and flash drives are all examples of information systems hardware. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 9 Software A set of instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Software is not tangible – it cannot be touched. Programmers create software by typing a series of instructions telling the hardware what to do. Two main categories of software are: - System software (Operating systems and utility programmes - Eg: Microsoft Windows, Ubuntu Linux, Antivirus software, File compression tools, Disk wipe tools) Application software (Eg: Microsoft word, WordPad, Microsoft Excel, Apple Numbers) © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 10 Data Collection of facts (eg: your address - street, city, postal code or your phone number) Like software, data is also intangible. Pieces of unrelated data are not very useful. But aggregated, indexed, and organized together into a database, data can become a powerful tool for businesses. Organizations collect all kinds of data and use it to make decisions which can then be analyzed as to their effectiveness. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 11 People From the front-line user support staff, to systems analysts, to developers, all the way up to the chief information officer (CIO), the people involved with information systems are an essential element. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 12 Process A process is a series of steps undertaken to achieve a desired outcome or goal. Information systems are becoming more integrated with organizational processes, bringing greater productivity and better control to those processes. The ultimate goal is to improve processes both internally and externally, enhancing interfaces with suppliers and customers. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 13 Networking Communication In today’s hyper-connected world, it is an extremely rare computer that does not connect to another device or to a network. Technically, the networking communication component is made up of hardware and software, but it is such a core feature of today’s information systems that it has become its own category. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 14 The evolution of Information Systems 1950 - 1969 1970 - 1980 Mid 1980s to Mid 1990s to Post early Mainframes First early 1990s early 2000s 2000s Manufacturing microcomputer Client Server World Wide Web 3.0 now Resource (PC) Networking Web Mobile Planning Windows ERP Computing Systems operating Cloud system Computing © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 15 The evolution of Information Systems Cont... The Mainframe Era From the late 1950s through the 1960s, computers were seen as a way to more efficiently do calculations. The first computers were room-sized with several machines linked together. Primarily use to organize and store large volumes of information. In late 1960s, Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP) systems were introduced. It gave companies the ability to manage the manufacturing process, making it more efficient. Dominant manufacturer of Mainframe computers : IBM © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 16 The evolution of Information Systems Cont... The PC Revolution In 1975, the first microcomputer was introduced. Small businesses finally had affordable computing that could provide them with needed information systems. Most of the early PCs were standalone machines, not connected to a network. Manufacturers of PCs : Apple, IBM © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 17 The evolution of Information Systems Cont... Client Server Allowed users to log in to the Local Area Network (LAN) from their PC (the “client”) by connecting to a central computer called a “server.” These networks of computers were becoming so powerful and seen as tools to collaborate within an organization. During this era, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems were developed and run on the client-server architecture. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 18 The evolution of Information Systems Cont... The Internet, World wide web and E-commerce Users of the internet were required to type commands (today we refer to this as “command line”) to communicate and transfer files. Introduction of the World wide web drove the use of the Internet as a way of sharing information about businesses. In 1994, e-commerce platform such as Amazon, eBay were introduced. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 19 The evolution of Information Systems Cont... Web 2.0 New type of interactive website, where you did not have to know how to create a web page or do any programming in order to put information online, became known as Web 2.0. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 20 Evolution of the Web Source: medium. com © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 21 The evolution of Information Systems Cont... Post PC era Cloud computing provides users with mobile access to data and applications, making the PC more of a part of the communications channel rather than a repository of programs and information. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 22 Adoption and use of connected devices and services - Worldwide Source: https://datareportal.com/ © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 23 Adoption and use of connected devices and services - Sri Lanka Source: https://datareportal.com/ © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 24 Number of internet users - Sri Lanka Source: https://datareportal.com/ © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 25 Overview of Social Media use - Sri Lanka Source: https://datareportal.com/ © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 26 Web Traffic Referrals from Social Media – Sri Lanka Source: https://datareportal.com/ © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 27  ICT4D E-Learning E-Business https://elearningindustry.com/how-will-the-elearning-landscape-transform- https://www.temok.com/blog/what-is-e-business/ in-2024 E-Health E-Governance https://www.fingent.com/blog/the-application-and-impact-of-information- https://idfi.ge/en/georgia-in-the-un-e-governance-research-review-of-findings-and- technology-in-healthcare/ recommendations © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 28 E-Learning E-learning is the delivery of education (all activities relevant to instructing, teaching, and learning) through various electronic media (Koohang & Harman, 2005) © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 29 E- business Electronic business, or e-business, refers to the use of digital technology and the Internet to execute the major business processes in the enterprise. (Laudon and Laudon, 2016) © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 30 E-Health E-Health refers to health care transactions, encounters, messaging, or care provision occurring electronically. (Oracle Corporation, 2000) © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 31 E-governance E-governance refers to the application of the Internet and networking technologies to digitally enable government and public sector agencies’ relationships with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. Business (Laudon and Laudon, 2016) E- governance Citizens Government © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 32 Importance of Information Technology (IT) An organization can use information technology for several purposes; To improve operational excellence To introduce new products, services, and business models To improve customer and supplier intimacy To improve decision making To gain competitive advantage To ensure survival Source : Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P. (2020). Management Information Systems – Managing the Digital Firm © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 33 Importance of Information Technology (Cont...) The integration of information technology has influenced the structure of organizations. The increased ability to communicate and share information has led to a “flattening” of the organizational structure. The network-based organizational structure is another changed enabled by information systems. In a network-based organizational structure, groups of employees can work somewhat independently to accomplish a project. People with the right skills are brought together for a project and then released to work on other projects when that project is over. