Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment Design Process PDF

Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment Lecture 2: Design Process M. Loomans Built Environment, BPS & SURE Overview 2 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Design process Who do you think designs a building? Based on what information is a building designed? How can...

Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment Lecture 2: Design Process M. Loomans Built Environment, BPS & SURE Overview 2 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Design process Who do you think designs a building? Based on what information is a building designed? How can we structure the process? https://alis.alberta.ca/occinfo/certifications-in-alberta/architect/ (visited 20230522) 3 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Learning objective Apply an integral and multi-disciplinary perspective when designing. References: - Reader info - Lecture slides 4 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Design process Set costs and performance Importance: 8% Paid 80% Determined Costs Actual costs Initiative Concept Detail Construction Operation Time 5 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  BUILDING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE VALUE-DOMAIN Design process BUILDING - protection - safety - health & Basic value comfort STUFF - spatial atmosphere building - human - production- Functional value Different ways to design a support - reliability building SPATIAL PLAN building - organization - aesthetics Local value building - community SERVICES Approach developed by - energy- & Ecological value water consumption Paul Rutten - material usage - emissions Strategisch bouwen/ontwerpen - SKIN - waste building - environment Designing strategically - changeability Strategic value building - time STRUCTURE Rutten, P. G. S. (1996). Strategisch bouwen. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven - initial costs / Economical value market value Complex and (https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/strategisch-bouwen; in Dutch). Mallory-Hill, S. M. (2004). Supporting strategic design of workplace environments - operational costs Dynamic with case-based reasoning. [Phd Thesis 1 (Research TU/e / Graduation TU/e), Built building - owner Environment]. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR578523 6 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Building Evaluation Domain model Human system level determines value of building Building systems level supplies the performance (value) Architectural systems level levels for design decisions 7 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Basic value Human systems level people Functional Value framework Ecological value value building derives its total value based environmental organisation on the quality of its relationship with its human environment community Local value time Not only the user of the building… Strategical value Economical owner value 8 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Building systems level Layers of Building Change A building needs maintenance, but not at the same time interval Level Typical life-time Stuff 3 Space plan 7 Services 15-25 Skin 50 Brand, S. (1994). How Buildings Learn - What Happens After They’re Built. New York: Viking Penguin. Stuff == furnishing etc. Structure 300 Services == ventilation, heating, cooling, lighting, etc. Skin == façade Site ? Structure == construction 9 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Building systems level Layers of Building Change A building needs maintenance, but not at the same time interval Level Typical life-time Stuff 3 Space plan 7 Services 15-25 Skin 50 Brand, S. (1994). How Buildings Learn - What Happens After They’re Built. New York: Viking Penguin. Structure 300 Site ? 10 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Architectural systems level Architectural dimension Architectural dimension or detail in which decision-making is taking place 11 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Human systems level Stakeholders Individual occupants Organization & groups The acute patient The chronic patient The fast patient Owners Community Global community Future users & contexts The owner/financer The employees The local residents Hospital design context 12 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Human systems level Values Legal Minimum Value-Drivers Basic value Stakeholders building - people Functional value Individual occupants building - organization Organization & groups Local value Value drivers Owners can increase the Community building - community success of a Ecological value building in a Global community certain context building - environment Future users & contexts Strategical value building - time Economical value building - owner 13 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Architectural systems level Functional levels building Built environment workstation workroom floor Integrated design Decisions per level Maximum freedom for lower level 14 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Design – focus based on value drivers organisation people owner Functional value Economical value Basic value building Built environment workstation workroom floor Ecological value Strategical value Local value environment time community 15 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Design Values Level Focus Evaluation Options Focus Focus Focus Postpone final design decision as long as possible (iterative process) Decide based on evaluation alternatives of integrated total concepts 16 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Design DIVERGE Ideas CONVERGE Evaluate and make choices 17 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Scenario’s Example Cooling systems (office) Current system: Ceiling induction units Cooled ceiling (water Floor cooling Air system with partly (air/water system). system). (water system) ceiling fancoils Cooling loads 40-80 W/m2 Cooling loads till 80-100 Cooling loads till 60 W/m2 loads W/m2 18 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Air system Ceiling induction Cooled ceiling Floor cooling Scenario’s Evaluation basic values - Mixed air, no radiant - Mixed air, no radiant + Large radiant part; no + Large radiant part; no part; Draught risk part; draught complaints draught complaints Thermal comfort 0 Air temperature gradient Air quality 0 Forced recirculation, 0 Forced recirculation, + No air recirculation + No air recirculation with filtering no filtering. Dust. - Fans - Noise from unit that + Limited noise + Limited noise Noise may be annoying production production Individual control 0 Limited options 0 Limited options 0 Limited options 0 Limited options (slow response) 19 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Scenario’s Conventional facade Climate facade 2nd skin facade Example Façade systems (high rise office building) 1. Single pane glass (not insulating) 4 2. Sun shading 1 