Venting and Acoustic Systems PDF

ME123-1 TOPIC 4: Venting System and Acoustic System Members: Baring, Del Rosario, Llido, Navales, Sabay Excellence and Relevance  INTRODUCTION...

ME123-1 TOPIC 4: Venting System and Acoustic System Members: Baring, Del Rosario, Llido, Navales, Sabay Excellence and Relevance  INTRODUCTION Venting Acoustic Vents: Openings that allow Sound Barriers: Structures air and gases to escape. that block sound transmission. Ducts: Tubes or channels Acoustic Panels: Materials that transport air from one that absorb sound to reduce place to another. reverberation. Fans: Devices that help move Bass Traps: Devices that air through the system. control low-frequency sounds. Filters: Elements that Microphones & Speakers: remove particles and Devices used for sound pollutants from the air. capture and reproduction. Excellence and Relevance 1  VENTING SYSTEM Excellence and Relevance 2  VENTING SYSTEM Functions Types Air Quality Improvement: 1. Natural Ventilation: Reduces indoor air Natural forces (wind, pollutants. temperature) to circulate air. Temperature Control: 2. Mechanical Ventilation: Helps maintain comfortable Fans and blowers to enhance environments. airflow. Safety: 3. Balanced Ventilation: Prevents buildup of harmful Both natural and mechanical gases. systems for optimal airflow. Excellence and Relevance 3  ACOUSTIC SYSTEM Excellence and Relevance 4  ACOUSTIC SYSTEM Functions Noise Control: Types Reduces noise in environments 1. Passive Acoustic Systems: like studios or offices. Use materials to absorb or Sound Quality: block sound. Improves clarity of audio in 2. Active Acoustic Systems: performance spaces. Employ technology like Privacy: electronic sound cancellation Prevents sound leakage to manage noise. between rooms. Excellence and Relevance 5  APPLICATION VENTING Residential Buildings: HVAC Systems: Used for improving indoor air quality Integrated into heating, and removing excess moisture. ventilation, and air conditioning Commercial Spaces: systems for effective climate Ensures adequate ventilation in control. offices, restaurants, and retail Bathroom and Kitchen environments. Ventilation: Industrial Facilities: Designed to eliminate odors and Removes harmful fumes and gases moisture, preventing mold from production areas. growth. Excellence and Relevance 6  Working Principles VENTING SYSTEM 1. Air Circulation (Inflow and Outflow): A venting system operates on the basic principle of airflow management, ensuring a continuous circulation of air within a building or facility. 2. Air Pressure Balance: For the venting system to work effectively, the air pressure inside the building must be balanced. 3. Exhausting Stale or Contaminated Air: The exhaust system helps control moisture levels, prevent the buildup of harmful substances, and maintain air quality. 4. Fresh Air Intake: Fresh air intakes draw outdoor air into the building to replace the stale air being exhausted. 6. Filtration and Conditioning: In more advanced venting systems, especially in commercial or industrial spaces, air can be filtered to remove dust, allergens, or harmful particulates. Excellence and Relevance 7  Working Principles ACOUSTIC SYSTEM 1. Sound Propagation: Sound waves are vibrations that travel through air (or any medium) and are typically generated by a source (e.g., a speaker, musical instrument, or person speaking). 2. Sound Absorption: Absorption occurs when sound waves encounter materials that convert sound energy into heat. Soft, porous materials like foam, fabric, fiberglass, and carpet are used for this purpose. 3. Sound Reflection: Reflection happens when sound waves bounce off hard surfaces, such as walls, ceilings, and floors, rather than being absorbed. 4. Sound Diffusion: Diffusion occurs when sound waves are scattered in various directions, which helps to avoid concentrated echoes or focused reflections. 5. Sound Transmission: Transmission refers to the passage of sound through barriers like walls, windows, and floors from one space to another. 6. Resonance Control: Resonance is a natural phenomenon where certain frequencies of sound cause objects or rooms to vibrate, amplifying those frequencies. 7. Balancing Absorption and Reflection: A well-designed acoustic system balances absorption and reflection to create an optimal acoustic environment. Excellence and Relevance 8  ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS AND DESIGN METHODS 1. Acoustic Measurement Methods 2. Sound Intensity Measurement Frequency Weighting (dB(A)): Adjusts sound Sound Intensity: Measures energy from a measurement to human hearing sensitivity, useful sound source with direction and magnitude, for overall noise levels. unlike scalar sound pressure. Frequency Analysis: Divides sound into frequency Advanced Tools: Digital Signal Processing bands (e.g., octave bands) for detailed insights, (DSP) enhances precision, addressing technical identifying specific problems like low-frequency challenges like phase mismatches. noise. Noise Standards: Noise Criterion (NC) and Noise Methods: Time and frequency domain Rating (NR) systems set acceptable levels for analyses provide flexibility for real-time and environments (e.g., NR 20 for concert halls, NR 45 high-precision applications. for kitchens). Excellence and Relevance 9  ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS AND DESIGN METHODS 3. Acoustic Modeling for HVAC Systems 4. Real-World Applications Techniques: Fan Noise: Lab and field tests reveal sound Deterministic methods for low-frequency noise. levels influenced by room size and fan Energy-based methods for high-frequency noise. installation. CFD Applications: Predict airflow and sound Room Characteristics: Sound pressure levels propagation in ducts; limited by computational vary with space dimensions and furnishings, challenges in modeling regenerated noise. impacting perceived loudness. Benefits: Accurate modeling reduces costs and effort in retrofitting noise control systems. Excellence and Relevance 10  ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS AND DESIGN METHODS Key Takeaways Techniques: Combine frequency weighting and analysis for comprehensive noise assessments. Measurement Focus: Use sound intensity for deeper understanding of acoustic behavior. Modeling Importance: Predict noise during design to optimize HVAC systems. Practical Testing: Field measurements ensure real-world effectiveness and compliance. Excellence and Relevance 11  ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES Pros Cons 1. Improved Air Quality: 1. Initial Cost: Reduces indoor pollutants and allergens, Installation of a comprehensive venting promoting health. system can be expensive. 2. Temperature Regulation: 2. Maintenance Requirements: Helps maintain comfortable conditions, Regular maintenance is needed to ensure enhancing occupant comfort. optimal performance and cleanliness. 3. Moisture Control: 3. Noise Levels: Reduces humidity levels, preventing mold Mechanical ventilation systems can and structural damage. generate noise, which may be disruptive. 