Gpat: Local Anaesthesia Notes PDF

Gpat: Local anaesthesia:- Classification:- (A)Injactable:- 1.low potency,short duration (a)Procaine (b)Chloroprcaine 2.-Intermediate potency and duration (a)Lignocaine (b)Prilocaine 3.-High potency long duration (a)Tetracaine (amethocaine) (b)Bupivacaine...

Gpat: Local anaesthesia:- Classification:- (A)Injactable:- 1.low potency,short duration (a)Procaine (b)Chloroprcaine 2.-Intermediate potency and duration (a)Lignocaine (b)Prilocaine 3.-High potency long duration (a)Tetracaine (amethocaine) (b)Bupivacaine (c)Ropivacaine (d)Dibucaine (cinchocaine) (B)Surface anaesthesia 1.soluble (a)Cocaine (b)Lignocaine (c)Tetracaine (d)Benoxinate 2.-Insoluble (a)Benzocaine (b)Butylaminobenzoate(Batamben) (c)Oxathazaine List of Vitamins & their deficiency diseases 1. Vitamin A--------- Night blindness 2. Vitamin B1---------Beriberi 3. Vitamin B2-------- Ariboflavinosis 4. Vitamin B3 --------Pellagra 5. Vitamin B5 --------Paresthesia 6. Vitamin B6 --------Anemia 7. Vitamin B7 ------ Dermatitis 8. Vitamin B9 & Vitamin B12 ----- Megaloblastic anemia 9. Vitamin C ------ Scurvy 10. Vitamin D ------ Rickets & Osteomalacia 11. Vitamin E ------ Less Fertility 12. Vitamin K ------ Non-Clotting of Blood List of Drugs and their Antidotes : Acetaminophen : N-acetylcysteine Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics) : Physostigmine Arsenic and Mercury : Dimercaprol, D-penicillamine Benzodiazepines : Flumazenil β-Blockers : Glucagon Botulism : Botulinum antitoxin Calcium Channel Blockers : Calcium, Glucagon Cyanide : Amylnitrite, Thiosulfate Digitalis Glycosides : Digoxin-specific FAB Ethylene Glycol : Ethanol, Fomepizole, Pyridoxine Heparin : Protamine Iron : Deferoxamine Lead : Succimer , EDTA, Dimercaprol Methanol : Ethanol, Fomepizole, Methotrexate : Folate, Leucovorin Opiates : Naloxone, Naltrexone, Nalmefene Carbamates and Organophosphates : Atropine, Pralidoxime Serotonin Syndrome : Cyproheptadine Tricyclic Antidepressants : Sodium Bicarbonate Warfarin Anticoagulants : Vitamin K FACTS ABOUT Immunoglobulins: Smallest Ig IgG Largest Ig IgM Heat Labile Ig IgE Reagenic Antibody IgE Earliest Antibody to be Synthesised IgM Ig that crosses Placenta IgG Ig with Minimum Life IgE Ig that protects Surfaces IgA Mainly Intravascular Ig IgM Warm Antibodies IgG Cold Antbodies IgM Ig Present in Milk IgA DRUG with SYNONYMS Cinchona---------Panama bark Lanolin----------Wool fat Crowfig seeds----------Nuxvomica Deadly night shade--------------Atropa beladona Digitalis purpuria---------Foxglove American podophyllum---------May apple  Indian tragacanth------------Gum karaya Devil's dung---------Asafoetida Indian squill---------Urgenia Indian tobacco----------Lobelia Flax seeds----------Linseed Periwinkle-----------Vinca visea Ashwagandha------------Withania somnifera Alexendrian senna---------Cassia acutifolia Tinevally senna-----------Cassia angustifolia Dog senna----------Cassia obovata Pathe senna----------Cassia auriculata Acasia-----------Gum arabica Sterculia-------------Karaya Agar----------Japnese is linglass Plantago-------------Psyllium Starch----------Amylum Rhubarb---------Rheam.emodi.(IND.Rhubarb) Cascara---------Purshiana,sacred barc Discoria----------Wild Yam Glycerrhiza---------------Liquarice Quillalia-------------Panama bark Quassia---------Bitter wool Pale calicher----------Gambier catechu Blach caticher----------Cutch Castor oil----------Ricinus oil Arachis oil----------Reauut oil Linseed iol-------------Flax seed oil  Olive oil----------Saled oil Hydro carpno oil----------Chanlmogra oil Theobrona oil--------Coca butter Cinnamon---------Chinese cassia Saffron----------Crocus Clove----------Caryo phylum Nutmeg----------Mygistica Chenopodium----------American wore Mechanism of Action 1-DNA Dependent RNA Polymerase– Rifampcin 2- RNA Dependent DNA Polymerase– Zidovudine 3-Proetin Synthesis Blocker– Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol & Tetracycline 4-ACE Inhibitor– Captopril 5-Ca Channel Blocker– Nifedipine, Diltiazem 6-COX Inhibitor– Asprin 7-GABA Facilitator– Benzodiazepines 8-Antimetabolites– Methotrexate 9-Loop Diuretics– Frusemide 10-High Ceiling Diuretics– Spironolactone 