3. Double/tripple glazing (insulating) 4. Openable window 2 3 3 5. Convector (to compensate down 6 draught) 5 6. Naturally ventilated cavity 20 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Scenario’s Façade systems (office) Vertigo climate façade double skin façade 21 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Scenario’s (Heating situation) Evaluation basic, economical, local values Façade Conventional façade, fixed Climate facade 2nd skin façade alternatives inside sun shading Criteria Expression 0 0 + Standard solution Not visible from outside High Tech clearly visible Health & Comfort 0 + ++ Thermal Comfort Radiant heating/cooling Reduced radiant heat Reduced radiant cooling Glare Focus on low sun positions exchange as cavity air since air temperature can be needed temperature == room air set in 2nd skin façade Individual control + 0 ++ Sun shading possible, opening Sun- and light shading Complete changes possible windows high rise more possible, no open windows including opening windows difficult Costs ++ 0 -- 22 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Integrated Thinking Three main drivers for integration Values: Why? Goal integration Concept: What? Functional integration Artefact: How? Physical integration 23 Healthy 2 and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design process 3  Goal integration Everybody (preferably all stakeholders) together at the same time towards a common goal. 24 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Goal integration Everybody (preferably all stakeholders) together at building the same time towards a common goal. Key success factors 25 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Goal integration Ecological value environment Efficient Sustainable owner Economical value Local value community Aestethics Ken Yeang Shanghai Armoury Tower 26 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Goal integration Strategic value Functional value time organisation https://www.nbd-online.nl/product/181246-vloeren-beton-cellenbeton-en-keramisch Flexible Productive Example of distribution principle VOORBEELD VAN PRINCIPE DISTRIBUTIE Schacht Schacht https://korrubel-afbouw.nl/afbouw/systeemplafonds/ 27 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Integrated Thinking Three main drivers for integration Values: Why? Goal integration Concept: What? Functional integration Artefact: How? Physical integration 28 Healthy 2 and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design process 8  Functional integration Services Develop design concepts Goal: e.g. comfort and building systems that together support the Function: intended functions. Construction e.g. cooling Façade 29 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Functional integration Example for cooling: Openable façade allows for natural ventilation Radiant panels allow for cooling Open thermal mass construction allows for storage of heat during the day Ventilation near occupant, allows for local control 30 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Integrated Thinking Three main drivers for integration Values: Why? Goal integration Concept: What? Functional integration Artefact: How? Physical integration 31 Healthy 3 and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design process 1  Physical integration It should fit in the building… Individual product requirements as a result of that (size, position) It should be aligned in the construction process (when, where, how) Architect Building Physicist Others 32 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process  Physical integration It should fit in the building… Individual product requirements as a result of that (size, position) It should be aligned in the construction process (when, https://entropic.ie/product/at4-f-modular-unit/ where, how) https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Combined-air-handling-unit-for-HVAC_60485763975.html 33 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Design DIVERGE Ideas CONVERGE Evaluate and make choices 34 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Design Towards final design Concepts Think in variants Design strategies Value-drivers Project Time 35 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Learning objective Apply an integral and multi-disciplinary perspective when designing. Concepts: Human system level, Building system level, Architectural system level Value framework, functional level, design process Integral thinking (goal, functional, physical) 36 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Overview 37 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Design Process Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment Lecture 3: Indoor Environmental Quality M. Loomans Built Environment, BPS & SURE Overview 2 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) What % of your time you spend indoors? How important is saving energy for you? How important is health for you? How well do you sleep? 3 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) To what value-driver is the IEQ most related? (think about the value framework!) Basic Value… What is IEQ all about? 4 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Learning objective Appreciate and familiarize yourself with the concept and importance of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and learn about schemes that are used in practice to ensure a good integration of IEQ in a building design and that can help you to ensure a good design from the user's perspective. References: - Reader info - Lecture slides 5 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality  Indoor environment Relevance: We spend ~90% of our lifetime in indoor environments Dwelling daily School exposure Office Health care Everywhere where we are inside… IEQ encompasses We = thermal air quality aural visual Vecteezy.com https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/different-multiracial-people- headshots-portraits-square 6 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor environment Relevance: IEQ influences Health, Comfort, Performance IEQ Health Physiological (e.g. overheating) Short-term (e.g. infection, allergy) Long-term (e.g. carcinogenic, cardiovascular) 7 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor environment Relevance: IEQ influences Health, Comfort, Performance IEQ Comfort https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.02.016 Perception… Thermal comfort definition (ASHRAE 55-2023): Similar assessments for: “that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal - Air quality - Visual comfort environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation” - Aural comfort (acoustics) 8 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor environment Relevance : IEQ influences Health, Comfort, Performance IEQ Performance Productivity, Sleep quality, Learning outcomes, Product/process performance https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12435 9 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor environment Relevance : IEQ influences IEQ Performance https://www.theguardian.com/environme nt/2023/feb/02/air-pollution-causes-chess- players-to-make-bigger-mistakes-study- finds 10 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality  Őtzi the Iceman Indoor environment Sometimes a dilemma… Ötzi died ca. 5000 years ago in the alps Found in a glacier in the alps in 1980s Now in museum Bolzano With no outdoor polution at that time, was he living in a healthy (indoor) environment? https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02562-0 11 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality  Őtzi the Iceman Indoor environment Sometimes a dilemma… Apparently not, he was found to have pitch- black lungs. Why? Due to years of exposure to smoke from fires in caves that provided thermal comfort… It resembles the potential for CO-poisoning (in the past) due to open gas stoves in homes. 