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LECTURE 5: LAND MANAGEMENT Remote Sensing - Satellite and aerial imagery, as well as UAVs Geodetic Science and Land (drones), offer high-resolution data for land...

LECTURE 5: LAND MANAGEMENT Remote Sensing - Satellite and aerial imagery, as well as UAVs Geodetic Science and Land (drones), offer high-resolution data for land Management management. These technologies allow for monitoring land use patterns, tracking Land management refers to the process of managing environmental changes, and assessing the use and development of land resources. This agricultural land productivity. includes urban planning, agricultural land use, environmental conservation, and land registration. Nature conservationists and Biosphere reserve- biodiversity and conservation Tourism providers- attractive scenery Farmers- income and cost recovery maintain agricultural land Local residents & small land owners- maintenance of CL and heritage THE ROLE OF GEODETIC SCIENCE IN LAND MANAGEMENT: Geographical Information Systems (GIS) 1. Boundary Demarcation: - GIS integrates geospatial data for mapping Precise land boundary measurements and and analyzing land use patterns, zoning, property line demarcations are essential for vegetation, soil types, and much more. This is resolving legal disputes and ensuring the vital for urban planning, resource accurate transfer of land titles. management, and disaster response. 2. Topographic Mapping: Accurate maps are critical for land use planning and environmental conservation. Geodetic surveys provide the detailed topographical data needed for urban development, road construction, and infrastructure planning. 3. Land Registration and Cadastre Systems: Geodesy underpins cadastral systems, which record land ownership, boundaries, and transactions. Inaccurate geospatial data can MODERN LAND MANAGEMENT lead to disputes and inefficiencies. APPLICATIONS 4. Land Reform and Resource Allocation: Urban Planning- Geodetic data are critical for Governments use geodetic tools to distribute zoning, land subdivision, infrastructure layout, land fairly and manage natural resources and public service delivery in cities. Modern efficiently, especially in rural or agricultural urban planners rely on geospatial data to plan settings. transportation systems, utilities, and the allocation of public spaces. GEODETIC ENGINEERING TOOLS IN LAND Environmental Monitoring and MANAGEMENT Management- Geodetic measurements help GPS/GNSS Technology monitor the environment, such as measuring - These systems provide precise location data, deforestation, soil erosion, or land subsidence. enabling surveyors to measure land parcels By integrating data from satellites and ground- with incredible accuracy. This is crucial for based observations, geodesists help track modern land surveys, boundary setting, and land degradation and offer solutions to mitigate infrastructure projects. these effects. Disaster Management- Geodesy plays a role in assessing and managing the risks posed by natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, or landslides. Accurate height measurements and real-time GPS data allow for effective evacuation planning and land use assessments in disaster-prone areas.  Agricultural Land Management- Precision assess multiple design options, zoning requirements, farming uses geodetic technology (e.g., GPS) and even simulate traffic patterns or utility networks. to optimize the use of land, reducing waste and increasing productivity. Geospatial data ALIGNMENT AND ACCURACY helps farmers manage irrigation systems, track 1. Horizontal and Vertical Alignment soil health, and plan crop rotation. For roads, railways, and tunnels, the correct Land Tenure and Governance- In developing alignment is crucial for both safety and functionality. countries, land tenure systems often rely on Geodetic tools, including GNSS and laser scanning, geodetic surveys to clarify land ownership. ensure that the path of these structures is accurate to This reduces conflicts and provides a within millimeters. Vertical alignment (e.g., foundation for legal land transactions and determining the slope of a road) is just as important, resource management. particularly in mountainous or flood-prone areas. 2. Control Networks LECTURE 6: INFRASTRUCTURE BUILDING AND During construction, control points are established MANAGEMENT using precise geodetic measurements to ensure consistency across the project site. These control BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE networks serve as reference points that all A. Planning and Design subsequent measurements are tied to, ensuring the - Before any physical construction takes place, entire project stays aligned as it progresses. accurate planning and design are essential. Geodesy plays a fundamental role in the early REAL-TIME MONITORING AND PRECISION stages of any infrastructure project by CONSTRUCTION providing precise measurements of the land - Once the planning and design are finalized, and surrounding environment. geodesy continues to play a critical role in the B. Alignment and Accuracy construction phase by providing real-time data - The construction of infrastructure such as and monitoring. roads, bridges, tunnels, and pipelines requires 1. Real-Time Monitoring and Precision precise alignment. Geodetic engineers use Construction advanced measurement techniques to ensure A. GNSS for Construction Equipment that the physical infrastructure aligns perfectly Modern construction equipment such as bulldozers, with the original design. graders, and excavators are often equipped with real- time GNSS receivers, allowing operators to PLANNING AND DESIGN automatically adjust their positions based on geodetic 1. Land Surveys