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 34 Competitive Advantage In almost every industry you examine, you will find that some firms do better than most others Firms that “do better” than others are said to have a competitive advantage over others: They either have access to special resources that others do not, or they are able to use commonly available resources more efficiently © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 35 Using Information Systems for Competitive Advantage A strategic Information System is designed specifically to implement an organizational strategy meant to provide a competitive advantage. These types of Information Systems began popping up in the 1980s. A strategic Information System attempts to do one or more of the following: ✔ Deliver a product or a service at a lower cost ✔ Deliver a product or service that is differentiated ✔ Help an organization focus on a specific market segment ✔ Enable innovation © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 36 Using Information Systems for Competitive Advantage (Cont...) Here are some examples of Information Systems that fall into Strategic Information Systems ✔ Business Process Management Systems ✔ Electronic Data Interchange ✔ Collaborative Systems ✔ Decision Support Systems © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 37 Investing in Information Technology for Competitive Advantage Information Systems can be used for competitive advantage, but they must be used strategically. Organizations must understand how they want to differentiate themselves and then use all the elements of Information Systems (hardware, software, data, people, and process) to accomplish that differentiation. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 38  Thank You © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 39  Chapter 02 Computer Hardware Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Identify computer system architecture - System Diagram Input/Processing/Output/Storage and Networking hardware 2. Discuss trends in hardware 3. Identify how data represent in computer systems 4. Prepare specifications for personal computers © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 2  Hardware Introduction An information system is made Hardware up of five components: hardware, software, data, people, and process. People Software The physical parts of IS computing devices – those that you can touch – are Process Data referred to as hardware. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 3  What Is a Computer and What Does It Do? Computer “A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores the data or results as needed” “A computer is a multipurpose multitask multi medium programmable electronic device and it can capture , process , store and share data and users can communicate and collaborate.” Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform Basic operations Input: Entering data into the computer Processing: Performing operations on the data Output: Presenting the results Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use Communications: Sending or receiving data Recommended Video about computer systems: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv73ki6fTuo © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 4  Computer System Application Software System Software Users Users Hardware System Software Application Software Users © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 5  Basic operations of a computer system Input: Entering data into the computer Processing: Performing operations on the data Output: Presenting the results Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use Communications: Sending or receiving data © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 6 The Computer - Block Diagram  The Computer - Block Diagram CPU 1 RAM 4 + Input Output 3 Memory Storage 8  The Computer - Block Diagram CPU 1 RAM 4 + Input Output 3 Memory Storage 9  The Computer - Block Diagram 3) CPU process data and issue control commands 1) Input devices convert human CPU readable data into a machine readable form (binary) 2) RAM stores data temporary and provide data to the CPU 1 RAM 4 + Input Output 3 4) Output devices convert machine readable data (binary) into human readable format 5) Storage store data permanently Storage 10  How Computer Works: Self study videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAx_6-wdslM&list=PLzdnOPI1iJNcsRwJhvksEo1tJqjIqWbN-&index=1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCq8-xTH7jA&list=PLzdnOPI1iJNcsRwJhvksEo1tJqjIqWbN-&index=2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USCBCmwMCDA&list=PLzdnOPI1iJNcsRwJhvksEo1tJqjIqWbN-&index=3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoqMiFKspAA&list=PLzdnOPI1iJNcsRwJhvksEo1tJqjIqWbN-&index=4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKGZlaPlVLY&list=PLzdnOPI1iJNcsRwJhvksEo1tJqjIqWbN-&index=5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnyFYiK2rSY&list=PLzdnOPI1iJNcsRwJhvksEo1tJqjIqWbN-&index=6 Types of Computers 1. Embedded computers 2. Mobile devices 3. Personal computers 4. Midrange servers 5. Mainframe computers 6. Supercomputers © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 12  System Unit System Unit: The main case of a computer – Houses the processing hardware of a computer – Also contains memory, the power supply, cooling fans, and interfaces to connect peripheral devices – Houses the drive bays in which storage devices (hard drives, DVD drives, etc.) are located – With a desktop PC, usually looks like a rectangular box Recommended Video about inside a computer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HB4I2CgkcCo © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 13  The Motherboard Motherboard or system board: The main circuit board inside the system unit – All computer components must connect to the motherboard – External devices (monitors, keyboards, mice, printers) typically connect by plugging into a port exposed through the exterior of the system unit ⮚ Circuit board: A thin board containing computer chips and other electronic components ⮚ Computer chip: Very small pieces of silicon or other semi- conducting material onto which integrated circuits are embedded © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 14  The CPU Central Processing Unit (CPU): circuitry and components packaged together and attached to the motherboard – Does most of the processing of a computer. – Also called a processor; called a microprocessor when talking about PCs. – Dual-core CPU: Contain the processing components (cores) of two separate processors on a single CPU. – Quad-core CPU: Contains 4 cores. – Different CPUs are typically designed for desktop PCs, portable PCs, or servers. – CPUs of Personal Computers are often made by Intel or AMD. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 15  The CPU Intel AMD Ryzen (Advanced Micro Devices) Very expensive Cheaper than intel Slower than AMD Ryzen Very faster The microprocessor with poor The microprocessor with higher Gaming gaming performance. CPU Versions of intel Versions of AMD Ryzen M2 Processor (Apple) ⮚ Intel i9, i7,i5,i3…etc. ⮚ AMD Ryzen 9,7,5… etc. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 16  CPU - Factors to be considered (1) Clock speed (Frequency) Your CPU processes many instructions (low-level calculations like arithmetic) from different programs every second. The clock speed measures the number of cycles your CPU executes per second, measured in GHz (gigahertz). A “cycle” is technically a pulse synchronized by an internal oscillator, but for our purposes, they’re a basic unit that helps understand a CPU’s speed. During each cycle, billions of transistors within the processor open and close. (2) Number of Cores (3) Cache memory A multi-core processor is a computer The CPU internal memory and store processor on a single integrated circuit copies of data and instructions with two or more separate processing from RAM. So basically what the units, called cores, each of which reads CPU cache does, is that it holds and executes program instructions. common data that it thinks the CPU is going to access over and Recommended Video about Processing Speed: over again https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eS1rEJZKr4U © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 17  The GPU - Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) : The chip that does the processing needed to display images on the screen. - can be located on the motherboard, inside the CPU, or on a video graphics board. - In some cases, both the CPU and GPU are integrated into one CPU package - Ex : APU – Accelerated Processing Units is the integrated processor of AMD - System-on-a-chip (SoC) : SoC is a processor that contains all the necessary capabilities for a single device. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 18  Buses Bus: An electronic path within a computer over which data travels Bus width: The number of wires in the bus over which data can travel Bus width and speed determine the throughput of the bus © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 19  Computer Memory © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 20  Computer memory hierarchy Recommended Video about Computer Memory Hierarchy: https://youtu.be/NQo7G34hzVQ © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 21  Computer memory RAM (random access memory): Temporary memory that the computer uses – Consists of chips connected to a memory module which is connected to the motherboard – Holds data and program instructions while they are needed. – Adequate RAM is needed to run programs – Volatile: Contents of RAM is lost when the computer is shut off – Some forms of nonvolatile RAM are also available – DDR4 (Double Data Rate Fourth Generation Random Access Memory) is the latest version of RAM – DDR4 provides the lower operating voltage (1.2V) and higher transfer rate. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 22  Computer memory Registers: High-speed memory built into the CPU; used by the CPU Cache memory: Special group of very fast memory chips located on or close to the CPU – More cache memory typically means faster processing – Usually, internal cache today ROM (read-only memory): Read-only chips located on the motherboard into which data or programs have been permanently stored – Retrieved by the computer when needed – Being replaced with flash memory Flash memory: Type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed – Some flash memory chips are used by the PC – Flash memory chips are also used in flash memory storage26 media (sticks, cards, and drives) © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 23  Ports and Connectors Port: A connector on the exterior of a PC’s system unit to which a device may be attached – Serial – USB (2.0, 3.x – Parallel Type C) – RJ45 (Network) – eSATA – Video Out (DP, HDMI, DVI – Audio (Mic in, Speaker Out etc VGA) and Audio Combo) – RJ11 Modem/Phone © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 24  Ports and Connectors © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 25  Ports and Connectors Notebook computers have ports similar to desktop PCs, but often not as many © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 26  Storage/ Secondary Storage / Permanent Memory © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 27  Secondary Storage © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 28  Storage System There are two parts of storage system: the storage medium and the storage device. A storage medium is the hardware where data is actually stored (for example, a DVD or a flash memory card). The device that saves data onto the storage medium, or reads data from it, is known as the storage device. A storage medium is inserted into its corresponding storage device (such as a DVD drive or a flash memory card reader) in order to be read from or written to. Can be Internal External Remote © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 29  Internal Storage © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 30  Magnetic Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) Storage system consisting of one or more metal magnetic discs permanently sealed with an access mechanism inside its drive Can be internal or external Found in most computers Also used in many consumer devices, such as DVRs, gaming consoles, etc. Read/write head doesn’t touch the surface of the disc Head crashes can occur Backing up is important © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 31  Solid State Drive Use flash memory technology Use less power and have no moving parts Particularly appropriate for portable computers and mobile devices © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 32  Solid-State Hybrid Drives (SSHDs) also called hybrid drives, contain both flash memory chips and magnetic hard drives © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 33  External Storage Devices © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 34  USB Flash Drives Consist of flash memory media and a reader in a single self- contained unit Typically, portable drives that connect via a USB port Also called USB flash memory drives, thumb drives Come in a variety of appearances © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 35  Remote Storage © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 36  Network Storage Network storage refers to using a storage device that is not connected directly to the user’s computer; instead, the device is accessed through a local network or through the Internet Using a remote storage device via a local network is referred to as network storage Example: ITRC file server © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 37  Cloud Storage Remote storage devices accessed via the Internet are often referred to as online storage or cloud storage (Eg. Onedrive, Google Drive, Drop Box, icloud etc…) Growing in importance because more and more applications are web-based Increasingly being used for backup purposes © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 38  Advantages and disadvantages of network storage and cloud storage Network storage Cloud Storage We don’t need to pay a monthly Need to pay a rental fee We need to maintain We are free hardware/software from maintaining hardware/software We need network specialists No need of specialists Don’t need internet Need Internet We are not dependents We depend on others Need initial investment Scalability © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 39  Input devices © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 40  Data capture methods vs Data entry In general data capture is fast and accurate, but may be expensive or may not be feasible in some applications. If feasible, Data capture methods is the best. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 41  Source data automation The process of collecting data at their point of origin in digital form. It eliminates much of this duplicated effort, delay extra handling, and potential for error by initially collecting data in digital form. Source Data Automation is the use of automated methods of data entry that attempt to reduce or eliminate many of the activities, people and data media required by traditional data entry methods. It is basically the process of collecting data at the point of origin in digital form. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 42 Source: https://www.pacificcommerce.com.au/page/edi-electronic-data-interchange © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 43  Input Devices Automatic Input Devices Non Automatic Input Devices (Data Capture Methods) (Data Entry Methods) Scanning Magnetic Ink Audio / Bio Card RFID NFC Sensors Devices Readers Video Metric Readers Mouse Optical Barcode QR Code OCR OMR MIMR Finger Magnetic MYO Scanners Readers Readers Keyboard Flatbed MICR Hand Smart Thermal Trackball Sheetfed Face Smoke Joystick Drum Iris Humidity Light pen Hand held Voice GPS Touch Screen 3D Stylus Steering Wheel & © Department Pedal of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 44  Output devices © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 45  Output Device Softcopy Hardcopy Multi- Function Monitors Projectors Speakers Printers Printers Plotters Non- CRT Flat Panel Multimedia Hologram Built-in Impact Impact 3D Pen Electro LCD LCD Desktop Dot Metrix Laser Static Subwoofe LED DLP Line Ink Jet rs Gas Head LED Thermal Plasma Phones Flex Earbuds Printers © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 46  Advantages and disadvantages of Soft copy vs Hard copy Soft copy Hard Copy No per copy cost Per copy cost Temporary Permanent Flexible (Zoom / change colour Not flexible etc) Environmentally friendly © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 47 How Data represent in Computer Watch the Following from the YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgbV6DLVezo © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 48  Digital Data Representation Bit: The smallest unit of data that a binary computer can recognize (a single 1 or 0) Byte = 8 bits Byte terminology used to express the size of documents and other files, programs, etc. Prefixes are often used to express larger quantities of bytes: kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), etc. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 49 Digital Data Representation 1 Bit = Binary Digit 8 Bits = 1 Byte 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte 1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte 1024 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte 1024 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte 1024 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte 1024 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte 1024 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 50  Digital Data Representation cont. Coding Systems for Text-Based Data © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 51  Digital Data Representation cont. Coding Systems for other types of Data Audio data: Must be in digital form in order to be stored on or processed by a PC – Often compressed when sent over the Internet MP3 files Video data: Displayed using a collection of frames, each frame containing a single graphical image – Amount of data can be substantial, but can be compressed MPEG-1 - Video CD MPEG-2 - Over-the-air digital television MPEG-3 - Redundant and was merged with MPEG-2 MPEG-4 - HD DVD and Blu ray Discs © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 52 Self Study Videos: How Computers Work, Compilation Video of Basics Explained Recommend to watch this video, it explains fundamental concepts using illustrations. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv73ki6fTuo&t=2588s © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 53  Thank You © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 54  ITC 1370 Introduction to Information Technology Chapter 03 Software 1 Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to: Define the term software Describe the two primary categories of software Describe the role ERP software plays in an organization Describe SaaS (cloud computing) and its advantages and disadvantages for use in an organization Define the term open source and identify its primary characteristics 2 Software Hardware Software is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. People Software IS Process Data 3 Types of Software Two main types of software: Software 1. Operating Systems 2. Application Software System Application Productivity software Software Software Utility software Programming software Operating Utility Applications for the Enterprise (ERP) Systems Programs Note: System software and Application software are another popular categorization. 4 System Software System software consists of the operating system and utility programs that control your computer and allow you to use it. The main system software is the operating system, which starts up the computer and controls its operation. 5 Operating Systems All devices have an operating system Software which manages the hardware Creates the interface between the hardware and the user Most popular are Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS, and Linux 6 Operating Systems Operating systems provide you with these key functions: 1. booting the computer and providing the user-interface components; 2. managing the hardware resources of the computer; 3. managing the software and providing a platform for software developers to write applications. 