Statistics in Social Sciences Lecture Notes PDF

Chapter A: Statistics in Social Sciences Predict future phenomenon that will take (02/05/2025) place in the population. o Example: A male with an index Statistics...

Chapter A: Statistics in Social Sciences Predict future phenomenon that will take (02/05/2025) place in the population. o Example: A male with an index Statistics figure longer than his ring is 33% It is science that follows a step-by-step likely to develop prostate cancer. process. Correlate or determine the relationship You need to have data. between the different characteristics of the No more than a branch if mathematics elements in the population than physics, chemistry, and economics. o Example: In Maine U.S.A., the Not based on logic but based on data. divorce rate has a very strong Definition in plural sense = It is a set of positive linear relationship with the numerical figures. margarine consumption of o Example: Population count households. o Vital Statistics (birth rate, mortality Study cause-and-effect rate etc.) o Example: The final standing in STAT o COVID-19 cases per province 166 decreases by 6 points for every o Average lifespan (in years) of additional absence in the lecture Filipinos. class o Percentage of Filipinos who are in STATISTICS: A useful tool in decision-making. favor “same-sex marriage.” Basic Concepts in Statistics COPAIData Population vs. Sample 1. Collection and Organization 2. Presentation 1. Population – a collection of all the 3. Analysis elements under consideration in any 4. Interpret statistical study. 2. Sample – a part (or subset) of the Uses of Statistics population from which information … Describe the general characteristics of the o Example: A study on the voting collection of elements under study called behavior and preferences in the the population. Philippines o Examples: Filipinos’ top Valentine’s o Population: all registered Filipino Day gift wishes were money, love, voters and flowers (source: SWS) o Sample: a subset of registered Compare different subpopulations Filipino voters. o Examples: Filipino women outlive Variable, Observation, and Data their male counterparts by six years. However, more Filipino 3. Variable – characteristic of interest or women are obese. attribute of the elements in a collection Explain a phenomenon that has taken that can assume different values for place in the population different elements. o Example: There were 247 newborn 4. Observation – realized value of a variable. baby boys named Argus in 2023 5. Data – the collection of observations. from 7 records in 2022 (source: PSA) Two Types of Variables ­ Examples: Daily maximum temperature, IQ score, time in military hours Qualitative Variables – have labels or names 4. Ratio (all algebraic operations) - the assigned to their respective categories. numbers in the measurement system are o Example: Sex of students, favorite used to classify an element into distinct color of women, support for categories. marijuana legalization (Yes, No) ­ The system arranges the categories according to the magnitude. Quantitative Variables – any characteristic that ­ The system has fixed unit of measurement can be measured or counted in numbers. representing a set size throughout the o Examples: household size, number scale. of cups of rice consumed per meal, ­ The system has an absolute zero. length of service (in years) of Importance: the level of measurement is one of employees the considerations in choosing the appropriate (02/07/2025) statistical tool to analyze the data. Levels of Measurement Parameter vs Statistic Measurement – process of determining the value Parameter: a summary measure describing a or label of a particular variable for a particular specific characteristic of the population. element based on what has been observed. Statistic: a summary measure describing a 1. Nominal (equality) – numbers in the specific characteristic of the sample. measurement system are used to classify Major Areas in Statistics an element into distinct, non-overlapping, and exhaustive categories. Descriptive – includes all the techniques used in ­ Categories are of equal importance. organizing, summarizing, and presenting the data ­ Sex of students, favorite color of women, on hand collected from either sample or a support of marijuana legalization population. 2. Ordinal (greater than or less than) – the Inferential – includes all techniques used in numbers in the measurement system are analyzing the sample data that will lead to used to classify an element into distinct generalizations about population from which the categories. sample came from. ­ The system arranges the categories according to the magnitude. (02/12/2025) ­ UP student classification, birth order The Research Process 3. Interval (difference or sum) – the numbers in the measurement system are used to A set of activities in which social scientists classify an element into distinct categories. engage to answer questions, examine ­ The system arranges the categories ideas, or test theories. according to the magnitude. Examples: Does feminist theory on gender ­ the system has a fixed unit of measurement inequality persist in the Philippines? representing a set size throughout the o Why is ghosting so common to scale. Filipinos? ­ The system has no true zero. Empirical Research: based on evidence that can be verified by using direct experience. Statistical Inquiry USE OF DOCUMENTED DATA Designed research that provides Researchers can use documented data information (processed data) needed to from previous studies of individuals or solve a research problem. private, government, and nongovernmental agencies. STEPS: Examples of sources: PSA, BSP, PAG-ASA, 1. Identify the problem and state the Pulse Asia, etc. hypothesis. REGISTRATION 2. Plan the study. 3. Collect the data. Enumeration and recording of vital 4. Explore data. statistics. 5. Analyze and interpret results. Examples: Registration of 6. Present results. birth/marriage/death, voter registration, sales inventory, registration of participants What distinguishes a statistical inquiry from other in a program, etc. types of research is the use of data that have been collected and analyzed in answering the research SURVEY problem. Data are obtained from individuals either Collecting Data by verbal or written communication. Methods of Data Collection Examples: A manufacturing company would interview shopper on their favorite 1. Observation brand of coffee. 2. Experiment 3. Use of documented data Methods of data collection need to consider 4. Registration several factors such as the nature of the study, 5. Survey resources, etc. OBSERVATION Kinds of Data Collected Use of senses 1. Primary – data which were acquired directly from the source. The data are obtained by recording or 2. Secondary – data which were not watching the behavior of an individual or a acquired directly from the source. phenomenon at the time of occurrence. This is used to gather nonverbal behavior in Methods of Conducting a Survey a natural setting. 1. Personal Interview – personally ask the EXPERIMENTATION questions to the respondent and record the answers of the respondents on the There is control. questionnaire. There is direct human intervention in the o PAPI – pencil and paper interview. conditions that may affect the values of the o CAPI – computer assisted personal variable of interest. interview. The goal of an experiment is to isolate the 2. Telephone Interview – the interviewers effects of a treatment or intervention on ask the questions to the respondents the variable of interest. through the telephone. 3. Self-administered Questionnaires – the respondents fill up the questionnaires themselves without any assistance from an interviewer. 4. Online Surveys – the respondent reads the questions and sends his responses via the internet or electronic mail (e-mail) 5. Mailed Questionnaire – a set of questions mailed to the respondent. 6. Focus Group Discussion – a moderator follows a focus group discussion guide to direct a freewheeling discussion among a small group of people.