Dental Materials PDF

Mahmoud Al Reweny El sayed sec 3 22100239 Structure Calcium Carbonate Magnesium Hydroxide Polymeric Nanoparticles Nanopar...

Mahmoud Al Reweny El sayed sec 3 22100239 Structure Calcium Carbonate Magnesium Hydroxide Polymeric Nanoparticles Nanoparticles Nanoparticles Calcium carbonate Polymeric nanoparticles (CaCO₃) nanoparticles such as polyvinyl alcohol Magnesium hydroxide typically exhibit a range of (PVA) are typically (Mg(OH)₂) nanoparticles are morphologies, including spherical and can range typically plate-like or aragonite, calcite, and from 10 to 200 layered structures, with vaterite, with sizes often nanometers in size. They sizes around 20 to 100 less than 100 nanometers. are created through nanometers. They are often They are naturally various polymerization used for their flame- occurring minerals that techniques and can be retardant properties can be synthesized for tailored for specific specific applications. applications.  Mahmoud Al Reweny El sayed sec 3 22100239 Properties Calcium Carbonate Magnesium Hydroxide Polymeric Nanoparticles Nanoparticles Nanoparticles When added to denture Polymeric nanoparticles base materials, calcium These nanoparticles can can enhance the carbonate nanoparticles improve the mechanical flexibility and toughness can enhance mechanical properties of denture base of denture bases, properties such as materials, particularly in providing improved compressive strength and terms of flexural strength comfort and reduced hardness. They also and impact resistance. They fracture risk. They also improve the filler content, also offer antimicrobial contribute to better which can lead to better properties, helping to adhesion between the dimensional stability and reduce the risk of infection. polymer matrix and the lower water absorption. reinforcing agents.  Mahmoud Al Reweny El sayed sec 3 22100239 Limitations Calcium Carbonate Magnesium Hydroxide Polymeric Nanoparticles Nanoparticles Nanoparticles A limitation of polymeric nanoparticles is their The primary challenge with One limitation is that high potential for water magnesium hydroxide concentrations of calcium absorption, which may nanoparticles is their carbonate can lead to compromise the tendency to agglomerate in increased brittleness in dimensional stability of polymer matrices, which can the composite. the denture. Additionally, result in inconsistent Additionally, the potential their mechanical reinforcement. Additionally, for increased weight may performance may not they may affect the optical affect the comfort of the match that of inorganic properties of the denture denture. nanoparticles, limiting base material. the overall strength enhancement.  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Presentation form Varnish Gel Foam Fluoride gel is Topical fluoride available in tubes or Fluoride foam is varnish is a thick, single-use sachets similar to gel but has sticky substance and is typically a lighter, airy that is painted onto applied using a tray texture. It is also the teeth using a that fits over the applied using a tray small brush. It sets teeth. The gel is and can be easier to quickly upon viscous and remains in contact with the distribute evenly in contact with saliva, the mouth due to its teeth for a specified forming a foamy consistency. period, often around protective layer. 4 minutes.  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Advantages Varnish Gel Foam Easy to apply and does Provides a high concentration of Easier to apply and not require special equipment. - Adheres fluoride and can be less messy compared to the teeth for an more effective at to gels. - Light extended period, delivering fluoride texture can make it allowing for prolonged directly to the tooth more comfortable fluoride exposure. - surface. - Available in for patients, Can be applied to different flavors, particularly children. patients of all ages, making it more - Quick application including young palatable for children. and removal process. patients.  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Dis Advantages Varnish Gel Foam Generally has a lower Requires the use of a fluoride May not be suitable for tray, which can be concentration patients with certain uncomfortable for compared to gels, allergies (e.g., to rosin). some patients. - which may limit its - The sticky nature can Potential for leave a residue that effectiveness. - Can overexposure if not may be unappealing to used properly, be less effective in some patients. leading to fluorosis in reaching all tooth children. surfaces due to its lighter consistency.  