12 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor environment Relevance : IEQ influences Health, Comfort, Performance Energy demand 2020: energy use for the construction and operation of buildings was 36% of the global demand. United Nations Environment Programme (2021). 2021 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction: Towards a Zero-emission, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector. Nairobi 13 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor environment Relevance : IEQ influences >60% for heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting… HVAC = Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/energy/files/hvac-factsheet-energy-breakdown.pdf 14 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor environment Relevance : IEQ influences Health, Comfort, Performance Energy demand Circularity (material use) 15 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor environment Relevance : IEQ influences Material emissions Biobased materials Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Examples Expanded cork: For wall finishing/insulation Expanded cork: For wall finishing Qualification and quantification of VOC emissions from (biobased) building materials: method and experiments. de Kort, J. M. A. (Author). 30 Aug 2022 (Graduation thesis TU/e) https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0048969720321707-gr1.jpg 16 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor environment Relevance : IEQ influences Health, Comfort, Performance Energy demand Circularity (material use) “Thus, currently recommended levels of outdoor air supply may be associated with significant morbidity, and lost productivity on a national scale could be as much as $22.8 billion per year [in the US].” https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0668.2000.010004212.x 17 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor environment What is IEQ all about? A narrow perspective: (Physical) health and comfort 18 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor environment What is IEQ all about? But it does address more than that… e.g. mental health, ease of use, maintenance, … 19 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Indoor environment What is IEQ all about? … and many performance indicators can be linked to that. … but how to determine requirements? 20 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Netherlands Building decree Obligatory Performance based Health, safety Energy Not comfort… Minimum requirements Aim for better! Other countries have their own regulations (not always performance based) 21 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality https://rijksoverheid.bouwbesluit.com/Inhoud/docs/wet/bb2012 Netherlands From Jan 1st, 2024, onwards Besluit bouwwerken leefomgeving (Bbl) https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/omgevingswet [Decree building constructions and living environment] Part of the ‘Omgevingswet’ [Law on the environment/surroundings] The Bbl mainly includes the ‘old’ building decree, with some additional regulations. Each country has its own requirements. In Europe, some aspects are aligned at the European level, such as energy performance standards. This also indirectly relates How? to the indoor environment. - Temperature - Ventilation 22 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality (Inter)national Standards, guidelines e.g. ISO (international) ASHRAE (international) ISSO (Netherlands) Three examples for thermal comfort requirements 23 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality https://rijksoverheid.bouwbesluit.com/Inhoud/docs/wet/bb2012 Netherlands Program of Requirements (PoR) Healthy Offices Fresh Schools Healthy Dwellings Long-term care Facilities 24 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality PoR point-of-departure Indicators Air quality, Thermal comfort, Visual comfort and Acoustical comfort Formulated as performance requirements (not solutions!) Three classes: C: Building decree (approximately) B: Better quality for health and comfort A: High quality, [for dwellings] focused on special groups, e.g., elderly 25 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality https://rijksoverheid.bouwbesluit.com/Inhoud/docs/wet/bb2012  Room type Living room Bedroom Bathroom Indicator PoR Healthy DwellingsAIR QUALITY Kitchen Study room Hall and stairs CO2 concentration & air X X change Air exhaust X Y Indicators per room type, as Purge ventilation X Y different use Humidity X Fungi & bacteria X X Y VOC X X X Combustion gases X X X Particulate matter X X X Hygiene ventilation system NA NA NA Asbestos X X X Legionella NA NA NA CLIMATE Comfort Winter X Y Z Comfort Summer & X Y Z intermediate season X,Y,Z different performance requirements Draft X X X (Selection of indicators) Local thermal comfort X X X (other) LIGHT Daylight transmission X X Y 26 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Glazing X X X  PoR Healthy Dwellings Example CO2 27 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality  CLIMATE Class C - SUFFICIENT Class B - GOOD Class A -VERY GOOD extra as compared to class C extra as compared to class B Comfort Winter PoR Healthy Dwellings Living room, Kitchen  The opera ti ve tempera ture ca n be s et ma nua l l y  The opera ti ve tempera ture ca n be s et ma nua l l y  The opera ti ve tempera ture ca n be s et ma nua l l y between 16 - 23 °C. between 16 - 24 °C. between 16 - 24 °C.  The des i red end tempera ture ca n be control l ed  The des i red end tempera ture ca n be control l ed  < wi thi n a ba ndwi dth of +/- 1 K. wi thi n a ba ndwi dth of +/- 0.5 K.  