data. For example, a bulldozer can follow precise Geodetic surveys are conducted to gather precise elevation data to ensure that the ground is graded data on the land's topography, elevation, boundaries, according to the design specifications. This eliminates and geological features. This information is critical for manual surveying, reduces errors, and speeds up the deciding where and how infrastructure will be built. construction process. Modern surveys use Global Navigation Satellite B. Construction Monitoring Systems (GNSS) and Total Stations to provide highly For large-scale infrastructure projects like bridges or accurate data. dams, engineers use terrestrial laser scanners and 2. Topographic Mapping GNSS monitoring systems to track the position and Detailed topographic maps are created using deformation of structural components during geodetic construction. This ensures that structures are built to data. These maps show the natural features of the the exact specifications and that any displacement or land, such as hills, rivers, roads, and vegetation, all of misalignment is detected early, preventing costly which influence the design of infrastructure. For errors or delays. example, a road project would need to account for C. Deformation Monitoring the terrain, slopes, and potential flood zones. This In projects where infrastructure is subject to external information helps engineers optimize designs to forces (e.g., high-rise buildings in earthquake-prone minimize costs and environmental impacts. areas, bridges in flood zones), continuous 3. Geospatial Data Integration deformation monitoring is used to detect any Geodetic data is integrated into Geographical movement of the structure. Geodetic instruments, Information Systems (GIS), allowing for the creation of such as inclinometers or tilt sensors, provide ongoing digital models that simulate how the planned data about the movement of building components. infrastructure will interact with the environment. GIS This monitoring ensures that any unintended shifts helps visualize the project in its spatial context, are addressed before they can cause damage. facilitating better decision-making. Engineers can  in real time. In response to this data, maintenance 2. Earthworks and Structural Integrity activities can be triggered automatically, reducing A. Earthworks downtime and improving the lifespan of the In infrastructure projects involving extensive earth- infrastructure. moving (e.g., road construction, tunneling, or dam 3. Disaster Preparedness and Risk building), precise earthworks measurements are Management essential. Geodetic engineers use GNSS and other A. Monitoring of Natural Disasters surveying tools to ensure that the earth is excavated Geodesy also plays a key role in monitoring or filled to the correct dimensions and depths, infrastructure during natural disasters. Earthquakes, minimizing waste and ensuring proper compaction. landslides, and floods can all affect infrastructure B. Settlement Monitoring stability. Geodetic monitoring systems, such as For large structures like bridges, highways, or satellite-based radar (InSAR) and GNSS-based foundations, continuous settlement monitoring deformation monitoring, allow engineers to assess ensures that the structures do not sink or shift the extent of damage or movement to infrastructure unevenly. This helps detect issues like soil after such events and prioritize repairs. compaction, unexpected movement, or groundwater B. Resilience Planning changes that could affect the project’s stability. Geodetic data can also be used to assess risks associated with future natural disasters. INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT AND Infrastructure projects can be designed or retrofitted MAINTENANCE based on geospatial data that accounts for soil - Once infrastructure is built, the focus shifts to movement, flood zones, or seismic activity. This its management and maintenance. Geodetic ensures that infrastructure is not only functional but science continues to play a significant role in resilient to changing environmental conditions. this phase. 1. Asset Management and Mapping LECTURE 7: ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL A. Infrastructure Mapping RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Over time, infrastructure systems (roads, utilities, bridges, etc.) change or require repairs. Using LiDAR ROLE OF GEODETIC SCIENCE IN (Light Detection and Ranging) and drone-based ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES photogrammetry, geodesists can create up-to-date 3D MANAGEMENT models of existing infrastructure. These models help A. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment asset managers visualize the current state of Land Cover Changes: Satellite imagery infrastructure and make informed decisions allows continuous monitoring of deforestation, about repairs or upgrades. urban expansion, and desertification, enabling B. Geospatial Data for Asset Tracking policy intervention. GIS platforms integrate geodetic data to create an Water Resources: Geodetic methods like accurate digital inventory of all infrastructure assets, gravity surveys assess aquifer levels and such as roads, bridges, water supply systems, and glacier mass balance, critical for water power lines. This allows municipalities and utility management. companies to manage assets more efficiently, track Coastal Erosion: High-resolution elevation conditions, and prioritize maintenance based on modelstrack shoreline changes, providing criticality and remaining lifespan. actionable insights for coastal conservation. 