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Osseointegration Titanium Zirconia PEEK Titanium is well-known good osseointegration, for its excellent though it may not Osseointegration: osseointegration achieve the same level Moderate; PEEK has been capabilities due to its of integration as shown to have lower surface properties (e.g., titanium. The bioactive osseointegration oxide layer). The surface properties of zirconia potential compared to of titanium implants can can stimulate bone titanium and be treated to enhance growth, but the time zirconia.they may require bone integration, required for additional coatings or promoting a strong bond osseointegration may be modifications to improve between the bone and longer compared to osseointegration. the implant. This titanium. characteristic makes titanium a gold standard in dental and orthopedic implants.  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Mechanical properties Titanium Zirconia PEEK high tensile strength High flexural strength and ductility, making it and fracture toughness, has a lower tensile suitable for load- though it is more brittle strength compared to bearing applications. compared to titanium. titanium and zirconia Titanium has a modulus Zirconia but offers excellent of elasticity of zirconia typically has a fatigue resistance and approximately 110-120 modulus of elasticity ranging from 200 to 210 flexibility. PEEK, has a GPa. This is GPa.which is modulus of elasticity significantly higher considerably higher than around 3.5-4 GPa, than that of human that which is much closer bone, which typically of human bone to that of natural ranges from 10 to 30 zirconia possesses a GPa bone. This lower higher modulus of which helps to reduce elasticity compared to modulus helps in stress shielding. titanium. This means minimizing stress that zirconia is stiffer shielding, than titanium,  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Biocompatibility Titanium Zirconia PEEK Titanium is highly biocompatible and is Biocompatibility: Good; biocompatible and often used in PEEK is biocompatible situations where but not traditionally has a long history aesthetics are critical, used in dental or of successful use in such as in dental orthopedic implants various implants. It without surface implants. It is less is generally well- reactive than modifications, as it may accepted by the titanium, which can not support body, with a low lead to fewer osseointegration as incidence of inflammatory effectively as titanium responses. or zirconia. adverse reactions.  Drawbacks Titanium Zirconia PEEK 1. Corrosion: Titanium can be 1. Brittleness: Zirconia is more susceptible to corrosion, particularly brittle compared to titanium, 1.lacks the level of in certain environments such as which can lead to fractures under osseointegration and acidic conditions or in the presence high-stress conditions. of electrolytes. mechanical strength as 2.Cost: Zirconia implants are titanium and zirconia. 2. Metal Allergies: Some patients may often more expensive than have allergic reactions to titanium or titanium implants due to the 2.Surface Modification: PEEK other metal components in dental material costs and the implants. While rare, these allergies often requires surface manufacturing processes can cause inflammation and involved. This higher cost may modification to enhance its complications that may require limit their accessibility for some adhesion to bone and removal of the implant. patients. improve osseointegration. 3. Aesthetic Limitations: Titanium This can complicate the 3.Thermal Insulation: Zirconia has implants have a metallic color that lower thermal conductivity manufacturing process and may not be suitable for all aesthetic compared to titanium increase costs. applications, especially in the anterior region of the mouth. 4.Limited Surface Modification: The surface characteristics of 3.Cost Considerations: PEEK 4.Thermal Conductivity: Titanium zirconia may not be modified as can be more expensive to has higher thermal conductivity effectively as those of titanium manufacture and process compared to natural bone, which can to enhance bone integration. lead to sensitivity in some patients than traditional materials like titanium  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Filler Particles Nano-Filled Composites Nano-Hybrid Composites Type: A combination of both nano-sized Type: Consist primarily of nanoparticles, and micro-sized filler particles. often silica or other inorganic materials. - Size: Nano particles (1-100 nm) mixed - Size: Typically in the range of 1-100 nm. with micro particles (0.5-5 µm). - Distribution: Uniformly dispersed - Distribution: Dual-sized fillers allow for throughout the resin matrix. a balanced distribution in the resin matrix.  