11-Alteration of bacterial DNA– Choloroquine 12-Inhibition of Viral replication– Amantidine, Acyclovir 13-H1 blocking agent– Mepyramine, Loratadine 14-H2 Blocking agent– Rantidine, Cimetidine, Famotidine, Cyprohaptidine 15-Proton Pump inhibitor– Omeprazole 16-DNA Metabolism Inhibitors– Quinacrine (Mepacrine) 17-Spindle Poison– Vinca, Griesofulvin 18-Folic acid synthesis inhibitor– DDS 19-GABA Inhibitor– Sodium Valproate 20-DNA Synthesis Prevention – Nalidixic Acid 21-Prostaglandin Synthesis Inhibition– Oxyphenbutazone, Ibuprofen 22-Mycolic acid synthesis inhibition– INH 23-Folic acid antagonist- MTX, PAS, DDS & Primethamine 24-Desruption of DNA structure– MNZ 25-Inhibition of cell wall synthesis– Beta lactam antibiotics (penicillin) 26-Release of nor epinephrine– Ephedrine 27-Ergosterol Biosnythesis Inhibitors– Clotrimazole, Miconalzole, Ketoconazole 28-Ach esterase inhibitors– Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Edrophonium, Metrifonate 29-Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors– Stavudine, zidovudine 30-Inhibition of HIV Protease– Amepranavir 31-DNA Gyrase Inhibitor– Cinoxacin 32-Inhibition of DNA Polymerase-Gossypol 33-NMDA Receptor Antagonist– Amantadine, Ketamine, Dextromethorphan, Memantine & Nitrous Oxide 34-DNA intercalating agent– Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Ellipticin & Ethidium Bromide 35-Antim mitotic agent– Amphethenile 36-Alkylating agent- Thiotepa 37-Alpha receptor antagonist- Phentolamine 38-Beta receptor antagonist- Propanolol, Aplrenolol 39-Alpha receptor agonist- Norepinehrine 40- Beta receptor agonist- Isoproterenol & Salbutamol 41-DNA Adduct Formation– Procarbazine 42-Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor- Acetazolamide 43-Phosphodiestrase Inhibitor- Theophylline 44-Thrombin action prevention- Heparin 45-Xanthine oxidase inhibitor- Allopurinol 46-Cholinergic Blockade- Ipratropium 47-Adenosine Deaminase inhibitor- Crisnatapase 48-Immunomodulation– Imiquimod 49-Amino acid transfer interference– Econazole 50-Mast Cell Stabilization– Ketosifen PICKING AND STICKING This is when the coating removes a piece of the tablet from the core. Over wetting or examples or excessive film tackiness causes tablets to stick to each other or to the coating pan. On drying, at the point of contact, a piece of the film may remain adhered to the pan or to another tablet, giving a “picked” appearance to the tablet surface and resulting in a small exposed area of the core. It is caused by over-wetting the tablets, by under-drying, or by poor tablet quality REMEDY: A reduction in the liquid application rate or increase in the drying air temperature and air volume usually solves this problem. Excessive tackiness may be an indication of a poor formulation. TWINNING This is the term for two tablets that stick together, and it’s a common problem with capsule shaped tablets. REMEDY – Assuming you don’t wish to change the tablet shape, you can solve this problem by balancing the pan speed and spray rate. Try reducing the spray rate or increasing the pan speed. In some cases, it is necessary to modify the design of the tooling by very slightly changing the radius. The change is almost impossible to see, but it prevents the twinning problem. COLOR VARIATION This problem can be caused by processing conditions or the formulation. Improper mixing, uneven spray pattern and insufficient coating may result in color variation. The migration of soluble dyes, plasticizers and other additives during drying may give the coating a mottled or spotted appearance. REMEDY:The use of lake dyes eliminates dye migration. A reformulation with different plasticizers and additives is the best way to solve film instabilities caused by the ingredients. ORANGE PEEL EFFECT This refers to a coating texture that resembles the surface of an orange. Inadequate spreading of the coating solution before drying causes a bumpy or “orange-peel” effect on the coating. It is usually the result of high atomization pressure in combination with spray rates that are too high. This also indicates that spreading is impeded by too rapid drying or by high solution viscosity. REMEDY: Thinning