The a bove requi rement rega rdi ng ma nua l re-  <  300 kWh (1 month) Δm3 gas> 100 m3 (1 month) Monthly mean outdoor temperature [oC] Monthly mean outdoor temperature [oC] 35 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Effect user behavior 10 similar dwellings 10 different families living in these dwellings 10 different outcomes wrt performance IEQ is not one-size fits all, it is personal… …and it affects the energy demand 36 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Learning objective Appreciate and familiarize yourself with the concept and importance of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and learn about schemes that are used in practice to ensure a good integration of IEQ in a building design and that can help you to ensure a good design from the user's perspective. Concepts: Importance of IEQ in the built environment/buildings Performance indicators in relation to IEQ Regulation, standards, guidelines, program of requirements 37 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Overview 38 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Environmental Quality Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment Lecture 4: Thermal Comfort M. Loomans Built Environment, BPS & SURE Overview 2 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort How are you feeling now? Do you find this…? How would you prefer to be now? ISO. 2019. ISO 10551: Ergonomics of the physical environment — Subjective judgement scales for assessing physical environments. Geneva 3 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Learning objective Describe the relevant thermal comfort concepts and understand how these concepts can be applied when designing a building and its effect on the building design. References: - Reader info - Lecture slides 4 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Relevance: We heat and cool our buildings so that we can live in a thermally acceptable indoor environment. And we spend a lot of energy doing that... https://seniorcareopt.com/uncategorized/seniors-overheating/ https://suttonbros.com/why-is-my-furnace-blowing-out-cold-air/ 5 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Relevance: We heat and cool our buildings so that we can live in a thermally acceptable indoor environment. And we spend a lot of energy doing that... What is thermal comfort? “that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation” ASHRAE 55-2023 6 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort  Thermal comfort Relevance: Beyond thermal comfort, we see a growing problem of overheating in summer, due to global warming, which causes heat stress and affects the health of vulnerable people. All ages 80+ years ~factor 10 adaptation (c) The regional heat-related mortality rate (deaths per million) aggregated over the year of 2023 for the overall The cumulative relative risk of death for the overall population in the population and (d) people aged 80+. counterfactual periods in the 23 European countries for which data were available since the year 2000 Graphs taken from Figure 1 from Gallo et al. 2024 Gallo, E., Quijal-Zamorano, M., Méndez Turrubiates, R.F. et al. (2024) Heat-related mortality in 7 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health. Nature Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03186-1 Thermal comfort Physiological approach Adapted from Hensel (1981) h Hensel, H. (1981) Thermoreception and Temperature Regulation, Monogr. of the Phys. Soc. No.38, Academic Press, London, United Kingdom. 8 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Physiological approach Influencing factors: Environmental Air temperature Relative humidity Mean radiant temperature Air velocity 9 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Physiological approach Influencing factors: Environmental Metabolism W/m2 met Air temperature Physical activity Lying 46 0.8 Relative humidity Relaxed sitting 58 1.0 Mean radiant temperature Relaxed standing 70 1.2 Air velocity Sitting activity (office, residence, school, laboratory) 70 1.2 Personal Standing activity (shopping, 93 1.6 laboratory, light industry) Physical activity of the human occupant Standing activity (shop assistant, (metabolism) domestic work, machine work) 116 2.0 10 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Physiological approach Influencing factors: Environmental Air temperature Clothing Rcl Relative humidity m2K/W clo Mean radiant temperature Nude 0 0 Short 0.015 0.1 Air velocity Summer clothing: underwear, long light pants, Personal shirt with short sleeves. Light socks and shoes 0.08 0.5 Physical activity of the human occupant Light working clothing: light underwear, shirt with long sleeves, long pants, woollen socks, shoes 0.11 0.7 (metabolism) Winter clothing: underwear, shirt with long 0.16 1 Thermal resistance of the clothing (clo) sleeves, colbert or sweeter, thick socks, shoes (the temporal nature of the exposure) > we generally assume steady state 11 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort h Warm discomfort: rate of sweating Cold discomfort: skin temperature 12 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort What is the right temperature? Does the building decree tell us? No… Is there one right temperature? Variation in activity, clothing,… Variation in people… Only for an individual, given its activity, clothing, history, etc. How do we know it is the right temperature? Ask (survey) 13 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort How to design with thermal comfort in mind? 1. Heat balance approach: a method for the calculation of steady state thermal comfort obtained from climate chamber research 2. Adaptive approach: a relation for steady state thermal comfort derived from studies in the field Radiation Convection Evaporation 14 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Heat balance approach Radiation H - Edif - Esw - Eres - Cres = R + C Fanger (1970): Convection Balance necessary condition, but not sufficient… For thermal comfort sweat rate (Esw) and skin temperature (Tsk) should be within limits. Evaporation How to find the relation between thermal comfort H = metabolism (internal heat production) (acceptable Esw and Tsk) and activity level, clothing insulation dif = diffusion and environmental conditions? sw = sweat res = respiration 15 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Climate chamber studies Expose subjects to environmental conditions Fixed clothing Fixed activity Vary the conditions, clothing resistance and activity For each situation Measure conditions (Tair, Tmrt, RH, v) Ask perceived thermal sensation (Thermal Sensation Vote) PMV-model Predicted Mean Vote (PMV; derived by Fanger) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.07.008 16 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort PMV-model Online tool: https://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/EN Input Remarks: Often Tair and Tmrt assumed equal Toperative ≈ (Tair+Tmrt)/2 Air speed low Color bands (green): three classes standard 17 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort PMV-model Predicted Mean Vote (PMV; derived by Fanger) PMV > Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) 18 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort PMV-model Sensitivity parameters Predicted Mean Vote (PMV; derived by Fanger) PMV > Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) Metabolism and clothing much more sensitive as compared to relative