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Advantages Nano-Filled Composites Nano-Hybrid Composites -Enhanced Aesthetics: Provides excellent - Improved Workability: Easier to handle polishability and gloss retention. and sculpt than pure nano-filled composites. - High Strength: Increased mechanical properties due to the small size of filler - Broader Indications: Can be used for particles, which improve load distribution both anterior and posterior restorations due to enhanced mechanical properties. -Enhanced wear resistance and lower water absorption rates. - Better resistance to fracture due to the combination of both filler sizes, which - Low Shrinkage: Reduced polymerization can absorb and distribute stress more shrinkage due to a higher filler content. effectively.  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Disadvantages Nano-Filled Composites Nano-Hybrid Composites Cost: The production of nanoparticles and their The presence of larger fillers can sometimes incorporation into composites can be expensive. The lead to reduced polishability compared to higher costs of raw materials and processing can make pure nano-filled composites. nano-filled composites less economically viable for some applications compared to traditional materials. less aesthetic than nano-filled composites if Health and Environmental Concerns: The use of the larger particles are not well integrated. nanoparticles raises potential health risks due to their small size, which may allow them to penetrate biological membranes or enter the human body. Cost: Still relatively expensive but generally Limited Indications: May not be suitable for all clinical less so than pure nano-filled composites. situations, particularly in high-stress areas. Mechanical Properties vs. Weight: While nanoparticles Higher Shrinkage: Potentially higher can enhance certain mechanical properties, they can polymerization shrinkage compared to nano- also lead to increased brittleness in some cases. This can compromise the toughness of the composite, making it filled composites. more susceptible to fracture under stress.  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Clinical applications Nano-Filled Composites Nano-Hybrid Composites Class I and II Restorations: Effective in areas requiring durability and aesthetics. in anterior restorations where aesthetics are critical, such as veneers, inlays, and onlays. Biomaterials for Cartilage Regeneration: These composites are being explored for use in cartilage repair and regeneration, offering mechanical support while Orthopedic Implants: In orthopedics, nano-filled promoting chondrocyte growth and composites are utilized in the development of bone cements and implants. differentiation. Implant Coatings: Nano hybrid Tissue Engineering: In the field of tissue engineering, composites are applied as coatings on nano-filled composites serve as scaffolds for cell growth medical implants to improve and tissue regeneration. biocompatibility and osseointegration. The enhanced surface properties.  Comparison between dental composite, Glass ionomer, Giomers and compomers Question: mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 dental composite Giomers a hybrid material that combines the benefits of glass ionomer and composite resins. They are made up of a resin matrix, inorganic filler composed of a pre-reacted glass-ionomer particles, and a coupling agent. The resin Main Argument: fillers matrix is typically made of bisphenol A- with a resin component, allowing them to glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) or other offer improved mechanical and aesthetic methacrylate-based monomers, while the properties while retaining the fluoride- filler particles are composed of materials like releasing capability of glass ionomer. The resin silica, quartz, or glass. component typically includes methacrylate monomers Evidence Composition EvidenceCompomers Glass2:ionomer 4: made from a mixture of a glass powder and composite resins modified with glass ionomer an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid. The properties, contain both resin and glass ionomer glass powder, which usually contains silica, components. Their composition typically includes alumina, and fluoride, reacts with the acid to a methacrylate resin matrix similar to that of form a gel-like material. This composition dental composites, combined with glass ionomer allows glass ionomer to bond chemically to particles that provide fluoride release and dental tissues and release fluoride, improved adhesion to tooth structures. providing a therapeutic effect.  