Introduction To Kidney Physiology (I-16.3.2) PDF

Introduction to Kidney Physiology (I-16.3.2) Dr Hanan Siddeek Associate Professor of Physiology 2024 - 2025 Objectives By the end of this lecture, the student should be able to: Describe the kidney functions List the endocrine function of the kidney...

Introduction to Kidney Physiology (I-16.3.2) Dr Hanan Siddeek Associate Professor of Physiology 2024 - 2025 Objectives By the end of this lecture, the student should be able to: Describe the kidney functions List the endocrine function of the kidney Describe basic functions of the nephrons Outline the calcium and phosphate homeostasis Describe manifestations of disorders of kidney function Date : / 1/ 2018 Macrostructure of the kidney Nephron structure (1-2 millions per kidney) (Source: sites.google.com) Name different parts of the nephron Processes occurs in the nephrons Aff. Art. Eff. Art. Filtration Peritub. Cap. Reabsorption Secretion EX. Renal pelvis, ureter Transcellular transport Paracellular transport  Notes - The main function of the kidney is Homeostatic function - In renal failure, all disturbed renal functions can be corrected by dialysis (artificial kidney) EXCEPT Secretory function - In renal failure, there is: a) Hypertension. √ b) Weak, easily fractured bones. √ c) Anemia. √ d) Accumulation of waste products in the body. √ e) Acidosis. √  References: Guyton & Hall: Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Lippincotte Illustrated Reviews Physiology Introduction to Endocrine & Reproduction (I-16.3.2) Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen Associate Professor of Physiology 2024 - 2025 Objectives By the end of this lecture, the student should be able to: Recognize the different endocrine glands and describe their functions. Understand the role of the endocrine system in health and disease Date : / 1/ 2018 The endocrine system is made up of: Hypothalamus/pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid glands adrenal glands pancreas ovaries (in females) and testicles (in males) Pineal gland  Basic functions of the endocrine system The word endocrine derives from the Greek words "endo," meaning ‘’within’’, and "crinis” meaning ‘’to secrete’’ The endocrine system is the collection of glands producing hormones that regulate metabolism, tissue function, growth and development , sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.  Basic elements of the endocrine system Hypothalamo-pituitary complex Thyroid The endocrine pancreas Calcium homeostasis Adrenal system Growth hormone axis Reproductive axis  Hypothalamus & Pituitary Hypothalamus located in the lower central part of the brain important in regulation of satiety, metabolism, and body temperature secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of other hormones in the pituitary gland Pituitary Glands  Hypothalamus & pituitary Anterior pituitary – Growth hormone: Stimulates growth of bone and tissue and is also involved in emotional well-being.) – Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones – Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce steroid hormones – Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):Hormones that control sexual function and production of the sex hormones – Prolactin: Hormone that stimulates milk production in females Posterior pituitary – Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin): Controls water loss by the kidneys – Oxytocin: Contracts the uterus during childbirth and stimulates milk production  Thyroid gland located in the neck produces thyroid hormones that regulates metabolism plays a role in maintaining normal blood pressure and heart rate, bone growth, digestion, muscle tone, reproduction and development of the nervous system in children  The endocrine pancreas Secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate the level of glucose in the blood  Reproductive glands In males, the testes, secrete androgens that affect many male characteristics (for sexual development, growth of facial hair and pubic hair) as well as sperm production. In females, the ovaries, produce oestrogen and progesterone that control the development of female characteristics and reproductive functions  Adrenal glands located on top of each kidney – the adrenal cortex produces corticosteroids, to regulate metabolism, the balance of salt and water in the body, the immune system, and sexual function – adrenal medulla produces catecholamine's to help the body cope with physical and emotional stress by increasing the heart rate and blood pressure  Parathyroid glands two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland release parathyroid hormone, which plays a role in regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism  Common endocrine disorders Condition Incidence (per 1000) Diabetes mellitus 50 – 150 Thyroid disease 5 - 120 Prolactinoma 0.140 Acromegaly 0.003 Cushing’s disease 0.002 – 0.005 Severe Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) 0.067 Mild CAH 1.000  Growth hormone abnormality Growth hormone Acromegaly is growth Gigantism is excess Dwarfism is growth hormone excess that production of growth hormone deficiency occurs after the hormone before the in children , short epiphysis closure epiphysis closure stature  Thyroid Disorders Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism  References: Guyton & Hall: Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Lippincotte Illustrated Reviews Physiology