humidity constant values when variable is not changed 19 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Adaptive approach People in buildings have options to adapt to the thermal environment. I.e. the thermal environment in a building is not a climate chamber, with no options to change activity, clothing, … Types of adaptation: Behavioral Physiological Psychological 20 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Types of adaptation: Behavioral − Actions taken to change thermal conditions − Actions taken to deal with thermal conditions Physiological ─ E.g. change in sweating rate, vasomotion Psychological ─ Expectations/experiences for a building 21 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort  Air temperature Thermal comfort Globe temperature Air velocity Relative humidity Adaptive approach Global field-study on the relation between thermal comfort and temperatures 22 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Adaptive approach Global field-study on the relation between thermal comfort and temperatures I.e. Only temperature (often only Tair) is used & perceived response from the occupant Implicitly assumed that adaptation has taken place (e.g. activity, clothing, …), but also physiological and psychological 23 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort  Thermal comfort Adaptive approach buildings without mechanical cooling (air-conditioning) Running mean external temperature (θrm) θ𝑟𝑟𝑚𝑚= (1/(1+𝛼𝛼+𝛼𝛼2))·(θ𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑑−1+𝛼𝛼∙θ𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑑−2+𝛼𝛼2∙θ𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑑−3) θ𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑑−1 = daily mean outdoor temperature previous day, etc. 𝛼𝛼 = constant (value 0.8) Mean outdoor temperature = (θday, max+ θday,min)/2 24 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Adaptive-model Online tool: https://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/EN Input Remarks: Often Tair and Tmrt assumed equal Toperative ≈ (Tair+Tmrt)/2 Air speed low Color bands (green): three classes standard 25 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Asymmetric (non-uniform) thermal comfort General thermal comfort Assumption: symmetric (uniform) conditions (temperature, velocity) What if not? Asymmetric radiant fields Warm or cold floors Draught Again, climate chamber studies… Example draught (https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(88)90053-9) 26 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Asymmetric (non-uniform) thermal comfort Draught-risk = Percentage Dissatisfied Remark: Example draught (https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(88)90053-9) Turbulence intensity: TI = 100%*(vstdev/vmean) 27 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort How to design with thermal comfort in mind? 1. Heat balance approach: a method for the calculation of steady state thermal comfort obtained from climate chamber research 2. Adaptive approach: a relation for steady state thermal comfort derived from studies in the field Radiation Convection Evaporation 28 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Dwellings Which model to use? Several adaptation options Clothing Activity Location in dwelling Air movement … No active cooling > adaptive model > or, e.g., program of requirements Healthy Dwellings (example) 29 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort  Thermal comfort Dwellings Which model to use? No active cooling > adaptive model But much more adaptation options Why? Clothing Activity Location in dwelling Air movement … 30 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Design consideration Incorporate adaptive opportunities in buildings > Affects behavioral adaptation Potential adaptive possibilities are: Openable Windows Exterior doors Interior doors Thermostats Curtains/light blinds Local heating appliances Local fans (ceiling or table-top) Part of cover page PhD thesis Atze Boersta, 2016, TU/e 31 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Design consideration Physiological adaptation Allow variation in temperature. Psychological adaptation Let temperature changes be understandable for the occupants on the basis of the type of building and the outside temperature. For naturally ventilated, mixed-mode building easier to achieve… 32 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Does the adaptive opportunity work? An example for a thermostat… Heating example (upward adjustment thermostat) Thermostat put on Thermostat put on This one seems to operate well This one doesn’t… 33 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort Does it work? So, make sure that it [red. the adaptive opportunity] works… How to determine/assess that, in other courses. Some further design guidance provided in the reader. Connects also to energy demand (optimization) 34 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Learning objective Describe the relevant thermal comfort concepts and understand how these concepts can be applied when designing a building and its effect on the building design. Concepts: Thermal comfort models Heat balance approach (Predicted Mean Vote) Adaptive approach > types of adaptation Asymmetric (non-uniform) thermal conditions 36 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Overview 37 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Thermal Comfort Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment Lecture 5: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) M. Loomans Built Environment, BPS & SURE Overview 2 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Thinking about your highschool classroom. How was the air quality at the end of a lecture? When/where is IAQ an issue of concern? 3 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Bottles of water per day How many bottles of air per day? Example from dr. Hailin Zheng 4 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)  3 ~15000 bottles 15000 ~90% indoors 5 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Is this good or bad? The answer follows later… CO2 sensor; concentration expressed in ppm (parts per million) 6 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Learning objective Describe the relevant concepts and its indicators in relation to indoor air quality and understand the way to maintain the indoor air quality with the help of ventilation. References: - Reader info - Lecture slides 7 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Types of contamination Human body (CO2, bioeffluents) Human activities (cooking, smoking, …) Furniture (emission chemical compounds) Materials (emission chemical compounds) https://discountdepotsupply.com/ Outdoor (combustion products, pollen, …) https://kassa-bnnvara.cdn.prepr.io/w_1250,h_703,q_100/1hjllz0fqs93- sigaretten-20221125.jpg 8 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Concentration of contaminants If only production (emission) than concentration will increase continuously Solution: 1. Remove source when possible 2. Ventilate Working principle: Clean air provided into the room Polluted air exhausted Note: Ventilation is continuous! Infiltration through leakages is not ventilation! 