4. managing the network connection and security 7  History of OSs 1981 - 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 Year 1994 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 1988 0 1 2 3 5 7 8 0 DOS 1981-1x 1983-2x 5x 6x 1984-3x 1988-4x Windows 3.0 3.1 3.2 95 98 Me XP Vista 7 8 8.1 10 11 Mac Gr Ma Ma Mac OS X 10.x OS X 10x Mac OS 10x ail c c 1Z OS OS Ma 10.0 Ma 4/ X X c c Tit De Pu Cheeta 10.6 10.8 10.9 10.11 10.13 OS an vel blic h 10.2 10.3 10.5 10.10 10.12 10.14 10.15 OS 12 10.4 Snow 10.7 Mou Mav El High Mac Jagu Pant Leop Yose Sierr Moja Catal 11 1U op Bet Tiger Leop Lion ntain erick Capit Sierr Mo OS X ar her ard mite a ve ina Big er a ard Lion s an a nte 10.1 Sur Pre rey Puma vie w Linux Linux Different distributions with different new versions are available 8 Linux OS and it’s distributions 9 Ubuntu OS Free and Open-Source Software Latest version is Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS 10 Types of Operating Systems Operating systems are typically designed for a particular type of device. Personal operating systems/desktop operating systems Operating systems used with personal computers are typically referred to as personal computer operating systems (also called desktop operating systems) and they are designed to be installed on a single computer. Server operating systems/network operating systems Also called network operating systems are designed to be installed on a network server to grant multiple users access to a network and its resources. Mobile operating systems That is designed to be used with mobile phones and other mobile devices Embedded operating systems That is built into consumer kiosks, cash registers, cars, consumer electronics, and other devices. It is a specialized operating system designed to perform a specific task for a device that is not a fully functioning computer. 11 Types of Operating Systems Server Mobile PC OS OS OS Windows Windows Windows Server Mobile macOS Server OS X iOS (discontinued) Linux Linux Android 12 Application Software Application software is utilized directly today to accomplish a specific goal or purpose such as word processing, calculations on a spreadsheet, or surfing the Internet using your favorite browser. Categories: Productivity software to help employees complete their job duties such as Microsoft Office Utility software allows you to fix or modify your computer For example, antivirus software Programming software makes more software Programmers can code, test, and convert into a format that the computer will understand 13 Cost of a Computer Reducing the Software Cost 14 Hardware Cost of a Computer Software 15 From Paid to Free Software Commercial Commercial Free + Free Windows Windows Ubuntu (66,100.00) (66,100.00) (00.00) Open Open MS Office Office Office (229,999.00) (00.00) (00.00) Kaspersky Kaspersky ClamAV (1,850.00) (1,850.00) (00.00) Total Total Total (367,949 (67,950.00) (00.00).00) 16 Classifications of Application Software Different bases can be used to classify application software. Purpose Software License Type Source Code Availability Device Installation Software Ownership 17  Purpose General Special Word Spreadsheet Accounting CAD Processors Web Browser Media Player Medical Data Analysis 18  Software License Type Free Commercial Adobe Open Office Mozilla Firefox MS Office Photoshop 19  Source Code Availability Closed Source Opensource (OSS) (CSS) Mozilla Firefox Open Office MS Office Adobe Moodle OpenCart Photoshop 20  Device Desktop/PC Mobile Microsoft Office Zoom Microsoft Office Zoom 2021 21  Installation Installed Cloud MS Office 2021 Microsoft 365 22  Software Ownership Commercial Shareware Freeware Public Domain Rental ware Open-source 23 Software Ownership Rights When you purchase software, you receive a copy of the software and a license to use it. You don’t actually own the software, ownership rights belong to the software company, and you’re still limited by the terms and conditions of the license. Software license Gives you the right to use a software program Specifies the conditions under which the buyer can use the software An agreement, either included in a software package or displayed on the screen when the software is installed or launched 24 Software Ownership Rights Commercial Software Copyrighted software developed and sold for profit Typically comes with a single-user license (What are the other type of license?) Shareware Copyrighted software distributed on the honor system Consumers should either pay for it or uninstall it after the trial period Freeware Copyrighted software programs that are given away by the author for others to use free of charge Public Domain Software Software that is not copyrighted and ownership rights have been donated to the public domain 25 Software Ownership Rights Rental ware: Programs that mostly used through cloud on a per term rental basis.(Subscription mode) Open-source Software: Programs with source code available to the general public Use is growing In addition to Linux and other open-source operating systems, there are many open-source apps Open source is typically cheaper Can also be more stable and Secure 26 Software Ownership Rights Type of License Software Example Commercial software Adobe Photoshop Shareware WinZip Freeware Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox Public domain software SQLite Rental Ware QuickBooks Open-Source Software (FOSS) Linux 27 Software Suites Software suite: Collection of software programs bundled together and sold as a single software package Office suites (e.g. Microsoft Office) are used by most businesses and many individuals to produce documents; typically include: Word processing software Spreadsheet software Database software Presentation graphics software Additional productivity tools like calendars, messaging programs, or collaboration tools Provide a common interface among programs in the suite Cost is lower than buying each program separately E.g. Microsoft Office, G-Suite 28  Generalpurpose application software stores data in files. How does a general-purpose software store Forexample, a letter, a data? spreadsheet, a schedule, a song, a video, and so on 29 How does a special purpose (Custom) software (used in information systems) store data? There are software programs that In the past, even specialized perform specific activities for software that used to use students. information systems used standard data files to store data. General Administration Branch = Registration Software Library = library software An information system can have many programs to carry out Medical Center = Health Reporting specific activities. For example, Software think of software and data in a Welfare Branch = Welfare Software university system. Exam Branch = Exam Software Faculty = Faculty Student Software 30 Enterprise Application Software Early applications were often independent from other applications Consequently, information from one application did not always correlate to information from another application Enterprise Resource Planning Applications (ERP) were developed to provide a common application that supports functions across the entire enterprise for the company’s employees 31  ERP - Key points A software application: ERP is an application that is used by many of an organization’s employees. Utilizes a central database: All users of the ERP edit and save their information from the same data source. For example, this means there is only one customer table in the database, there is only one sales (revenue) table in the database, etc. Implemented organization-wide: ERP systems include functionality that covers all of the essential components of a business. An organization can purchase modules for its ERP system that match specific needs such as order entry, manufacturing, or planning. 