the solution with additional solvent may correct this problem. MOTTLED COLOR This can happen when the coating solution is improperly prepared, the actual spray rate differs from the target rate, the tablet cores are cold, or the drying rate is out of specification. CAPPING AND LAMINATION This is when the tablet separates in laminar fashion. Capping is partial or complete separation of top or bottom crowns of tablet main body. Lamination is separation of a tablet into two or more distinct layers. Friability test can be used to reveal these problems The problem stems from improper tablet compression, but it may not reveal itself until you start coating. How you operate the coating system, however, can exacerbate the problem. REMEDY: Be careful not to over-dry the tablets in the preheating stage. That can make the tablets brittle and promote capping. ROUGHNESS A rough or gritty surface is a defect often observed when coating is applied by a spray. Some of the droplets may dry too rapidly before reaching the tablet bed, resulting in the deposits on the tablet surface of “spray dried” particles instead of finely divided droplets of coating solution. Surface roughness also increases with pigment concentration and polymer concentration in the coating solution. REMEDY: Moving the nozzle closer to the tablet bed and reducing the degree of atomization can decrease the roughness due to “spray drying”. HAZING / DULL FILM This is sometimes called Bloom. It can occur when too high a processing temperature is used for a particular formulation. Dulling is particularly evident when cellulosic polymers are applied out of aqueous media at high processing temperatures. It can also occur if the coated tablets are exposed to high humidity conditions and partial salvation of film results. BRIDGING This occurs when the coating fills in the lettering or logo on the tablet and is typically caused by improper application of the solution, poor design of the tablet embossing, high coating viscosity, high percentage of solids in the solution, or improper atomization pressure. During drying, the film may shrink and pull away from the sharp corners of an intagliation or bisect, resulting in a “bridging” of the surface. This defect can be so severe that the monogram or bisect is completely obscured. REMEDY: Increasing the plasticizer content or changing the plasticizer can decrease the incidence of bridging. FILLING Filling is caused by applying too much solution, resulting in a thick film that fills and narrows the monogram or bisect. In addition, if the solution is applied too fast, Overwetting may cause the liquid to quickly fill and be retained in the monogram. REMEDY: Judicious monitoring of the fluid application rate and thorough mixing of the tablets in the pan can prevent filling. EROSION This can be the result of soft or friable tablets (and the pan turning too fast), an over-wetted tablet surface, inadequate drying, or lack of tablet surface strength. PEELING AND FROSTING This is a defect where the coating peels away from the tablet surface in a sheet. Peeling indicates that the coating solution did not lock into the tablet surface. This could be due to a defect in the coating solution, over-wetting, or high moisture content in the tablet core which prevented the coating to adhering. CHIPPING This is the result of high pan speed, a friable tablet core, or a coating solution that lacks a good plasticizer BLISTERING When coated tablets require further drying in ovens, too rapid evaporation of the solvent from the core and the effect of high temperature on the strength, elasticity and adhesion of the film may result in blistering. REMEDY: Milder drying conditions are warranted in this case. CRACKING It occurs if internal stresses in the film exceed the tensile strength of the film. REMEDY: tensile strength of the film can be increased by Using higher molecular weight polymers or polymer blends. TABLET AND CAPSULE MACHINES Rotosort- for filled/unfilled capsule sorting machine and for de-dusting. Rotofill- to fill pellets in hard gelatin capsule Rotoweigh- A high speed capsule weighing machine. Accogel- filling of dry powder in soft gelatin