9 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Concentration of contaminants Steady state: balance in time In + production = out ̇ 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑀𝑀̇ = 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 ̇ 𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀̇ 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖 = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 + 𝑉𝑉̇ 𝑉𝑉̇ ̇= air volume flow (also called: ventilation flow rate) [m3/s] Ce = substance concentration outside [kg/m3] Ci = substance concentration inside [kg/m3] 𝑀𝑀̇ ̇ = source strength [kg/s] 10 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Concentration of contaminants Ci (concentration indoor) known, but what value is good or bad? Guidelines, e.g., WHO But only a selected number of contaminants Many unknown… 11 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329 Concentration of contaminants CO2 concentration often used as reference (proxy) for IAQ. Why? Is produced at a known rate by humans (as function of activity – metabolism; but also age/male-female) In many cases most important source (e.g., classroom, office, bedroom) Dutch Building Decree assumes a CO2 concentration of 1200 ppm as sufficient Other guidelines aim for lower values, e.g., 900 ppm or 750 ppm Note: (1) at these concentrations CO2 is not regarded a contaminant that affects the health, (2) outdoor CO2-concentration (background) is ~400-450 ppm. So, the presence of persons results in an extra concentration of 1200 - 450 = 750 ppm. (3) as other contaminants not covered, CO2 better linked with ventilation rate than IAQ in general. 12 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329  Concentration of contaminants But sometimes other sources that are more important, e.g., PM when cooking! WHO IAQ guideline PM2.5 Time 4000 cd/m2) Too high luminance contrasts (L > 1:40 for daylight) Glare can be direct but also indirect via reflections Discomfort Glare Disability Glare 34 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Brightness Contrast (Luminance) 𝐿𝐿0 − 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏 𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 TU/e Lmax TU/e TU/e TU/e TU/e TU/e TU/e Lmin 35 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Typical values Typical Values for Luminance Case Luminance Sun 1.65*109 cd/m2 Pain threshold 1*105 cd/m2 White paper (ρ = 0.8, E = 400 lx) 100 cd/m2 Moonscape 0.01 cd/m2 Threshold for vision 1*10-5 cd/m2 36 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment  Color properties of white light CCT, correlated color temperature (Kelvin) CRI, color rendering index (-) Temperature of a black-body radiator How well a light source renders that emits light similar to the colors. Value between 0-100 light source. 0 = Worst and 100 = Perfect Image credit: Brenton Patrick Mauriello (via Wikimedia Commons) 37 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Dynamic Daylight – Correlated Color Temperatures Correlated Color Sky condition temperature 3 200 K Sunrise / sunset 5 500 K Average daylight / sunny day around noon 6 500-7 500 K Cloudy sky 8 000 K Foggy sky 9 000-12 000 K Blue sky 20 000 K Deep blue sky 38 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Luminance distribution and Adaptation Distribution of light Fitting the activities Luminance ratios in the work space 1000 Rule of thumb: workspace 1:3:10 Daylight opening 1:3:10:40 Electric lighting 1:3:10:20 100 300 39 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Luminance distribution and Adaptation Adaptation to a visual environment 20-30 min from bright to complete darkness 5 min from complete darkness to bright daylight Rods are more sensitive than cones 40 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment View Quality of view contains following elements: Ground (people, activity) Sky Landscape 41 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Light for health Detrimental impact on the user Circadian alignment Vision loss (don’t look in too powerful radiant sources) Light for safety 42 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Circadian alignment Sleep/wake Seasonal affective disorder (winter depression) 44 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Circadian alignment ipRGC Rod Cones 1 3 2 1. Visual cortex Vision 2. Supra Chiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Non-image forming 3. Pineal gland 45 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Circadian alignment Third photoreceptor, ipRGC (2001 discovered) max. 480 nm 1,0 Melatonin* suppression Relative spectral sensitivity 0,8 Rods (max. 507 nm) 0,6 Cones (max. 555 nm) 0,4 ipRGC (max. 480 nm) 0,2 0 300 400 500 600 700 800 * Night hormone Wavelength in nm 46 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Vision loss Laser Sunlight 47 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Light for safety e.g. road lighting, traffic light, emergency light 48 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Summary User approach Visual comfort and well-being Health Amount of light on task (Illuminance) Detrimental impact on the user Brightness (Luminance) Circadian alignment Glare Vision loss Contrast Light for safety Color of light (CRI and CCT) Luminance distribution and Adaptation View Light dynamics 49 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Second lecture Quality criteria How to Design for dwellings determine strategies 50 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment  Quality criteria healthy dwellings Daylight availability (Daylightfactor, DF) Glazing (Luminous transmittance, τ) View (Elements in view) Direct sunlight (amount of solar radiation on façade) Solar and brightness control Based on the Document ‘List of requirements healthy dwellings 2022’ in Dutch. Programma van Eisen Gezonde Woningen 2022, https://www.binnenklimaattechniek.nl/document/publicatie-programma-van-eisen-gezonde- woningen-2022/) NEN EN 170370-2018 51 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Daylight availability Quality Criteria: Living Area a DF of 5.2% (minimum 2.1%) for at least 50% of the floor area. Other areas e.g. bathroom, corridors, DF of at least 3.5% for at least 50% of the floor area. When assuming worst case situation an Eoutdoors of 10.000 lx, the Epoint should be at least 210-520 lx for 50% of the floor area. 52 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Daylight Factor (DF) Eh. 