Comparison between dental composite, Glass ionomer, Giomers and compomers Question: mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 dental composite Giomers used in both anterior and posterior restorations, combining the benefits of used for direct restorations in anterior and composites and glass ionomers.Their fluoride- posterior teeth due to their excellent Main Argument: releasing capability makes them suitable for aesthetic qualities, such as color matching use in patients at high risk for caries.used in and the ability to polish to a high shine.used the restoration of primary teeth and in in bonding procedures, such as veneers and situations where aesthetics and durability are inlays/onlays, as well as for core build-ups in both important. Their enhanced wear endodontically treated teeth. resistance and polishability allow them to be used effectively in areas that require aesthetic considerations. Evidence Uses EvidenceCompomers Glass2:ionomer 4: ideal for liner and base applications, root caries management, and as restorative in pediatric dentistry and for certain restorative materials in cervical areas where aesthetics applications in adults. used in the restoration of is less critical.useful in pediatric dentistry class III and class V cavities, particularly in primary due to their biocompatibility and fluoride- teeth.giomers provide a balance of aesthetics and releasing properties, which help prevent bioactivity secondary caries.  Comparison between dental composite, Glass ionomer, Giomers and compomers Question: mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 dental composite Giomers 1. Aesthetic Appeal 1. Combination Benefits: Giomers combine 2.high mechanical strength and wear the properties of glass ionomers and resistance Main Argument: 3. Versatility: Composites can be used in composites, offering both fluoride release various applications, including direct and aesthetic qualities. restorations, veneers, inlays, and onlays. 2. Enhanced Mechanical Properties 4. Low Thermal Conductivity:enhances 3. Aesthetic Versatility patient comfort. 4. Fluoride Release 5. Bonding Capability Evidence Advantages EvidenceCompomers Glass2:ionomer 4: 1. Chemical Bonding: Glass ionomers bond chemically to both enamel and dentin. 1. Dual Benefits 2. Fluoride Release: helps in remineralizing 2. Ease of Use adjacent tooth structure and preventing secondary caries. 3.Adaptability 3. Biocompatibility 4.offer a balance of ease of use 4.Ease of Use: easy to manipulate and require less technical skill compared to composites. and moderate aesthetic qualities.  Comparison between dental composite, Glass ionomer, Giomers and compomers Question: mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 dental composite Giomers 1. Curing Sensitivity: Composites require precise curing times and conditions; inadequate curing can lead to compromised 1. Intermediate Strength:they may still not strength Main Argument: match the mechanical strength of high-quality 2.Wear Over Time: Although durable, 2. Cost: more expensive than glass ionomers composites may experience wear and 3. Handling Characteristics:more challenging discoloration over time, particularly in high- to handle compared to conventional stress areas. composites or glass ionomers. 3.Thermal Expansion 4. Limited Research 4.Cost: more expensive than other restorative materials Evidence Disadvantags EvidenceCompomers Glass2:ionomer 4: 1. Limited Fluoride Release: 1. Lower Aesthetic Qualities: less 2. Lower Mechanical Properties: suitable for anterior restorations 4. Moisture Sensitivity 2. Weaker Mechanical Properties:lower 5. Not Ideal for All Situations: Due to strength and wear resistance their intermediate properties, compared to composites compomers may be less effective for less ideal for posterior restorations certain types of restorations, 3.Limited Handling Time: short working particularly in posterior teeth where time strength is critical.  Monochromatic dental composites Mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 1. Filler Technology: 4. Uses Monochromatic composites utilize advanced filler 1.Posterior Restorations: They are technology that often involves spherical-shaped filler effective for Class I and II restorations particles. These fillers are designed to interact with light in a way that mimics the natural color of teeth. For due to their strength and aesthetic instance, the smart monochromatic composites can properties. adjust their color based on the surrounding tooth 2.Anterior Restorations: They can also be structure without the need for additional pigments or used in anterior teeth, especially when a dyes. This is achieved through the use of supra-nano or natural appearance is desired without nano-spherical fillers that enhance the material's optical properties and color-matching capabilities the complexity of multiple shades 3.Bulk-Fill Applications 2.Composition 5.Advantages Matrix Phase: A resin matrix that provides the structural integrity. Time Efficiency: Reduced chairside time due to the elimination of shade Filler Phase: Spherical or nano-sized fillers that selection