4. Energy Efficiency: 4. Inefficiency in Design: Proper ventilation can reduce heating and Poorly designed systems can lead to cooling costs when designed effectively. inadequate ventilation and energy waste. Excellence and Relevance 12  APPLICATION ACOUSTIC Theaters and Concert Halls: Designed to enhance sound quality Schools: for performances. Acoustic treatment helps create Recording Studios: conducive learning environments. Utilizes acoustic treatment for Residential Spaces: optimal sound recording conditions. Soundproofing between rooms Open-Plan Offices: and apartments to enhance Reduces noise distractions to privacy. improve productivity. Excellence and Relevance 13  ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES Pros Cons 1. Enhanced Sound Quality: 1. Cost of Implementation: Improves clarity and richness of audio, High-quality acoustic treatments can be essential for music and speech. expensive. 2. Space Requirements: 2. Noise Reduction: Some acoustic solutions require significant Minimizes distractions in work space, which may not be available. environments, which can increase focus. 3. Aesthetic Impact: 3. Privacy Improvement: Acoustic materials can alter the visual appeal Soundproofing provides confidentiality in of a space. offices and homes. 4. Limited Effectiveness: 4. Versatility: Some systems may not fully eliminate sound Can be applied in various settings— transmission, depending on design and commercial, residential, and industrial. materials. Excellence and Relevance 14  Components of a Venting System Key Components Vent Pipe: Pipes that provide air circulation within the plumbing system. Stack Vent: The upper portion of a soil stack that acts as a vent. Vent Stack: A vertical vent pipe providing air circulation to one or more drain pipes. Relief Vent: A vent that provides additional air circulation between drainage stacks. Yoke Vent: Connects the soil stack and vent stack to prevent pressure imbalances. Excellence and Relevance 15  Components of an Acoustic System Key Components Soundproofing Materials: Used in walls and ceilings to reduce pipe noise. Pipe Insulation: Wrapping pipes to absorb sound vibrations. Vibration Isolators: Devices to minimize mechanical vibrations. Acoustic Barriers: Structures that block noise transmission. Excellence and Relevance 16  DESIGN GUIDANCE DOMESTIC VENTILATION SYSTEMS Domestic ventilation systems are designed to uphold optimal indoor air quality within residences by eliminating stale air, excess moisture, and contaminants, while introducing fresh, clean air. These systems are essential for fostering a healthy living environment and mitigating issues such as mold growth, dampness, and subpar air quality. The noise generated within domestic buildings: Direct noise - generated by the system itself. Ex: Fans, Devices, etc. Indirect noise - includes all of the noise outside the system. Ex: Traffic noises, Domestic noises, etc. Excellence and Relevance 17  DOMESTIC VENTILATION SYSTEMS Natural Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation - Uses fans and ducts to control airflow. Utilizes natural airflow - Common systems include: through windows, doors, Exhaust Ventilation: Removes air from specific areas like kitchens and and vents. bathrooms. Supply Ventilation: Brings fresh air into Dependent on wind the home. Balanced Ventilation: Combines both pressure and temperature supply and exhaust for controlled differences between the airflow. Heat Recovery Ventilation (HRV) or inside and outside of the Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV): house. Recovers heat or energy from outgoing air to pre-condition incoming air, improving energy efficiency. Excellence and Relevance 18  DESIGN GUIDANCE COMMERCIAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS Commercial ventilation systems are designed to maintain high indoor air quality in commercial buildings by removing stale air, excess moisture, and airborne pollutants while supplying fresh, clean air. These systems are critical for ensuring a safe and comfortable environment for employees, customers, and visitors, preventing issues like poor air quality, odors, and excess humidity. The noise generated within commercial buildings: Direct noise: Noise created by the ventilation system itself. Ex: Fans, ducts, HVAC units, and mechanical equipment. Indirect noise: Noise from sources outside the ventilation system. Ex: Traffic, machinery, conversations, and operational activities within the building. Excellence and Relevance 19  COMMERCIAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS Natural Ventilation Exhaust Ventilation Uses openings like windows Removes stale, hot, or and vents to let fresh air polluted air from specific flow naturally. areas, like restrooms, kitchens, or factories. Often paired with architectural features like Commonly used to handle atriums to improve airflow smoke, odors, or fumes. Excellence and Relevance 20  COMMERCIAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS Supply Ventilation Balanced Ventilation Brings in fresh air from Combines exhaust and outside to keep the indoor supply systems to maintain environment clean and equal air exchange. comfortable. Great for places where air Reduces the entry of quality and temperature outdoor pollutants by need to be tightly slightly pressurizing the controlled, like offices or space. retail stores. Excellence and Relevance 21  COMMERCIAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS Hybrid Ventilation Industrial Ventilation Mixes natural and Heavy-duty systems for mechanical ventilation for factories or warehouses, flexibility and energy designed to handle heat, savings. dust, or toxic fumes. Common in modern, eco- Includes targeted systems friendly buildings. like fans over workstations and general systems for the whole space. Excellence and Relevance 22  COMMERCIAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS Hybrid Ventilation Industrial Ventilation Mixes natural and Heavy-duty systems for mechanical ventilation for factories or warehouses, flexibility and energy designed to handle heat, savings. dust, or toxic fumes. Common in modern, eco- Includes targeted systems friendly buildings. like fans over workstations and general systems for the whole space. Excellence and Relevance 23  Vents Materials Cast Iron Ductile cast iron Galvanized steel Galvanized wrought iron Lead Copper Brass PVC DWV Excellence and Relevance 24  Size of Vents 1. Minimum Size Requirements The diameter of vent pipes must not be smaller than 1 1/4 inches. The size is determined based on the total number of fixture units served. 2. Proportionate Sizing Vent pipes connected to soil or waste pipes must be proportionally sized to match the drainage system requirements. Typically, the size of the vent pipe should be at least half the size of the drainpipe it serves. Excellence and Relevance 25  Size of Vents 3. Main Stack Venting The main vent or stack vent must have the same diameter as the soil or waste stack it extends. 