capsule. Accofill- fill exact powder dose in hard gelatin capsule Wurster- for coating. Osaka- capsule filling machine (powder, granules) Zanasi- capsule filling (powder, pellets, tablets) Lily/parke-davis: capsule filling (powder) Farmatic, holfiger & kary-liquid filling in HGC. Erweka- De-dusting and polishing capsule machine. Seidender- Uses a Belt for visual inspection. Vericap 1200- capsule weighing machine Number of bones - 206 Number of muscles - 639 Number of kidneys - 2 Number of milk teeth - 20 Number of ribs - 24 (12 pairs) Number of chambers in the heart - 4 Largest artery - Aorta Normal Blood pressure - 120 - 80 Ph of blood - 7.4 Number of vertebrae in the spine - 33 Number of vertebrae in the Neck - 7 No of bones in middle Ear - 6 Number of bones in Face - 14 Number of bones in Skull - 22 Number of bones in Chest - 25 Number of bones in Arms - 6 Number of bones in each human ear - 3 Number of muscles in the human arm - 72 Number of pumps in heart - 2 Largest organ - Skin Largest gland - Liver Smallest cell - Blood cell Biggest cell - Egg cell (ovum) Smallest bone - Stapes First transplanted organ - Heart Average length of small intestine - 7 m Average length of large intestine - 1.5 m Average weight of new born baby - 2.6 kg. Pulse rate in one minute - 72 times Body Temperature - 36.9o C (98.4o F) Average blood volume - 4 - 5 liters Average life of RBC - 120 days Pregnancy period - 280 days Number of bones in human foot - 33 Number of bones in each wrist - 8 Number of bones in hand - 27 Largest endocrine gland - Thyroid Largest lymphatic organ - Spleen Largest cell - Nerve cell Largest part of brain - Cerebrum Largest & strongest bone - Femur Smallest muscle - Stapedius (Middle ear ) Number of chromosomes in human cell - 46 (23 pairs) Number of bones in New born body - 300 Largest muscle - Buttock (Gluteus Maximus) Safest Drugs for use in Pregnancy Hypertension : a-methyl dopa Hyperthyrodisim : Proprylthyouracil Hyperacidity : Magaldrate / or AL - Mg hydroxides DM : Intermediate acting Insulin / Metformin / Glyburide Thrombosis : Heparin or Low Mol. wt. Heparin Fever : Paracetamol Diarrhea : Loperamaide Constipation : Na Picosulfate Vomiting : Miclizine ans vit B6 GERD : Rantidine or Cimitidine Cough : Mix of natural plant extract "Broncho" / or Dextromethrophan Gas: Simethicone Bladder Infections : Nitrofurantoin Asthma : Budesonide Inhaled or Nasal Spray / Terbutaline Intestinal Spasm : Drotaverine Hay fever , Sneezy runny nose , Itchy , Watery eye : Diphenhydramine/Chlorphineramine. Some Important points about " Antihypertensive Drugs " 👉1st line antihypertensive drug - ACE Inhibitors 👉All ACE inhibitors are prodrug except Captopril, Lisinopril 👉ACE inhibitors are contraindicated during pregnancy 👉 ACE Inhibitors are contraindicated with potassium sparing diuretics. 👉Renin inhibitors - Aliskerin 👉Nifedipine- Decrease insulin release 👉Preffered antihypertensive diuretics- Thiazide, Hydrochlorthiazide 👉Drug of choice in pregnancy- Methyldopa 👉Drug of choice for hypertensive crisis- Sodium Nitropruside 👉Minoxidil, Diazoxide - Pottasium channel opener used in treatment of hypertension. REMEMBER POINT: Penicillin G and penicillin V: which is oral and which is parenteral? The letters in penicillin G and penicillin V can be used to remember how these agents are usually administered. Although not actually true, pretend that the “G” in penicillin G means that this drug is destroyed in the stomach (“gastric”) and that the “V” in penicillin V means that this drug is destroyed in “veins.” Therefore, penicillin G is given intravenously and penicillin V is given orally. ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms, which selectively suppress the growth of or kill other microorganisms at very low concentrations Ehrlich's coined the term 'Chemotherapy'. Classification: A. Chemical structure 1. Sulfonamides and related drugs: Sulfadiazine and others, Sulfones-Dapsone (DDS), Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS). 2. Diaminopyrimdmes: Trimethoprim, pyrimethamine. 3. Quinolones: Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, etc. 4. β-Lactam antibiotics: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Monobactams, Carbapenems. 