and layering techniques. enhance mechanical properties and aesthetic - Reduced Waste: Less material qualities. waste since only one shade is needed - Photo-initiators: Compounds that facilitate the curing process when exposed to light. for various restorations. - Coupling Agents: These improve the bond - Improved Aesthetic Outcomes: between the filler and the resin matrix, enhancing Enhanced ability to match the durability and performance natural tooth color, leading to more aesthetically pleasing results. - Simplified Technique: Easier for 3. Difference from Multi-Shade Composites clinicians to use, which can lead to improved patient satisfaction and outcomes 1.Color Matching: Monochromatic composites are designed to adapt to the color of the surrounding tooth structure, effectively eliminating the need for multiple shades. In 6.References contrast, multi-shade composites require a selection of different shades to achieve a natural appearance through 1.Aytac F., Karaarslan E. S., Agaccioglu M., Tastan layering techniques. E., Buldur M., Kuyucu E.2016;28(4):247–261. doi: 2.Complexity of Use: Monochromatic composites simplify the 10.1111/jerd.12215. restorative process by reducing the number of materials needed and the complexity of shade matching, while multi- shade composites often involve a more intricate layering 2.Aydın N., Topçu F. T., Karaoğlanoğlu S., Oktay E. technique to achieve the desired aesthetic A., Erdemir U.2021;13(5):e446–e454. doi: 10.4317/jced.58011.  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Definition Hydrogel Aerogel Xerogel a highly porous material created by replacing the a three- liquid in a gel with gas, dimensional resulting in a solid that is dried form of a gel, network of polymer mostly air. It is known for where the liquid its extremely low density component has been chains that are and high thermal removed under highly absorbent insulating supercritical conditions and can hold a properties.Aerogels are leaving behind a porous large amount of often referred to as solid material. "frozen smoke" due to water. their low density and translucent appearance.  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Properties Hydrogel Aerogel Xerogel High water absorption more brittle than capacity hydrogels and Extremely low density aerogels - Soft and flexible - High porosity exhibit a range of - Biocompatible and - Low thermal densities and biodegradable conductivity porosities, depending on the drying process - Can be responsive - Excellent insulating and the materials to environmental properties used. stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature) - Brittle and friable Reduced thermal -High surface area conductivity  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Uses Hydrogel Aerogel Xerogel Wound dressing 1. Adsorbents: Xerogels are effective in adsorbing gases and Insulation in homes, liquids. They are used in - Contact lenses buildings, and environmental applications to remove pollutants from air and spacecraft water, such as volatile organic - Drug delivery compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals. - Thermal protection systems for industrial 2. Catalysts and Catalyst Supports: Due to their high surface area, processes xerogels serve as supports for - Diapers catalysts in chemical reactions, enhancing the efficiency of - Soundproofing processes such as oxidation and - Agriculture (soil reduction reactions in industrial applications. conditioners) - Aerospace serve as fillers in composite applications materials.  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 References 1.K. S. Wilkins and M. J. Owen (2019). 2. "Recent Advances in Hydrogel Aerogels for Energy Storage Applications" by S. Z. Biswas and S. Deka (2020) Peppas, N. A. 3. Callister, W. D., & Rethwisch, D. G. (2018). "Materials Science and Engineering:  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Definition Nanotechnology Picotechnology Femtotechnology the study and the field that deals with manipulation of matter the branch of science and structures and processes at the scale of engineering devoted to on the scale of picometers around designing, producing, and femtometers, or 10^-15 (10^-12 meters). This is using structures, devices, meters. It involves smaller than the typical and systems by manipulating atoms and size of an atom , which manipulating atoms and molecules at an means that use of molecules at nanoscale, incredibly small scale to picotechnology requires i.e. having one or more create new materials and the ability to manipulate dimensions of the order devices with novel the interior of an atom of 100 nanometres (100 properties and functions. This field primarily millionth of a millimetre) This technology is still focuses on or less. largely theoretical and