𝐸𝐸𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 𝐸𝐸ℎ Ep 𝐸𝐸ℎ,𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 𝐸𝐸ℎ,𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 53 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment  1 + 2 sin 𝛾𝛾 Daylight Factor 𝐿𝐿 𝛼𝛼, 𝛾𝛾 = 3 𝐿𝐿𝑧𝑧 DF mostly determined for CIE 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1.19 𝐿𝐿𝑧𝑧 = 90 2 + 9630 2 sin 𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠 Overcast sky = ‘worst case 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 situation’ 𝐿𝐿𝑧𝑧 Luminance gradient (Horizon: Zenith 1:3) 𝐿𝐿(𝛼𝛼, 𝛾𝛾) The diffuse light of a fully overcast sky does not cause any shadows, and therefore orientation is not 𝐸𝐸ℎ important. 𝐿𝐿0 𝐸𝐸𝑣𝑣 54 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Daylight Factor (DF) 𝐸𝐸𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 𝐸𝐸ℎ Eh. Ep DFSC = Sky component of the daylightfactor DFext = External-reflected component DFint = Internal-reflected component 56 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Project S, test DF of your scale model! Make reservation at reception desk Vertigo floor 1, of the ‘Lichtkamer’ & luxmeter. Tip: Use correct (interior) colors material, Correct for lack of glass in your model (luminous transmittance) Add obstructions if there are any 57 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Design strategies to increase daylight availability Urban planning (location) Reduce obstruction outdoors Architectural planning Position and size of the window openings Space planning Bright indoor environments 58 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Urban planning Daylight obstructions: Other Buildings Vegetation and other elements of urban planning Atria Fixed building elements, e.g. architectural sun shading such as Overhangs Balconies Canopies 59 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment  Architectural planning Position of daylight opening in the facade http://jandiepens.nl/varbook/index.htm 60 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment  Architectural planning Position of daylight opening Improve balance http://jandiepens.nl/varbook/index.htm 61 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment  Architectural planning Position of daylight opening heigh in façade Better balance http://jandiepens.nl/varbook/index.htm 62 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment  Architectural planning Position of daylight opening heigh in façade Better balance http://jandiepens.nl/varbook/index.htm 63 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Architectural planning Position of daylight opening Façade (average DF, 3.2%) Roof (average DF, 7.8%) 64 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Architectural planning 3 Position of daylight opening Roof named skylights 1 CIE Overcast sky Overcast skies have high zenith luminance  skylight: More daylight per glass area  As a result: Higher uniformity But hardly a view Not possible for every floor 65 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment The orientation of the windows influences the total amount of daylight indoors? A. True B. False 66 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Architectural planning Types of skylights 67 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment  Space planning Color of the room surfaces 𝜌𝜌 = 0.7 𝜌𝜌 = 0.1 http://jandiepens.nl/varbook/index.htm 68 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Space planning Color of the room surfaces Light falling on a colored surface gets reflected spectrally selectively Colour Light Normal Dark Red 0.30 0.18 0.10 Brown 0.30 0.15 0.07 Yellow 0.70 0.50 0.30 Green 0.40 0.20 0.10 Blue 0.60 0.30 0.10 Black - - 0.6 (minimum 0.5) (Zonneveldt) 71 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Typical luminous transmittance of glazing (Zonneveldt) Material LT=τ Double glazing 0.81 Non coated green glass - cavity- clear glass 0.64 Neutraly coated clear glass - cavity - clear glass 0.60 Specular coated clear glass - cavity - clear glass 0.29 Printed clear glass – cavity - clear glass 0.51 Clear glass - lamellea - clear glass 0.09* 72 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment View Quality criteria: View on ground, sky, and landscape/horizon. 45 ° of unobstructed view (min. 28 °) from a distance of 4 m (min. 2 m) from the façade 45° 1.1 m 4m 73 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Direct sunlight Quality criteria: Minimum of 4 hours (at least 1.5 hrs) of sunshine on the façade on one day between February 1st and March 21st. For living areas. 74 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Direct sunlight Daylight components Reflection Scattering Diffuse Absorption Skylight Direct Diffuse Direct Sunlight Image modified from Dubois et al. 75 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Direct sunlight Solar position Zenith 𝛾𝛾: Elevation angle 𝛼𝛼: Azimuth angle W N 𝜸𝜸 𝜶𝜶 S E 76 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Direct sunlight Solar position February 19th, 11 am Azimuth is ~160° Elevation is ~25 ° 77 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Solar and Brightness control Quality criteria: If direct sunlight can enter the building, solar control (solar radiation including heat) is required (sun shading) and preferably brightness control (glare) that doesn’t block the view. 79 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Design methods to reduce glare from daylight 1. Increase indoor illuminance  electrical lighting 2. Decrease the source (shield) If there is direct view to the sky, take the high luminances from the sky into account (also for overcast sky conditions) 80 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Solar and Brightness control Solar control /sun shading devices Name used to protect excessive or annoying sunlight or solar heat. Shading devices preferably on the outside or between glass Protecting daylight openings Lamellae, screens, Fully/ Partly Permanent / Flexible 81 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Solar and Brightness control Solar control /sun shading devices South: (MIT OCW) Dynamic and high daylight levels Shading relatively easy North: ‘Constant’ daylight Minimum cooling load Shading: early morning/ late evening (NL) East and West: Shading relatively complex (comfort & heat load) 82 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Solar and Brightness control Solar control /sun shading devices Daylight dynamics so consider flexible solutions 83 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment  Solar and Brightness control Solar control /sun shading devices Flexible solutions Kiefer Technic Showroom (PopGive) 84 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Solar and Brightness control Solar control /sun shading devices Flexible solutions E.g. vegetation Flickr joiseyshowaa (PopGive) 85 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Solar and Brightness control Brightness control Shielding system to prevent glare by daylight (direct and indirect) Brightness control inside or outside facade Consider Flexibility View Type of architecture Influences the perception of the facade from outdoors 86 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Design approach Early design decisions will impact the daylight that can be used inside a building: Building potential (design