5. Tetracyclines: Oxytetracycline, Doxyocycline etc. 6. Nirtrobenezne derivative: Chloramphenicol 7. Amino gIycosides: Streptomycin, Gentamcin, Amikacin, Neomycin, etc. 8. MacroIide antibiotics: Erythromvcin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, etc. 9. Lincosamide antibiotics: Lincomvcin, Clindamycin 10. Glycopeptide antibiotics: Vancomycin, Teicoplanin. 11. Oxazolidinone: Linezolid 12. PoIypeptide antibiotics: Polymyxin-B, Colistin, Bacitracin, Tyrothricin 13. Nitrofuran derivatives: Nitrofurantoin, Furazolidone 14. Nitroimidazoles: Metronidazole, Tinidazole etc. 15. Nicotinic acid derivatiyes: Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethionamide. 16. Polyene antibiotics: Nystatin, Amphotericin-B, Hamycin. 17. Azole derivatives: Miconazole, Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, Fluconazole. 18. Others: Rifampin, Spectinomycin, Sod. Fusidate, Cycloserine, Vancomycin, Ethambutol, Thiacetazone, Clofazimine. Griseofulvin Important Food-Drug Interactions Drugs - Food - Food-Drug Interactions 1. WARFARIN - High-protein diet -Raises serum albumin levels, decreases in international normalized ratio (INR) 2. MONOAMINE OXIDASES - Tyramine-containing food - Hypertensive crisis 3. PROPRANOLOL - Protein-rich food - Serum level may increase 4. ACE INHIBITORS - Empty stomach - Absorption is increased 5. CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS - Grapefruit juice - Increases bioavailability 6. ANTIBIOTICS - Dairy products - Calcium complexes with some antibiotics and prevents their absorption - reduced bioavailability 7. ACETAMINOPHEN - Pectin - Delays both absorption and onset 8. NSAIDS - Alcohol - Increases risk of liver damage or stomach bleeding 9. THEOPHYLLINE - High-fat meal and grapefruit juice - Increases bioavailability & with Caffeine - Increases risk of drug toxicity 10. ESOMEPRAZOLE - High-fat meal - Bioavailability was reduced 11. CIMETIDINE - with food(any type) - Increases bioavailability 12. ISONIAZID - Plants, medicinal herbs, leanolic acid - Exerts synergistic effect 13. CYCLOSERINE - High fat meals - Decreases serum concentration 14. ATORVASTATIN - Grapefruit juice - Increases toxicity - rhabdomyolysis risk 15. GLIMEPIRIDE - With breakfast - Absolute bioavailability 16. ACARBOSE - At start of each meal - Maximum effectiveness 17. MERCAPTOPURINE - Cow's milk - Reduces bioavailability 18. TAMOXIFEN - Sesame seeds - Inducing regression of established mcf-7 tumor size but beneficially interacts with tamoxifen on bone in ovariectomized athymic mice 19. LEVOTHYROXINE - Grapefruit juice - Delays absorption Testing of Proteins: XANTHOPROTEIC TEST- protein + conc HNO3= yellow BIURET TEST- alkaline soln of protein+ CuSO4- Blue NINHYDRIN TEST- Pyridine soln of protein + ninhydrin (+stannous chloride)- Violet pink color MILLON'S TEST- Protein( containing phenolic -OH group)+ mercury soln in Nitric acid - Red color HOPKIN'S COLE TEST- Protein( having tryptophan)+ H2SO4+ little glyoxalic acid- blue violet color.  Jurisprudence ✍👉The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 is an Act of the Parliament of India which contains provisions for classification of drugs under given schedules and there are guidelines for the storage, sale, display and prescription of each schedule 👉👉👉 👉The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 contains👉👉👉Schedule X: All the regulations of Schedule H apply. 👉The retailer must keep a copy of the prescription for two years. The drugs must be kept under lock and key. Examples:Secobarbital, Glutethimide etc 👉Schedule J: Contains a list of various diseases and conditions that cannot be treated under any drug currently in market. No drug may legally claim to treat these diseases. 👉Other Schedules and their summary: 👉👉Schedule A: Contains various forms and formats of letters for applications of licensing etc. 👉Schedule B: Contains fees structure for government-run labs. 👉Schedule C: Contains various biological products and their regulation. Examples:Serums, Adrenaline etc. 