understanding the has not been realized in structure and behavior of practical applications. atomic nuclei and subatomic particles  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Uses Nanotechnology Picotechnology Femtotechnology 1. Medicine: Nanoparticles 1. Environmental remediation: 1. Quantum Computing: used for targeted drug Picotechnology may enable Femtotechnology could be used delivery, diagnostic the development of quantum to develop advanced methods for imaging, and regenerative cleaning up environmental computers with vastly pollutants or capturing medicine. superior processing power greenhouse gases from the 2. Electronics: Nanoscale compared to classical atmosphere. materials can be computers. incorporated into smaller, 2. Advanced Materials: 2. Space exploration: faster, and more efficient Picotechnologies could lead Femtotechnology could play a electronic devices. to the creation of materials role in the development of with unprecedented advanced propulsion systems or 3. Energy: Nanomaterials other technologies needed for properties, such as extreme improve the efficiency and long-distance space travel. strength or conductivity. storage capabilities of 3. Particle Physics: batteries and solar cells. 3. Information technology: Picotechnology could play a Femtotechnology could lead to 4. Environment: role in observing and the development of faster and Nanotechnology can be manipulating subatomic more powerful computer used for water purification, particles and understanding processors, data storage air filtration. the fundamental forces of systems, and communication nature. networks.  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Advantages and Disadvantages Nanotechnology Picotechnology Femtotechnology Advantages Advantages 1-make solar power more 1-Metals will be produced which are capable Advantages of withstanding enormous pressures and economical by reducing the cost 1-improving efficiency and heat of constructing solar panels and reducing waste, highly luminous metals, frictionless related equipment. Energy surfaces, and ultra-dense but extremely 2- tissue regeneration. lightweight structures. storage devices will become 3-non-surgical and non- 2-interstellar ships that can withstand the more efficient invasive laser skin treatment massive forces involved in lightspeed 3-Surgeries could become much travel. Disadvantages Disadvantages faster and more accurate. 1-Safety concerns: Working at 1-Environmental impact: The manipulation 4-Injuries could be repaired cell- the picoscale involves handling of matter on such a small scale could have by-cell unforeseen consequences on the ultra-small particles and environment. For example, the release of Disadvantages materials that may pose health femtotechnology particles into the 1-Atomic weapons can now be and safety risks. environment could lead to contamination more accessible and made to be and disrupt ecosystems. 2-Ethical considerations: 2-Health risks: There is limited knowledge more powerful and more regarding potential misuse of about the potential health risks associated destructive. picotechnology for purposes with the use of femtotechnology. Exposure 2-diamonds will also lose its to nanoparticles at such a small scale could such as nanoscale weapons or pose health risks, as the particles may be value since it can now be mass surveillance devices, requiring able to penetrate cells and tissues more produced. careful regulation and easily. 3-very expensive 3-very expensive oversight.  mahmoud Al Ruwaini 22100239 Limitations Nanotechnology Picotechnology Femtotechnology 1-Safety concerns: Working 1-Public Perception and Acceptance: 1-Cost at the femtometer scale Misinformation and lack of public raises concerns about understanding can lead to 2-Material Instability: potential risks to human skepticism and resistance to health and the environment. - At such small scales, nanotechnology applications. materials may exhibit Ensuring the safety of Need for better communication about benefits and risks unpredictable behaviors, femtotechnology applications and addressing leading to challenges in 2-Complexity of Interactions: any associated risks will be Nanomaterials can behave stability and reliability. important for its successful differently from bulk materials, development and adoption. leading to unpredictable 3- Energy Demands: interactions in biological systems - Manipulating matter 2-Energy Demands: at the pico-level could - Manipulating matter at 3-environmenttoxicological require significant the pico-level could require effects of nanoparticles on energy, raising concerns significant energy, raising human health and the environment are not fully about efficiency and concerns about efficiency understood... sustainability. and sustainability.