parameters in the environment) Daylight System potential (design parameters in the façade) Room potential (design parameters in the space)  It is important to consider and test the strategy against Direct Sunlight over the course of a day / year Diffuse light from the sky over the course of a day / year 87 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Daylight opening: Design Importance of orientation Large transparent surface More light But also more control needed North facade South facade (NwA architecten) 88 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Daylight opening: Design Roof light for optimizing daylight and façade window for view. 89 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Daylight opening: Design Window high in facade: light in back of the room Window at eye level: view Horizontal window (narrow wide): Panoramic view, limited variation Window low in the facade: decoration, no light contribution Vertical window (small high): ground view, horizon, sky 90 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Built environment Design Strategies for daylight 1. Define what is required from the user’s perspective 2. Design according to the possibilities and limitations Global scale (location on earth, climate,..) Urban scale (obstructions, view,..) Building scale (orientation, facades, daylight openings) Space (colors, size, material use,..) 3. Find solutions that are sustainable without compromising the user’s needs 91 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Lighting Environment Structure Theory What is light How to describe light User approach Visual comfort and well being Health Quality criteria for dwellings How to determine Design strategies 92 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Learning objective Describe the relevant concepts of light influencing comfort and health, understand how these concepts can be applied when designing a building and its effect on the building design. Concepts: Visual comfort and well being Health Design: Effect on the building design 93 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Overview 94 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Lighting Environment Questions? 95 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment – Global Challenges Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment Lecture 7: Acoustic Environment M. Aarts, prepared by C. Van hoorickx Built Environment, BPS & SURE Learning objective Describe the relevant concepts and indicators related to sound in the built environment and understand how sound can affect our health. 4 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment Overview 6 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment Introduction What is sound? Sound sources in the built Sound pressure level environment 7 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment  WHAT IS SOUND? 8 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment What is sound? The human ear Three parts: Outer ear with auricle, ear canal and eardrum cf. barometer: reception of sound waves Middle ear with ossicles (hammer, anvil and stapes) strengthen and transport vibrations Inner ear with cochlea, cilia (ear hairs) cf. harp: vibrations converted into signals SOUND are waves derived from mechanical vibration, with frequencies in the range of the Human hearing (20-20000Hz) 9 PAGE 9 and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment Healthy  What is sound? Sound propagation 1. Sound source 2. Medium 3. Receiver Vocal cords, instruments, speakers, For proof sound a medium is This can be a human ear or a hand claps, etc. are called sound required. That is not limited to microphone for example sources. They cause adjacent air air. Sound can propagate in particles to vibrate. These air particles gases, liquids and solids. on their turn put other air particles in motion et cetera. Sound source Medium Reciever (Instrument) (Air) (Human ear) 10 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment Sound perception What is sound? PAGE 11  What is sound? Sound characteristics Frequency and wavelength Range (registered by Symbol Unit humans) Frequency f Hertz (Hz) 20 – 20 000 Hz Wavelength λ meter (m) 17 m – 17 mm Relation: where c is the propagation velocity sound: depends on the medium equal to 344 m/s in air (for light ~3*108 m/s) Loudness / sound pressure level  in decibel (dB) 13 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment  What is sound? Influence of sound on humans Senses to detect danger Sudden noise results in higher levels of cortisol in your body Natural sound Bird singing can make us feel more relaxed Environmental noise may result in: Activity disturbance Human-related Social tensions sound Health problems: sleep deprivation, cardiovascular diseases, hearing damage  Importance of acoustic design! 14 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment What is sound? Can sound be dangerous? High power sound waves can lead to: Discomfort Nausea Damage to the eardrums Severe pain Disorientation (Ultra)sonic weapons Ultrasonic weapons are used by military and police forces Attack on the Seabourn Spirit in 2005 Cruise ship attacked by pirates near the coast of Somalia A sound cannon was used to deter the pirates 16 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment  SOUND SOURCES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 17 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment Sound sources in the built environment Different types of sound sources Many sources can be approximated as: spherical source line source plane source Sound pressure level depends on directionality e.g. spherical source: Hard wall or façade  hemisphere Dihedral corner  quadrant of a sphere Trihedral corner  octant of a sphere 18 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment Sound sources in the built environment Sound in the outdoor environment Free (or open) field: sound propagates freely in all directions Road traffic: road forms a surface which reflects half the sound  higher sound pressure level Sound pressure level decreases with distance from the source 19 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment Sound sources in the built environment Sound in the indoor environment Key aspects in acoustic design: Sound insulation vs. Two main ways to obtain good sound insulation: Walls with large mass, e.g., concrete walls Double walls, e.g., often used for wooden and plasterboard constructions Be wary of sound leaks (ventilation grilles, gap under the door, etc.)! 20 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment  Sound sources in the built environment Auralizations: influence absorption Big cinema room Church Reverberation chamber A lot of sound absorbing Huge volume, no sound Only sound reflecting materials Short reverberation absorbing materials materials, a lot of diffusors time Long reverberation time Very long reverberation time Trumpet Drums 21 Healthy and Sustainable Living Environment - Acoustic Environment Sound sources in the