👉Schedule E: Contains various poisons and their regulation. Examples: Sarpa Visha(Snake venom), Parada (Mercury) etc 👉Schedule F: This contains regulations and standards for running a blood bank 👉Schedule F-I: This contains regulations and standards for vaccines. 👉Schedule F-II: This contains regulations and standards for surgical dressing. 👉Schedule F-III: This contains regulations and standards for umbilical tapes. 👉Schedule F-F: This contains regulations and standards for ophthalmic ointments and solutions. 👉Schedule K: Contains various substances and drugs and their corresponding regulation. 👉Schedule M: Contains various regulations for manufacturing, premises, waste disposal and equipment. 👉Schedule N: Contains various regulations and requirements for a pharmacy. 👉Schedule ⭕: Contains various regulations and requirements for disinfectant fluids. 👉Schedule P: Contains regulations regarding life period and storage of various drugs. 👉Schedule P-I: Contains regulations regarding retail package size of various drugs. 👉Schedule Q: Contains a list of permitted dyes and pigments in soap and cosmetics. 👉Schedule R: Contains various regulations and requirements for condoms and other mechanical contraceptives. 👉Schedule S: Lists various cosmetics andtoiletries, and directs the manufacturers of cosmetics to conform to the latest Bureau of Indian Standards requirements. 👉Schedule T: Contains various regulations and requirements for manufacture ofAyurvedic, Siddha and Unani products. 👉Schedule U: Contains various regulations and requirements for record keeping. 👉Schedule V: Contains standards for drug patents. 👉Schedule Y: Contains requirement and guidelines for clinical trial  Receptors Acetylcholine is released from a presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft. After release it- - Bind to presynaptic receptors - Be degradated by acetylcholinesterase - Bind to postsynaptic receptors 👉Classification of acetylcholine receptors 👉 Two main families of acetylcholine receptors: muscarinic and nicotinic. Muscarinic receptors are G- coupled protein receptors, while nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels. 👉 Location and Types of Acetylcholine receptors 👉 Muscarinic receptors bind both acetylcholine and muscarine, an alkaloid present in certain poisonous mushrooms (it was first isolated in Amanita muscaria). 👉 All muscarinic receptors are G-protein coupled receptors. Binding studies have identified five subclasses of muscarinic receptors: M1,M2, M3, M4, and M5. The image below shows their locations: 👉 M1, M4 and M5 receptors: CNS. These receptors are involved in complex CNS responses such as memory, arousal, attention and analgesia. M1 receptors are also found at gastric parietal cells and autonomic ganglia. 👉 M2 receptors: heart. Activation of M2 receptors lowers conduction velocity at sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, thus lowering heart rate. 👉 M3 receptors: smooth muscle.Activation of M3 receptors at the smooth muscle level produces responses on a variety of organs that include: bronchial tissue, bladder, exocrine glands, among others. 👉 Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels. When bound to acetylcholine , these receptors undergo a conformational change that allows the entry of sodium ions, resulting in the depolarization of the effector cell. 👉 Nicotinic receptors can be divided as Nn and Nm receptors. 👉 Nm receptors are located at the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine receptors of the Nm subtype are the only acetylcholine receptors that can be found at the neuromuscular junction. 👉 Nn receptor can be found both at cholinergic and adrenergic ganglia, but not at the target tissues (e.g, heart, bladder, etc). These receptors are also present in the CNS and adrenal medulla. Drugs and Their Side Effects 1. ACE Inhibitors- Dry Cough 2. Amphotericin.B- Nephrotoxicity 3. Ampicillin- Hypersensitivity 4. Androgen- Virilization 5. Antipsychotics- Sedation, Orthostatic hypotension, Tardive dyskinesia 6. Anti- TB- Hepatotoxicity 7. Aspirin (cox-I Inhibitors)- Hepatotoxicity 8. Atropine - Dryness of mouth, Blurred vision, Constipation 9. Celecoxib,Valdecoxib (cox-II Inhibitors)- Hepatotoxicity 10. Chlorambucil- Alopecia 11. Chloramphenicol- Grey