4.Group Venting Systems When serving multiple fixtures, the vent size must accommodate the total fixture unit load to ensure proper airflow. Excellence and Relevance 26  Size of Vents 5. Extended Vents For vents that extend longer distances or encounter multiple bends, adjustments to the pipe size may be required to ensure no blockages occur. 6. Code-Specific Tables Sizing charts or tables are included in the plumbing code for precise fixture unit- to-vent pipe size calculations. Excellence and Relevance 27  Size of Vents Excellence and Relevance 28  Future Trends in Venting and Acoustic Systems Excellence and Relevance 29  Future Trends in Venting and Acoustic Systems Sustainable Materials: Use of eco-friendly and recyclable materials in plumbing systems. Smart Monitoring Systems: IoT-enabled venting systems for real-time diagnostics. Acoustic-Optimized Designs: Advanced insulation and materials to reduce noise pollution. Energy-Efficient Systems: Venting designs to optimize airflow and energy savings. Modular Plumbing Systems: Pre-assembled systems for cost-efficient and precise installations. Regulatory Evolution: Updates in plumbing and acoustic standards to meet modern needs. Excellence and Relevance ? 30  Summary Venting Systems: Acoustic Systems: Ensures safe wastewater Minimizes noise from water flow discharge and prevents sewer gas and vibrations. entry. Enhances occupant comfort in Maintains trap seals and balances multi-story and high-density air pressure. buildings. Key Challenges: Compliance with plumbing codes. Balancing material cost with performance. Addressing retrofitting in existing structures. Excellence and Relevance 31  Recommendations in Venting and Acoustic Systems Material Selection: Use durable, soundproof, and eco-friendly materials. Compliance: Follow the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines (NPCP) standards. Education: Provide training for plumbers and builders on modern systems. Maintenance: Conduct routine inspections and cleaning of vent systems. Design Integration: Include venting and acoustic considerations during early project phases. Excellence and Relevance 32 ?  Conclusion Venting and acoustics are integral to the functionality and comfort of plumbing systems. Compliance with the NPCP ensures safety, health, and environmental standards, while addressing acoustics enhances occupant satisfaction. Emerging technologies and sustainable practices promise significant advancements in these areas. Excellence and Relevance 33  TOPIC 5 STORM WATER & SEWERAGE DISPOSAL Podador Mahilot Pescador Dequito Bulawan Presentation INTRODUCTION Stormwater and sewerage disposal systems are essential components of urban infrastructure, designed to manage and transport water from various sources to appropriate treatment facilities or disposal points. These systems play a crucial role in maintaining public health, preventing flooding, and protecting the environment. STORMWATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM WHAT IS IT? Challenges Urban development increases impervious surfaces, boosting runoff Stormwater disposal systems are and flood risks while preventing stormwater infiltration. designed to manage rainwater that Aged stormwater systems suffer from corrosion, deterioration, and runs off impervious surfaces like roads reduced capacity. and pavements. These systems are crucial for preventing flooding, reducing erosion, and protecting water quality in urban areas. Solutions Implement green infrastructure Rehabilitation and regular inspections  KEY COMPONENTS DESIGN AND FUNCTIONS Stormwater Drains Pipes and Culverts Design : Grated inlets, curbside openings, or Design : Underground pipes or open culverts, catch basins strategically placed along often made of concrete, metal, or plastic, sized streets and other surfaces to collect runoff. based on projected flow rates and storm Function : Capture stormwater from intensity. impervious surfaces like roads, roofs, and Function : Transport stormwater from collection sidewalks. points to treatment facilities or outlets Treatment Units Discharge Design : Devices like hydrodynamic separators Function : Discharge treated water into the or filters installed in pipes or basins to remove environment for industrial purposes and more. debris, oil, and sediment. Function : Treat stormwater to reduce pollutants before discharge into the environment.  PLUMBING CODE Section 1101 – General Section 1102 Storm drainage systems are required to Different materials are specified for rainwater pipes collect and discharge stormwater from roof depending on their placement. Interior downspouts must areas, courts, and courtyards. The system be made of durable materials like cast iron or PVC, while must direct water to an approved point of exterior downspouts for low-height buildings can use 26- disposal while ensuring compliance with gauge galvanized sheet metal. High-rise buildings require other regulations​ stronger materials to withstand hydrostatic pressure. Section 1103 – Roof Drains Section 1104 Roof drains must be corrosion-resistant, like cast iron or copper. Dome-type strainers should extend 10mm above the roof and have a net inlet area 1.5 times the outlet pipe. Roof deck strainers must be flat-surfaced with twice the net inlet area. Installation requires watertight sealing with a water stop ring and clamped flashing.  SECTION 1104 – SIZING OF RAINWATER PIPING Vertical Pipes Walls Affecting Drainage Sizing is based on rainfall intensity and roof area, typically using a standard of When vertical walls project above a roof, the effective 102mm/hour for the Manila area. roof drainage area is adjusted accordingly. A single wall adds 50% of its area, while two adjacent walls contribute 35% of their combined area. Opposite walls of the same height require no adjustment, but if heights differ, 50% of the area above the lower wall is added. Horizontal Pipes & Gutters: With three walls,Section 50% of the 1104 inner wall area below the lowest top applies, while four walls follow similar Horizontal rainwater pipes are sized according to Function : Discharge treated50% water into the side adjustments. For tall buildings, of the exposed maximum drainage capacity. isenvironment considered for drainage. industrial purposes and more. Roof gutters are sized based on maximum roof area, with adjustments made for different rainfall rates. SEWERAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM WHAT IS IT? Challenges Sewerage disposal system is designed Aging infrastructure leading to leaks, inefficiencies, and high to manage wastewater from residential, maintenance costs. commercial, and industrial sources. It Increasing wastewater volumes due to population growth and urbanization. involves key processes such as High energy consumption and operational costs in wastewater collection, conveyance, treatment, and treatment. disposal. Limited public awareness and compliance with proper wastewater management practices. The treatment stages—primary (removing solids), secondary (biological treatment of Solutions organic matter), and tertiary (advanced Modernization: Use smart technologies like sensors and automated filtration and disinfection)—ensure systems for real-time monitoring and efficient operations. Sustainability: Recover energy from sludge, recycle treated water, wastewater is safely processed before and promote eco-friendly practices. reuse or discharge into the environment. Resilience Planning: Design systems to withstand extreme weather events and future urban demands.  