32 Typical ERP Modules 33 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning Mobile Applications Operate on tablets and smartphones Each device has its own operating system (e.g., Android or iOS) Each application is developed for the specific mobile device’s operating system Websites are now offering mobile friendly interfaces to run on mobile devices Independent of the mobile devices’ operating system 34 Cloud Computing - SaaS Internet-based applications, services, and data storage SaaS is also known as on-demand software and Web-based/Web- hosted software. Software as a service (SaaS) is a software distribution model in which a cloud provider hosts applications and makes them available to end users over the internet. Software as a service (SaaS) allows users to connect to and use cloud- based apps over the Internet. Common examples are email, calendaring, and office tools (such as Microsoft 365) 35 Cloud Computing - SaaS Advantages: No software to install or upgrade If you have Internet access, you can always use it No restrictions on how much you store and don’t have to worry about losing it Disadvantages: Your information is stored on someone else’s computer – how safe is it? Internet access is required Relying on someone else to provide these services 36 Business Cloud Usage Private Cloud Still uses cloud concepts but allows the business to control over that space Improves who can access it and how it is secured Virtualization Using software to simulate a computer or some other device Can create a server without actually purchasing a bare metal server 37 Programming Software Programming software’s purpose is to produce software. Most of these programs provide developers with an environment in which they can write the code, test it, and convert/compile it into the format that can then be run on a computer. 38 Software Creation Software is written in a programming language Consists of commands organized logically to execute specific functions Written in human-readable format (source code) and converted to machine- readable format (object code) Object code can be interpreted by the computer to allow interaction with the hardware Usually done in pieces so several programmers can work together Closed-Source Software – only object code is available for purchase Open-Source Software: Code is shared with everyone to use and add features or fix bugs Examples are Firefox browser and Linux operating system 39 Open vs. Closed Source Software Open-Source Software: Software is available for free Source code can be reviewed prior to installing Large programmer groups can fix bugs and add feature May increase risk of attack as everyone knows how your software works Closed-Source Software: Company that developed the software provides technical support Employs large number of programmers to enhance the product 40 Summary Defined the term software Described the two primary categories of software Described the role ERP software plays in an organization Described cloud computing (SaaS) and its advantages and disadvantages for use in an organization Defined the term open source and identify its primary characteristics 41  Chapter 04 Data and Databases Summary Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to: Understand the role of data in Information Systems Understand the concepts of database and database management systems Discuss concepts of Business Intelligence © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 2  Data, Information, and Knowledge Data is raw facts Quantitative – numeric (Rainfall values 100mm, 120mm: Temperature 25C, 27C) Qualitative – descriptive (Customer Satisfaction: Excellent, Good, Bad) Information is when data is given context and more specific When data is processed to aid in decision making Knowledge is developed when information has been aggregated and analyzed to make decisions, set policies, and spark innovation Wisdom is the combination of knowledge and experience May take years to develop © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 3  Information Systems, Data and Databases © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 4 Background of Data and Information Systems Behind most of the Information Systems, there is a database to store data persistently (in a structured manner). This data is going to be used as (historical) data for future predictions, identifying valuable patterns for prospective sales opportunities, and government’s legislative requirements ( to be used in external audits) etc… Therefore, the manager should possess the skills in understanding, what databases are, how the databases are designed and on how to use them for storing and querying data as well. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 5  Data and Information Systems Database e.g. Data of a completed transaction Data Data e.g. Price of a product Data Stored in Database is Used For: Application Software Maintaining records of past transactions E.g. Point of Sales System Data Analysis. E.g. Forecasting © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 6  Revisiting Previous Lesson © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 7  From session on Software General purpose application software stores data in files. How does a general-purpose software store For example, a letter, a data? spreadsheet, a schedule, a song, a video, and so on © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 8  From session on Software How does a special purpose software (used in information systems) store data? There are software programs that In the past, even specialized perform specific activities for software that used to use students. information systems used standard data files to store data. General Administration Branch = Registration Software Library = library software An information system can have many programs to carry out Medical Center = Health Reporting specific activities. For example, Software think of software and data in a Welfare Branch = Welfare Software university system. Exam Branch = Exam Software Faculty = Faculty Student Software © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 9 Information systems use data stored in computer databases to provide needed information. Information systems capture data from the organization (internal data) and its environment (external data). They store the data items over an extensive period of time in databases. When specific information is needed, the appropriate data stores are queried as necessary, and the user receives the resulting information. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 10  Data Access/Retrieval Query: What is the best Database sold product in the last three months? SQL query Resulting Data/Information Management Information System e.g. Brand X Soap 80g Bars Stores the data/information about sales © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 11  What is a database and why use them? © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 12  A database is an organized collection of What is a logically related information, or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. Database? Data is organized into rows, columns and tables to make it easier to find relevant information. Data gets updated, expanded and deleted as new information is added. Databases process workloads to create and update themselves, querying the data they contain and running applications against it. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 13  Basic concepts Files: A collection of interrelated records Records: A collection of fields. Fields: Fields formed by the merging of several characters. Ex: Name, Date of Birth Character (Byte): This can be a letter, a number, or a special character. This is made up of bits. Ex: A, D, 1 Bit: 0 or© Department 1 of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 14 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_hierarchy  Before the invention of databases, what was the technique used for storing data? © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 15  A structure that stores data in a plain text file.. Flat File Structure We could also store the data in a spreadsheet which is also a flat file. e.g Microsoft Excel © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 16  Sample scenario that uses flat files for data storage © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 17 Flat File System One or more separate (no data transfer) files for each software / program These files are created, edited and deleted only by a special program © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 18 Flat File System The issues with flat file system… © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 19 Disadvantages of Flat File Data Redundancy Data Integrity Issues Inefficient (May have to enter/update data multiple times – wastes time) High maintenance cost Sharing is coarse Weak Security Application dependent © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 20  We can use databases to overcome these issues, encountered while using flat files. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 21  General Medical Welfare Exam Library Faculty Admin centre Division department Medical Student Registratio Library Welfare Exam report profile n program Program Program System program Program Database Management System (A software) Student name, Book details, Database Address Income data, Marks General data Medical history © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 22 Compare with database © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 23  How is data stored in databases? The way the data is stored in databases will depend on the database model. There are different database models The most popular database model is Relational Database Model In a relational database model, the data are stored in tables which are related to each other using a common field. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 24  Data is organized into tables (or relations). Each table has a set of fields which define the structure of the data stored in the table. Data from several tables are tied together (related) using a field that the tables have in common. A record is one instance of a set of fields in a table. Think of the records as the rows (or tuple) of the table and the fields as the columns of the table. Relational Database © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 25 A Sample Table in a Relational Database © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 26  Different types of database model Databases can be organized in many ways by using different models. The data model of a database is the logical structure of data items and their relationships. There have been several data models. Since 1980s, the relational data model has been popular. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 27  Visualization of different data models © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 28  How can we create and manage databases? Is there a software to do that? © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 29  What is a DBMS? A software for creating and managing databases. Used to create, maintain, and access computer databases. PC DBMSs include: Microsoft Access, Corel Paradox, Lotus Approach For more comprehensive enterprise databases: Oracle Database, IBM DB2 © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 30  Database Management System (A software) General Medical Welfare Exam Library Faculty Admin centre Division department Medical Student Registratio Library Welfare Exam report profile n program Program Program System program Program Database Management System (A software) Student name, Book details, Database Address Income data, Marks General data Medical history © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 31  How to Implement Databases? © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 32 Designing Databases Design is a critical first step in creating a database Understand the goal of how the data of the database will be used. Identify the data needed as part of accomplishing this goal. Identify how the data is related to each other. Identify tables and fields to organize the data. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 33 Overview of Big data and Business Analytics Big data The term refers to such massively large data sets that conventional data processing technologies do not have sufficient power to analyze them. For example, Walmart must process millions customer transactions every hour across the world. Presidential candidates of United states might have to analyze their percentage of supporters and opinions using data in different social media. Storing and analyzing that much data is beyond the power of traditional data management tools. Understanding and developing the best tools and techniques to manage and analyze these large data sets are a problem that governments and businesses alike are trying to solve. Business Analytics Business analytics involves the use of data analysis tools, statistical methods, and predictive modeling to extract valuable insights from business data, enabling informed decision-making and strategic planning. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 34 Source: https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/big-data-applications-across-industries/ © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 35 Advantages of Business Analytics Understanding target customers better Big data is used by business today for analyzing sentiments of the target customers and providing them better services to increase the business. Cutting down in expenditures in various sectors Analysis of such huge volume of data has also helped business in cutting down their expenditures in various sectors wherever possible. Several billions of dollars being saved by improvements in operational efficiency and more. Increase in operating margins in different sectors Big Data also helps industries in increasing operating margins in different sectors. With the help of Big Data, lot of manual labour can be converted into machine task and this helps in increasing operating margins. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 36 Techniques for Business analytics Some of the techniques based on the nature of data Data mining Extracts patterns from large data sets by combining methods from statistics and machine learning, within database management. Machine learning Works with computer algorithms to produce intelligent output based on data Natural language processing The application of computational techniques to the analysis and synthesis of natural language and speech. Statistical Analysis This technique works to collect, organise, and interpret data, within surveys and experiments and there are many other techniques… © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 37  Where should this data be stored before being taken into analysis © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 38 Data Warehouse Consists of extracts from one or more of the organization’s operational databases Allows the data to be copied and stored for analysis Needs to be refreshed as the data changes Data is time-stamped when extracted Allows comparisons between different time periods Data is standardized All similar fields (e.g., calendar dates) are structured the same Date is MM/DD/YYYY Data marts are smaller subsets of data warehouses for specific business problems © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 39 ETL Process in Diagram © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 40 Data Warehouse Benefits Allows organizations to better understand the data Centralized view of data to identify inconsistent data Once inconsistencies are resolved, higher quality data is used to make better business decisions Data can be analyzed over multiple time periods Tools are available to combine data and gain more insight into business operations © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 41 What is a data mart? A data mart is a subject-oriented database that is often a partitioned segment of an enterprise data warehouse. The subset of data held in a data mart typically aligns with a particular business unit like sales, finance, or marketing. Data marts accelerate business processes by allowing access to relevant information in a data warehouse or operational data store within days, as opposed to months or longer. Because a data mart only contains the data applicable to a certain business area, it is a cost-effective way to gain actionable insights quickly. © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 42 © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 43 ITC 2372: Business Analytics Current business organizations expect their employees to master the science of analyzing data to find out patterns that will help them to develop business strategies. Analytics as a decision-making approach is been used by big corporations, governments, entrepreneurs, and almost everyone else to generate insights by unearthing patterns and decoding data. By the time students finish the course, they should be able to, ∙ Understand and explain how managers use business analytics to formulate and solve business problems and to support managerial decision-making. ∙ Familiar with and conducting the processes needed to develop, report, and analyze business data. ∙ Use and apply computer-based tools with business analytics to solve business problems © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 44 Summary Discussed the role of data in Information Systems Discussed the concepts of database and database management systems Discussed concepts of Business Intelligence © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 45 Activity 1 Discuss the issues in storing data in flat file systems © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 46  Thank You © Department of Information Technology, FMSC, USJ ITC 1370 : Information Technology for Business 47  ITC 1370 Information Technology for Business Chapter 05 Networking and Communication 1 Learning objectives Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to: Define a computer network and its application. Identify the data transmission characteristics. Outline the types of wired and wireless networking media. Identify the networking architecture and network types. Describe several types of networking devices with their purpose. Identify the most common communication protocols and networking standards used with networks today. Identify the trends in networking. 2 What is a Computer network? A collection of computers and other hardware devices connected together so that users can share hardware, software, and data, as well as electronically communicate with each other. Computer networks range from small private networks to the Internet and are widely used by individuals and businesses today. 3 Networking Applications The Internet – The largest computer network in the world Telephone Service ₋ POTS Network (Plain Old Telephone Service) ₋ Mobile phones (wireless phones) - use a wireless network for communications instead of the regular telephone network. o Cellular Phones -> communicates via cellular technology o Satellite phones -> communicate via satellite technology. Used where cell service isn’t available o Dual mode phones -> cellular technology and Wi-Fi or cellular technology and satellite technology 4 Networking Applications (Contd.) Global positioning system (GPS) - Uses satellites and a GPS receiver to determine the exact geographic location of the receiver. Used in Cars and smartphones, Google Maps to find out real-time traffic situations to avoid congested roads, Consumer devices that are designed for specific purposes (eg: Wearable fitness devices) 5 Networking Applications (Contd.) Monitoring systems – Monitor the status or location of individuals, vehicles, objects, etc. o RFID-based systems: To locate shipping boxes, livestock, expensive equipment, etc. (Ex: Tracking books at the university library) o GPS-based systems: record location history and allow tracking of real-time location of vehicles/people/objects o Electronic health monitors: Take the vital signs of an individual (such as weight, blood-sugar readings, or blood pressure) and transfer readings to a healthcare provider via the Internet or a telephone network for evaluation and feedback and to detect potential problems as early as possible. (Ex: FitBit) Wireless Power Transmission o The first wireless power application to become available is wireless charging, which allows your smartphone or other mobile device to be charged by just placing it on a charging surface. o It uses magnetic induction to transfer power wirelessly from the charging device to the target device. 6 Networking Applications (Contd.) Multimedia Networking - Home Networks are used to connect smart TVs to the Internet - In-built networking capabilities with wireless technology in smart TVs - A streaming media player can be used to connect a conventional TV to the home network Ex: Dialog ViU Mini, Chromecast with Google TV 7 Networking Applications (Contd.) Videoconferencing - Use of networking technology to conduct real-time, face-to-face meetings between individuals physically located in different places. Collaborative computing/Workgroup computing - Use of collaborative software tools to enable individuals to work together on documents and other project component Telecommuting/teleworking - Individuals work at home and communicate with their place of business and clients via communications technologies 8 Networking Applications (Contd.) Business process outsourcing - contracting out the operations of a specific business process to a third-party service provider specialized in it. Ex: Establish call centers in other countries. Remote Freelance working - doing specific work for clients without committing to full-time employment. Crowdsourcing - collecting services, ideas or content through the contributions of a large group of people. Ex: Google maps, Netflix, Amazon Telemedicine - Use of networking technology to provide medical information and services. Ex: Remote monitoring and consultations, Remote diagnosis, Tele-surgery (robot-assisted surgery) 9 Data Transmission Characteristics Bandwidth: bandwidth refers to the amount of data that can be transferred (such as via a bus or over a certain type of networking medium) in a given time period. ₋ Text data requires the least amount of bandwidth; video data requires the most. ₋ Bandwidth is usually measured in the number of bits per second (bps) ₋ Performance measurement Analog Vs. Digital Signals: Data can be represented as either analog or digital signals. ₋ Voice and music data in its natural form, for instance, is an