baby syndrome, Bone marrow depression 12. Chloroquine - Phototoxicity 13. Ciprofloxacin - Phototoxicity 14. Clofazimine- Pigmentation of skin, Discoloration of Urine 15. Clozapine - Agranulocytosis 16. Erythromyicin- Cholestatic Juandice 17. Ethambutol - Optic Neuritis, Retrobulbular Neuritis 18. Hydrochlorthiazide- Hypokalamia 19. Isoniazid - Peripheral Neurtis 20. Metronidazole- Disulfiram like reaction 21. Minoxidil- Hirsutism 22. Morphine- Constipation 23. Nimesulide - Hepatotoxicity 24. Nitrogen Mustard- Bone marrow depression 25. Nitroglycerin- Palpitation 26. Penicillin. G- Jarisch Heximer Reaction 27. Phenformin- Lactic acidosis, GI disturbance, Metalic taste 28. Phenytoin- Hirsutism 29. Quinidine- Cinchonism 30. Quinine Sulphate- Black Water Fever 31. Repaglinide- Althralgia 32. Rosaglitazone- Anemia,Weight gain 33. Sitagliptin- Coldness 34. Spironolactone- Hyperkalamia 35. Cimetidine- Gynacomastia 37. Sulfonyl Ureas derivatives- Bone marrow depression 38. Terfenadine- Type-I arrhythmia 39. Tetracyclines- Discoloration of teeth 40. Thalidomide- Phocomelia 2. Grades of powder by Sieving Gradepwdrs sieve no Coarse powder 10/44 Moderatly coarse powder 22/66 Moderatly fine powder 44/85 Fine powder 85 Very fine powder 120 👉Pour (or Bulk) density = mass / untapped volume 👉Tapped density = mass / tapped volume 👉Hausner ratio = tapped density / pour density 👉Carr’s Index = (tapped density – bulk density) x 100 / tapped density 2. Flow Properties & Angle of Repose Flow Property Angle of Repose Excellent. 25 - 30 Good. 31 - 35 Fair - aid not needed 36 - 40 Passable - may hang up. 41 - 45 Poor - must agitate, vibrate 56 - 55 Very poor. > 66 Vitamin their common name and Sources Vitamin A (Retinol) Cod liver oil Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Rice bran Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Citrus, most fresh foods Vitamin D (Calciferol) Cod liver oil Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Meat, eggs Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Wheat germ oil, unrefined vegetable oils Vitamin B12 (Cobalamins) liver, eggs, animal products Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) Leafy green vegetables Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) Meat, whole grains, Vitamin B7 (Biotin) Meat, dairy products, eggs Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Meat, dairy products Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Meat, eggs, grains Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) Leafy green vegetables Important Information > The largest organ of the body......................Skin > The total number of bones in an adult...........206 > The largest gland of the body........................Liver > The longest bone of the body........................Femur > The smallest bone of the body......................Stapes > Total number of muscles in the body................600 > The filter of the body........................................Kidney > The pump of the body.......................................Heart > The normal body temperature...........................37C (98.4F) > The normal respiratory rate n an adult..................16-18 per mint AADA: Abbreviated antibiotic drug application ADE: Adverse drug event ADME: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion AHU: Air Handling Unit ANDA: Abbreviated new drug application ANVISA: Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (National Health Surveillance Agency Brazil) AP: Applicants Part (of EDMF) API: Active pharmaceutical ingredient APR: Annual product review (APQR – Annual product quality review) AQL: Acceptable quality level AR: Analytical Reagent ASHRAE: American Society of heating, Refrgeration and Air Conditioning Engineers ASM: Active Substance Manufacturer ASMF: Active Substance Master File AST: Accelerated stability testing ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials BA/BE: Bioavailability/bioequivalence BCS: Biopharmaceutical classification system BET: Bacterial Endotoxin Test BFS: Blow Fill Seal BI: Biological Indicator BMR: Batch Manufacturing/Processing Record BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand BOM: Bill of Materials BOPP: Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene BP: British Pharmacopoeia BPR: Batch Packaging Record BRMS: Biologics Regulatory Management System BSE: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) CAPA: Corrective and preventive action CBE: Changes being effected CBER: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (FDA) CCIT: Container closure integrity test CDER: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (FDA) CDSCO: Central drug standard control organization (India) CEP: Certification of suitability of European Pharmacopoeia monographs CFR: Code of Federal Regulations CFU: Colony Forming Unit cGMP: Current Good Manufacturing Practices CIP: Clean in place CMC: Chemistry, manufacturing and controls CMS: Continuous monitoring system COA: Certificate of analysis COS: Certificate of suitability COPP: Certificate of Pharmaceutical Products CPP: Critical Process Parameter CQA: Critical Quality Attribute CTD: Common technical document DMF: Drug master file DOP: Dioctyl Phthalate DQ: Design Qualification EDMF: European drug master file EDQM: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines EH&S: Environmental health and safety EIR: establishment inspection report (FDA) EMEA: European Medicines Agency (formerly European Medicines Evaluation Agency) EP: European Pharmacopoeia EPS: Expanded polystyrene ETP: Effluent Treatment Plant EU: Endotoxin unit EU: European Union FAT: Factory Acceptance Testing FBD: Fluid-bed dryer FDA: Food and Drug Administration, United States FDC: Fixed Dose Combination FEFO: First expiry first out FG: Finished Goods FIFO: First in first out FMEA: Failure modes and effect analysis FOI: Freedom of information GAMP: Good automated manufacturing practice GC: Gas Chromatography GCLP: Good clinical laboratory practice GCP: Good clinical practice GDP: Good distribution practice GEP: Good engineering practice GGP: good guidance practice GIT: Gastrointestinal Tract GLP: Good laboratory practice GMO: Genetically modified organism GMP: Good manufacturing practice GPT: Growth Promotion Test GRAS/E: Generally recognized as safe and effective GRP: Good review practice HACCP: Hazard analysis critical control point HDPE: High Density Polyethylene HEPA: High efficiency particulate air (filter) HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography HSA: Health Sciences Authority, Singapore HVAC: Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning ICAH: International Conference on Harmonisation IH: In house IM: Intramuscular IND: Investigational new drug INDA: Investigational new drug application IP: Indian Pharmacopeia IPA: Isopropyl Alcohol IPS: In process control IQ: Installation qualification IR: Immediate release ISO: International Organization for Standardization ISPE: International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering IV: Intravenous JP: Japanese Pharmacopoeia KOS: Knowledge organization system LAF: Laminar air flow LAL: Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate LD: Lethal dose LD50: Lethal dose where 50% of the animal population die LDPE: Low Density Polyethylene LIMS: Laboratory Information Management Year and acts:- 2005- Product Patent In India 1956- Companies Act 1932-Partnership Act 1993- End of GATT era 1997-National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) 1994-Dolly sheep – First clone 1950- First Planning Commission 1984-Hatch-Waxman Act 1955- SBI nationalized 2005-IPC constituted 1896- First Olympics 2000 - Human Genome Revealed 1970- Indian Patents Act 1919-Poison Act 1948-Pharmacy Act 1940- Drug and Cosmetic Act 1930- Dangerous Drug Act 1857- Opium Act 1954- Drug and Magic Remedies Act 1971- Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP) 1989- First ICH Indian pharmacopoeias: 1955- 1st Edition IP 1966- 2nd Edition IP 1985- 3rd Edition IP 1996- 4th Edition IP 2007- 5th Edition IP 2010- 6th Edition IP 2014- 7th Edition IP G protein type for respective receptors "QISSS and SIQS QIQ" This gives the G-protein type (Gq, Gi, or Gs) for all the receptors. Receptors are in alphabetical order: alpha1=Q alpha2=I beta1=S beta 2= S beta3=S D1=S D2=I H1=Q H2=S M1=Q M2=I M3=Q