KEY COMPONENTS DESIGN AND FUNCTIONS Collection Conveyance Design: Gravity-based pipelines and pump stations Design: Network of underground pipes connected to that transport wastewater to treatment facilities. residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Function: Moves sewage efficiently through the Function: Collects wastewater from sinks, toilets, and system while minimizing blockages and backflow. industrial processes. Key Point: Proper conveyance prevents Key Point: The system is closed, preventing environmental contamination during transport contaminants from entering directly​ Treatment Disposal Design: Treatment facilities equipped for Design: Outfalls or reuse systems for treated primary, secondary, and tertiary effluent. processing. Function: Safely discharges treated water Function: Removes solids, organic matter, into rivers or bays or repurposes it for and pathogens from wastewater to meet irrigation and industrial use. environmental standards. Key Point: Treated effluent meets regulatory Key Point: Modern facilities often include standards to minimize environmental impact​ advanced processes for nutrient removal and water recycling​  PLUMBING CODE Section 304– General Section 306 All plumbing fixtures, drains, appurtenances It is prohibited to dispose of any harmful substances, and appliances used to receive or discharge including solids, ashes, oils, flammable or toxic liquids, and liquid wastes or sewage, shall be connected other damaging materials, into plumbing fixtures, drains, properly to the drainage systems of the interceptors, or sewage systems. Additionally, rainwater building and premises, in accordance with from roofs, courts, and similar areas must be discharged the requin.'ments of this Code. outside or into gutters, not into soil or waste pipe systems. Section 305 – Sewer Section 307 Required Wastes harmful to the public sewer system or sewage Every building where plumbi11g fixtures are treatment plant must be treated and disposed of as installed shall have a sewer service connection to required by the proper authorities. Additionally, sewage or a public or private sewer systems except as waste that could contaminate surface or groundwater provided in Subsection 3O5.2 of this section. must undergo approved treatment before discharge.  PLUMBING CODE Section 308 Section 310 All plumbing and sewage systems must be located All designs, construction, and workmanship must follow within the same lot as the building they serve, accepted engineering practices to meet the Code’s unless otherwise specified in the Code. standards. Concealing material defects through welding, Additionally, property subdivisions or transfers soldering, or sealing agents is prohibited. Additionally, pipe must not reduce the required area, clearance, or and tubing ends must be properly reamed, and any internal access as mandated by the Code. debris must be removed. Section 311 Section 309 Drainage and venting systems must follow proper Piping, fixtures or equipment shall not be so installation standards, prohibiting fittings and methods that located to interfere with the normal function or obstruct flow. Waste connections to water closet bends, usc thereof or with the normal operation and use unvented branches, and mixing of dissimilar metals in of windows, doors or other required facilities. inaccessible areas are not allowed. All pipes, valves, and fittings must be correctly aligned with the flow direction. SAMPLE SYSTEM A typical stormwater management system intended to control both rainwater and wastewater in metropolitan areas is depicted in this diagram. Untreated stormwater is finally released into natural water bodies like Lake Ontario through storm outfalls after flowing into catch basins from driveways, roadways, and rooftops. In the meantime, household wastewater is sent to a wastewater treatment plant for processing via a different sanitary sewer system. The figure ensures efficient water management to stop flooding and preserve water quality by highlighting the differences between the sanitary sewage system and the storm drainage system. RELATED DESIGN CALCULATIONS I. Stormwater Drainage System Design Determine Rainfall Intensity (I) The intensity of rainfall (I) is based on historical data from PAGASA and varies by location. A typical design storm intensity for urban areas in the Philippines is 100 mm/hr. Stormwater Disposal Stormwater design aims to prevent flooding, erosion, and waterlogging by efficiently managing surface runoff. Key Calculations: The Rational Method Q = CiA Where: Q = peak runoff rate (cubic meters per second, m³/s) C = runoff coefficient (depends on surface type) i = rainfall intensity (mm/hr or m/hr) A = drainage area (hectares or m²) Runoff Coefficients (C) from NPCP Gutter Sizing Surface Type RUNOFF COEFFICIENT (C) For a 5.0 L/s stormwater flow, the recommended gutter width is: Concrete Roof 0.85 - 0.95 Width ≥ 150 mm (6 inches) Asphalt Pavement 0.70 - 0.95 A slope of 0.5% to 1.0% ensures efficient drainage. Gravel Surface 0.40 - 0.50 Grass/Soil 0.20 - 0.50 Example Calculation Selecting Downspout and Drainage Pipe Sizes For a roof area of 200 m², using C = 0.90 (concrete roof) and I = 100 mm/hr: Using NPCP storm drainage sizing tables: Q = 0.90 X 100 X 200 Flow Rate (L/s) Downspout Diameter (mm/inches) Convert mm/hr to L/s: 3.5 L/s 75 mm (3 inches) Q = 18000 / 3600 Q = 5.0 L/s 5.0 L/s 100 mm (4 inches) 10.0 L/s 150 mm (6 inches) For Q = 5.0 L/s, a 100 mm (4-inch) downspout is required. II. Sanitary (Sewage) Drainage System Design Selecting Pipe Sizes Computing Peak Discharge (Q) for Sewer Lines Sewage discharge is calculated based on fixture units (FU) Using NPCP drainage pipe sizing tables: Q = Total Units x Flow rate per FU (L/s) Pipe Diameter (mm) Capacity (L/s) Example Calculation: 50 mm (2") 0.6 L/s For a residential building with: Pipe Section Total FU 75 mm (3") 1.2 L/s Branch 1 9 FU 100 mm (4") 3.5 L/s Branch 2 9 FU Selecting Pipe Sizes for Sewer Lines Branch 3 (Main) 20 FU NPCP recommends: Pipe Diameter Minimum Slope (%) 100 mm (4") 1.0% (1 cm/m) 150 mm (6") 0.5% (0.5 cm/m) III. Septic Tank Design Septic Tank Compartments First Chamber: 50-60% of total volume (settling) Computing Required Septic Tank Second Chamber: 40-50% of total volume (digestion) Capacity Outlet pipe: 100 mm (4 inches) minimum Final Pipe Sizing Summary V= P×Q×T System Pipe Size Where: V = Required volume (L) Storm Drain 100 mm (4") downspouts P = Population served Q = Per capita wastewater flow (L/day) Sewer Main 100 mm (4") T = Retention time (typically 2 days) Vent Pipe 50 mm (2") For a 5-person household using 200 L/person/day: Septic Tank Inlet/Outlet 100 mm (4") V = 5 x 200 x 2 V = 2000L = 2 m^3 Using NPCP septic tank dimensions: Capacity (L) Length (m) Width (m) Depth (m) 2000 L 2.0 1.0 1.5 Thus, the required septic tank size is 2.0 m × 1.0 m × 1.5 m. ✔ Stormwater drainage system: Uses 100 mm (4-inch) downspouts for a 200 m² roof. ✔ Sanitary drainage system: Uses 100 mm (4-inch) sewer lines for 20 FU (1.4 L/s flow). ✔ Septic tank: Requires 2.0 m³ capacity for a 5-person household. Tools for Stormwater and Sewerage Calculations Software EPA SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) HEC-HMS/HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Modeling System) StormCAD/SewerCAD (River Analysis System) AutoCAD Civil 3D HydroCAD Spreadsheets Excel/Google SheetsFor basic formulas (Rational Method, Manning’s Equation). GIS Tools ArcGIS/QGIS Specialized Tools FlowMaster/CulvertMaste Field Instruments Flow Meters, Rain Gauges, Survey Equipment Standards Local manuals (e.g., DPWH, ASCE) and engineering handbooks. PAO APPLICATION (OPERATIONAL CONTROLS) The stormwater and sewerage disposal systems are designed to effectively collect and transport water through an interconnected network of drains and sewers. These systems channel stormwater and sewage to designated treatment facilities or natural outflows, ensuring efficient handling of urban runoff and waste. By directing these flows, they play a crucial role in urban water management, reducing the risk of waterlogging and protecting infrastructure. In addition to transport, these systems also focus on treatment and pollution control. Waste and contaminants are processed to meet environmental standards, ensuring safe disposal that minimizes ecological impact. These controls help prevent urban flooding by efficiently draining excess water during heavy rainfall and reduce the pollution of natural water bodies, protecting aquatic ecosystems and public health. PAO ADVANTAGES DIS-ADVANTAGES Flood Prevention: High Initial Costs: Minimizes the risk of urban flooding during heavy Requires significant investment in infrastructure rainfall by channeling water efficiently. development. Environmental Protection: Maintenance Requirements: Treats sewage to protect ecosystems and public Demands regular upkeep to avoid clogging and health. system failures. PAO ADVANTAGES DIS-ADVANTAGES Improved Public Hygiene: Overflows: Prevents the spread of diseases by properly Combined sewer systems can overflow during disposing of waste. heavy rain, leading to environmental hazards. Urban Planning Efficiency: Supports the development of modern urban infrastructure. PAO ADVANTAGES DIS-ADVANTAGES Economic Benefit: Pollution Risks: Reduces costs associated with flood damage and Inadequate maintenance can lead to water pollution cleanup. contamination of natural water sources. Ecosystem Balance: Maintains the natural flow and quality of water bodies by treating and safely discharging wastewater. FUTURE TRENDS Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS): These systems aim to manage rainfall close to where it falls, using techniques like green roofs, permeable pavements, and rain gardens to reduce runoff and improve water quality. Resource Recovery: Modern sewage systems are increasingly focusing on recovering resources such as energy, nutrients, and water from wastewater. Integrated Water Management: This approach combines the management of storm water, wastewater, and drinking water to optimize resource use and improve resilience to climate change. Smart Technologies: The use of sensors, IoT, and data analytics to monitor and manage water systems in real-time is becoming more prevalent.  RECOMMENDATIONS Adopt Green Infrastructure: Implementing green roofs, rain gardens, and permeable pavements can help manage storm water sustainably. Invest in Smart Technologies: Utilizing sensors and data analytics can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of water management systems. Promote Integrated Water Management: Coordinating the management of storm water, wastewater, and drinking water can optimize resource use and enhance system resilience. Focus on Resource Recovery: Developing systems that recover energy, nutrients, and water from wastewater can provide environmental and economic benefits. Q&A CONCLUSION The future of storm water and sewage disposal systems is evolving towards more sustainable, efficient, and resilient solutions. Urbanization and climate change are increasing the pressure on existing systems, leading to more frequent flooding and pollution issues. However, key trends such as Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), resource recovery, integrated water management, and the adoption of smart technologies are paving the way for innovative approaches to water management. Embracing green infrastructure, smart technologies, and integrated water management can significantly improve the sustainability and resilience of these systems. Investing in green infrastructure, smart technologies, and resource recovery, along with promoting integrated water management, can provide both environmental and economic benefits. By focusing on these areas, we can create more robust and adaptive water management systems that are better equipped to handle future challenges. REFERENCES https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response-research/stormwater-management https://www.gcelab.com/blog/what-is-stormwater-drainage-system/ https://www.mullerec.com/stormwater-maintenance/effective-stormwater-drain-design-principles/ https://testbook.com/civil-engineering/sewerage-system-types-and-components https://testbook.com/environmental-engineering/design-of-sewer  Paolo Pescador THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 0922 gwapu ku Paolo the tisoy Mintal lang pows SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 WHAT IS SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM? Designed to eliminate waste expelled from plumbing fixtures and other devices and transport it to an authorized disposal location in a safe and sanitary manner. Generally consists of: Horizontal branches Vertical Stacks Building Drain Building Sewer ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 DRAINAGE PIPING LAYOUT A drainage piping layout for a two- story residential building, showcasing the main drain, branch pipes, vertical stack, and other components with a professional drafting style. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 DRAINAGE PIPING LAYOUT: ISOMETRIC VIEW The isometric view of the drainage piping layout for a two-story residential building, illustrating the detailed 3D connections of main drains, vent stacks, branch pipes, and cleanouts. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 ADVANTAGES OF SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM Reduce Compliance with Property protection Improved regulations and environmental and improved convenience and public health hygiene impact functionality Prevention of Groundwater Mitigate structural Enhance soil erosion protection damage aesthetics ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 DISDVANTAGES OF SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM Maintenance Potential for System overload challenges and blockages and Aging during heavy infrastructure installation costs dependence on rainfall gravity Land use Energy Potential for pipe Limited resilience constraints consumption corrosion to climate change ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS SOIL PIPE A pipe that carries human waste and toilet paper from plumbing fixtures to the building drain or the sewer. It is typically larger in diameter than other drainage pipes and is connected to a ventilation system to prevent sewer gases from entering the building. Soil pipes are an essential component of sanitary plumbing systems. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 SOIL PIPE PRIMARY ATTRIBUTES Designed to carry human waste and wastewater from toilets and urinals. Typically made of durable materials like PVC, cast iron, or ABS. Larger diameter than other drain pipes, usually 3 to 4 inches. Connects to the main drainage system and often includes venting to prevent gas buildup. Installed with a slight slope to allow gravity- assisted flow. Resistant to corrosion and pressure from waste and fluids. Includes fittings for branches, bends, and cleanout points for maintenance access. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS VENT PIPE A vertical or sloping pipe that allows air to enter the drain system, preventing the siphoning of water traps and ensuring proper drainage. It also releases sewer gases safely above the building, typically through a roof outlet, preventing them from entering living spaces. Vent pipes are critical for maintaining the effectiveness and hygiene of the plumbing system. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 VENT PIPE PRIMARY ATTRIBUTES Allows air into the drainage system to balance air pressure and prevent vacuum formation. Releases sewer gases safely outside, typically through a roof outlet. Prevents water seals in traps from being siphoned away, maintaining a barrier against sewer gases. Connected to the drainage system without carrying solid or liquid waste. Typically made of PVC, ABS, or cast iron, similar to other plumbing pipes. Installed vertically to provide an unobstructed path for air and gas flow. Essential for the proper functioning of both residential and commercial plumbing systems. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS BUILDING DRAIN That part of the lowest horizontal piping of a drainage system which receives the discharge from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside the walls of the building and conveys it to the building sewer beginning 0.6 meter outside the building wall. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS Main Stack (Green Vertical Pipe). collects wastewater from various fixtures across multiple floors. divided into a soil stack for toilet waste and a waste stack for sinks, bathtubs, and other fixtures. Branch Drain Pipes (Horizontal Pipes) connect individual fixtures (toilets, sinks, washing machines) to the vertical stack. sloped to ensure gravity-driven wastewater flow. Traps (U-shaped Pipes) installed at each fixture to hold water and block sewer gases from entering the building. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS Vent Pipes extend above the roof to allow air into the system. prevent pressure imbalances and siphoning of water from traps. Building Drain collects wastewater from the main stack and horizontal pipes. connects to an external sewer or septic system for disposal. Slope in Pipes ensures continuous flow of wastewater by gravity, avoiding clogs and backflow. the system provides safe drainage, prevents sewer gas entry, and maintains proper air pressure for effective operation. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS BUILDING SEWER A part of the horizontal piping of a drainage system which starts from the end of the building drain and which receives the discharge of the building drain and conveys it to a public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage disposal system or other point of disposal. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS SANITARY SEWER A sanitary sewer is an underground system that collects and transports wastewater from buildings to treatment facilities. Sanitary sewers are specifically designed to carry wastewater from activities such as: - Toilets - Sinks - Showers and bathtubs - Dishwashers and washing machines gravity-driven wastewater flow, PRIMARY network of pipes connecting buildings to treatment plants ATTRIBUTES manholes for access pumping stations when needed. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS TRAP A fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF TRAP P TRAP U-shaped pipe that prevents sewer gas from entering your home. It's named for its shape, which resembles the letter "P" when viewed on its side. A P-trap is installed in plumbing systems that drain sinks, showers, and tubs. The P-trap's U-shaped bend collects water, creating a seal that prevents sewer gas from entering your home. The water seal is usually 1.5–2 inches. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF TRAP Q TRAP A plumbing fitting that creates a water seal to prevent odors and ensure efficient drainage. Q trap is designed to optimize the flow of waste and rainwater. It prevents clogs and ensures smooth drainage. Q traps are commonly used in bathrooms, kitchens, and sinks. They can be connected to shower areas and toilets if the branch line outlet is in the vertical position. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF TRAP S TRAP Prevents sewer gases from entering a building by trapping wastewater in an S-shaped pipe. No longer recommended for new construction and are generally prohibited by modern plumbing codes. The S-trap is a pipe that's bent into the shape of the letter "S". It's attached to a vertical pipe and leads to the drainage system. Creates a water seal that prevents sewer gases from rising through the drain. Traps wastewater before it drains into the sewer line. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF TRAP FLOOR TRAP A floor trap traps a small amount of water in a curved pipe. The water creates a seal that prevents sewer gases from flowing back up into the building. The trap also prevents large debris from entering the plumbing system. Floor traps are usually found in bathrooms and kitchens. They're often placed under sinks, showers, and other water fixtures. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF TRAP GULLY TRAP Gully traps are usually installed outside near kitchens, bathrooms, and laundries. A gully trap is a basin in the ground that connects to the home's drainage system and the main sewer line. The trap has a water seal in a U-shaped pipe that prevents sewer gases from traveling back up into the home. The trap also traps solids and debris to prevent clogs. The top of the trap is raised above ground level to prevent surface water, groundwater, and other foreign matter from entering the sewer. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF TRAP INTERCEPTING TRAP Prevents sewer gases from entering a building. It's usually installed at the junction of a house's sewer and the main sewer line. Intercepting traps create a water seal that prevents sewer gases from entering the building. The depth of the water seal determines the trap's effectiveness. The trap helps remove foul matter from the building's drains and into the sewer. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF TRAP BOTTLE TRAP A bottle trap is installed beneath a sink or wash basin. The trap holds a small amount of water in its base, which creates a water seal. The water seal prevents sewer gases from rising through the drain. The water seal also prevents sewage from flowing back into the basin. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS BACKFLOW PREVENTER Device or means to prevent flow of liquid from returning to the source of supply, called vacuum breaker. Backflow preventers are installed on pipes to allow water to flow in one direction. The valves open when the pressure on the main side is high, but close when the pressure on the inlet side drops. Backflow preventers are designed to prevent backflow even when water pressure changes.  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS Backflow preventers work by using one- way valves, also known as check valves, to allow water to flow in one direction. Pressure When the pressure on the main water supply is high, the valves open to allow water to flow in. Backpressure When the pressure on the inlet side drops below the outlet, the valves close BACKFLOW PREVENTER: to prevent water from flowing backward. Redundancy CONNECTION Backflow preventers often have multiple valves in pairs to ensure that if one valve fails, the other can still work. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS BACKPRESSUER BACKFLOW BACKSIPHONAGE Occurs due to an increased reverse The flowing back of used, pressure above the supply pressure. contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel into Due to pumps, boilers, gravity or a water supply pipe due to a other sources of pressure. negative pressure in such pipe. Occurs when the water pressure downstream of a pipe is higher than the water pressure upstream. Can cause non-potable water to flow back into the potable water system.  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF BACKFLOW PREVENTER TYPES OF BACKFLOW PREVENTER Double check valve assemblies Pressure vacuum breakers (PVBs) Double check (DCAs) detector Similar to atmospheric vacuum assemblies (DCDA) Two spring-loaded check breakers (AVBs), but have spring- valves that operate loaded check valves, an outlet shutoff Have two check independently. If one valve valve, and test valves. valves and a fails, the other can take over. detector Atmospheric vacuum breakers (AVBs) assembly that Reduced pressure zone can provide devices Easy to install and maintain, but are alerts or shut off not suitable for complex plumbing water if backflow Have two check valves and a systems. is detected. chamber that monitors outlet shutoff pressure. They also have a One of the safest backflow valve, and test drain to relieve excess preventers, but also one of the most valves. pressure. complex to install and maintain. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS HOW IT WORKS? Grease traps use baffles to slow down and control the flow of water. As wastewater enters the trap, grease rises to the top. Grease-free water exits the trap through piping at the bottom. GREASE Plumbing device that prevents grease, fats, and The trap fills with grease oils (FOG) from entering a wastewater system. from the top down. Also known as grease interceptors, grease When the grease level TRAP converters, and grease recovery devices. reaches a certain point, the Designed to retain grease from one to a maximum trap needs to be emptied. of tour fixtures. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS Also known as a sewer vent, is a pipe that allows fresh air into a home's plumbing system. It's installed at the bottom of the plumbing system, either before or after the building drain. When a toilet is flushed, water is run in the sink or shower, air flows through the fresh air inlet. The fresh air pushes wastewater FRESH AIR INLET out of the system into the sewer. The fresh air also pushes harmful sewer gases out. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS SOIL STACK Vertical pipes in a plumbing system that transport wastewater and sewage to the septic system or sewer. Carry solid waste, while waste stacks carry wastewater from sinks, showers, and other appliances. Often run parallel to each other, but they do not touch. Usually wider than waste stacks to allow solid waste to flow more easily. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS VENT SYSTEM Pipes installed to provide flow of air to or from a drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect traps seals from siphonage and back pressure. Regulates air pressure: Maintain the correct air pressure in the plumbing system. Allows waste-water to flow smoothly to the sewer system. Removes sewer gases: Remove sewer gases and odors from the building. Allows fresh air: Allows fresh air into the plumbing system. Prevents vacuum: Prevents a vacuum that can cause slow or no drainage.  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF VENT SYSTEM TYPES OF VENT SYSTEM Continuous Vent Dry Vent Relief Vent A continuous vent A vent that does A vertical vent line, the primary function of is vertical vent not carry liquid which is to provide additional circulation of that is a or water-borne air between the drainage and vent systems continuation of wastes. or to act as an auxiliary vent on a specially the drain to which designed system such as a ''yoke vent" the vent Dry vents are connection between the soil and vent stacks. connects. used to relieve negative air Main Vent It allows air to pressure in the flow into the plumbing system, It is the p1incipal artery of the venting system plumbing system, which helps to which vent branches are connected. which helps water water flow move through the smoothly through pipes. drains. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS FIXTURE BRANCH FIXTURE DRAIN The water supply pipe between the The drainpipe from the trap of a fixture to the junction of fixture supply pipe and the water- that drain with any other drainpipe. distributing pipe. a drainpipe that connects multiple fixture drains to a Part of a plumbing system that collects used water and major part of a plumbing system's waste from a fixture, such as a sink, shower, or tub. drain, waste, and vent (DWV) system. The drain line then carries the water to the main drain system, which connects to a septic tank or sewer line. A fixture branch collects waste from two or more plumbing fixtures The waste is then carried to a larger drain or stack The larger drain or stack may then carry the waste to the building's sewer ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS FIXTURE SUPPLY A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch. It is a tube that connects a plumbing fixture to the water supply. The supply tube carries water to the fixture, which can be a sink, toilet, bathtub, or shower. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | DEFINITION OF TERMS FLUSHOMETER TANK it is integrated within an air accumulator vessel which is designed to discharge a predetermined quantity of water into fixtures for flushing purposes. It uses pressurized water from the water supply system to flush a toilet or urinal. The tank uses a diaphragm to separate the water supply from a pressure chamber. When the flush lever is activated, the diaphragm opens a valve to allow water from the pressure chamber to flush the toilet. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPE SOIL PIPE Any pipe, which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the building drain or building sewer. Carries waste. Soil pipes transport waste water and solids from a building's upper floors to the underground drainage system. Releases gases. Soil pipes are vented to release harmful gases, like methane, that are produced by waste into the atmosphere. Maintains pressure. Soil pipes are vented to maintain atmospheric pressure in the drainage system. This prevents a vacuum from building up behind waste water, which could cause sewer gases to enter the building. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPE WASTE PIPE A pipe, which conveys only wastewater or liquid waste, free of fecal matter. also known as drainage pipes, move wastewater from sinks, showers, and other fixtures to a septic tank or sewer system. Gravity. Waste pipes are angled downward to use gravity to move waste. Vent pipes. Vent pipes provide air pressure to help water flow smoothly and prevent sewer gases from entering the building. Traps. Traps in the drainpipe collect dirty water and seal the pipe. Sewer line. The main sewer line carries wastewater to a septic tank or sewage treatment facility ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF SPECIAL DEVICES HOW IT WORKS? Surface water. Surface water from roads and car parks flows into the first chamber. Separation. Heavier solids sink to the bottom, while lighter contaminants like oil, grease, and petrol float to the top. Discharge. The remaining water flows through the system and is discharged to the sewer system. INTERCE A device designed and installed to separate and retain deleterious, hazardous or undesirable matters Contaminant removal. from normal wastes and permits Contaminants are removed from the PTORS normal sewage or liquid wastes to interceptor drain using methods like discharge into the disposal terminal pumping, skimming, or manual by gravity. cleaning. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF SPECIAL DEVICES VENT PIPE Allows air to enter drainpipes and release sewer gases. This helps to prevent clogs and slow drainage, and keeps your home's air safe and odor-free. A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals. Air enters. When water and waste move down a drain, air enters to fill the vacuum. Gases exit. As waste decomposes, it produces gases that need to be released. The vent pipe provides a path for these gases to flow out above the roof. Pressure is regulated. The vent pipe regulates the air pressure within your home's plumbing system. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF SPECIAL DEVICES SUMPS A device designed and installed to separate and retain deleterious, hazardous or undesirable matters from normal wastes and permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into the disposal terminal by gravity. HOW IT WORKS? Water from rain, groundwater, or leaks collects in the sump pit. A switch or pressure sensor detects when the water level rises. The sump pump turns on and pumps the water out of the pit. The water is redirected away from the home through a discharge line ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF SPECIAL DEVICES EJECTORS Also known as sewage ejector pumps, use a float switch to activate a pump that moves wastewater out of a home. The wastewater is then discharged into a septic tank or public sewer system. HOW IT WORKS? Wastewater flows into the basin from toilets, sinks, and laundry rooms A float in the basin rises as the wastewater level increases When the float reaches a certain height, it triggers the pump The pump pushes the wastewater up through a discharge pipe The wastewater enters the septic tank or sewer system The float lowers as the water level in the basin decreases, turning off the pump ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS ONE PIPE SYSTEM This is where waste pipes and soil pipes are connected to a common pipe that leads out into the sewerage system. In the case of a building with multiple floors, lavatories must be installed directly above one another with a vent connected to every trap to prevent them from being siphoned out. This system is more expensive than a single stack system. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS SINGLE STACK SYSTEM Plumbing system that uses a single vertical pipe to move wastewater and soil from multiple floors to a sewer system. It's often used in high-rise buildings. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS TWO PIPE SYSTEM Particularly good option when you are wanting to recycle wastewater to use in your garden. In this plumbing scenario, two vertical pipes are installed. One is connected to toilets and urinals in the building (soil pipe) and the other to basins, showers, washing machines (waste pipe). Each pipe has its own pipe vent leading waste gases up to the roof. The soil pipe is connected directly to the sewerage system and the waste pipe is connected via a trapped gully either to the storm water system or recycled for use in the garden. Since this system requires 4 pipes in total, it can be expensive. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS MULTI STACK SYSTEM Vertical pipe that runs from the roof to the foundation of a building, carrying wastewater and air to and from the sewer system. A multi-story building may have multiple plumbing stacks.  ENGINEERING GROUP 3 UTILITIES 2 TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM MULTI STACK SYSTEM Vertical pipe that runs from the roof to the foundation of a building, carrying wastewater and air to and from the sewer system. A multi-story building may have multiple plumbing stacks. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS COMBINED SYSTEM A combined sewer system collects both sewage and stormwater in the same pipes, which can overflow during heavy rain, discharging untreated water into natural bodies and causing pollution. These systems are being replaced or upgraded to separate systems to meet environmental regulations and protect water quality. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 | GROUP 3 | TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS PRESSURE SYSTEM A plumbing pressure system delivers water under constant pressure using pumps or similar mechanisms, ensuring immediate and consistent water flow to fixtures. Unlike gravity-fed systems, it does not rely on water tanks or gravity, providing strong and reliable performance for plumbing fixtures. ENGINEERING UT