2. Structural Health Monitoring B. Sustainable Land Use and Resource A. Long-Term Deformation and Stress Allocation Monitoring Precision Agriculture: GNSS and GIS enable In the maintenance phase, geodetic systems efficient irrigation, soil management, and monitor the health of infrastructure. Bridges, tunnels, fertilizer application, reducing resource and high-rise buildings, for example, are monitored for wastage. signs of settlement or structural deformation over Forest Resource Management: Geodetic time. Early detection of such issues allows for data guides reforestation and sustainable proactive repairs, extending the life of the logging practices, ensuring ecological balance. infrastructure and preventing costly or dangerous Biodiversity Conservation: Mapping tools failures. help design wildlife corridors and protected B. Automated Monitoring Systems areas to maintain ecosystems. Geodetic techniques, in combination with sensors C. Climate Change Research and Mitigation and IoT devices, enable continuous monitoring of Emission Monitoring: Geospatial techniques infrastructure. These systems measure parameters quantify and track greenhouse gas emissions such as movement, strain, temperature, and vibration from industrial and natural sources.  High-resolution elevation models and flood hazard Climate Pattern Analysis: Remote sensing mapping have been applied to design urban data supports long-term studies of infrastructure that minimizes flooding risks, particularly temperature, precipitation, and extreme in low-lying areas of Metro Manila. weather trends. Renewable Energy Planning: Geodetic tools LECTURE 8: MILITARY AND NAVIGATION locate optimal sites for wind turbines and solar farms, promoting cleaner energy use. GEODETIC SCIENCE IN MILITARY D. Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction APPLICATIONS Hazard Mapping: Geodesy identifies areas 1. Precision Navigation and Positioning prone to earthquakes, landslides, and floods, GNSS for Military Operations: Enables aiding in early warning systems. precise positioning for troops, vehicles, and Emergency Response: Geospatial tools equipment. provide real-time situational awareness during Missile Guidance Systems: Geodetic data natural disasters, enhancing response ensures accuracy in targeting and missile efficiency. trajectories. Resilient Urban Planning: Elevation and risk Unmanned Systems: UAVs and UGVs rely models inform infrastructure design to on geodetic positioning for surveillance and minimize disaster impacts. reconnaissance. 2. Strategic Terrain Analysis SAMPLE CASE STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENT Battlefield Terrain Mapping: High-resolution AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT maps from LiDAR and satellite imagery inform Case Study 1: Mangrove Restoration in tactical decisions. Palawan Geodetic tools, including Obstacle Detection: Identifies natural and drone-based LiDAR and GIS, have been artificial barriers in operational areas. utilized to map existing mangrove ecosystems Infrastructure Development: Supports and identify degraded areas for restoration. construction and maintenance of bases and This project aids in carbon sequestration, fortifications. biodiversity conservation, and coastal 3. Surveillance and Early Warning protection. Ballistic Missile Detection: Uses geodetic Case Study 2: Mayon Volcano Hazard systems to monitor launches and support Mapping GNSS and InSAR technologies have intercept strategies. been applied to monitor ground deformation Coastal and Border Security: Tracks and predict potential eruptions. Hazard maps unauthorized activities using geospatial tools. generated from this data guide evacuation Disaster Response: Military operations utilize planning and risk reduction strategies for geospatial data to assist in emergency nearby communities. evacuation and relief efforts. Case Study 3: Agricultural Optimization in 4. Maritime and Airspace Security Central Luzon Precision farming techniques Naval Operations: Geodetic systems aid in using GNSS and GIS have improved irrigation navigating exclusive economic zones (EEZs) efficiency and crop yield in rice fields. These and detecting maritime threats. methods optimize resource use, ensuring food Air Defense: Radar systems integrated with security while reducing environmental impacts. geodetic measurements enhance airspace Case Study 4: Manila Bay Coastal monitoring. Management Remote sensing and geodetic measurements have been employed to GEODETIC SCIENCE IN NAVIGATION monitor water quality and sedimentation in - Navigation, one of the most visible Manila Bay. These efforts support sustainable applications of geodetic science, benefits fisheries and guide cleanup initiatives. significantly from precise positioning and Case Study 5: Forest Cover Monitoring in measurement technologies. Mindanao Satellite imagery and LiDAR have 1. Civil and Commercial Navigation been utilized to detect illegal logging and Aviation: GNSS ensures accurate flight paths, monitor forest cover changes. This data reducing delays and enhancing safety. informs reforestation programs and policies for Maritime Shipping: Geodetic tools guide sustainable forest management. vessels through complex waterways, ensuring Case Study 6: Urban Development and Flood efficiency and safety. Risk in Metro Manila  Land Transport: Modern navigation apps rely on real-time GNSS data for vehicle tracking and route optimization. 2. Autonomous Systems Self-Driving Vehicles: Utilize GNSS and GIS for navigation in urban and rural areas. UAVs: Rely on precise geodetic data for complex maneuvers in challenging environments. 3. Space Navigation Satellite Positioning: Geodetic measurements ensure precise orbit determination for communication and observation satellites. Interplanetary Missions: Accurate trajectory modeling supports deep space exploration. SAMPLE CASE STUDIES Case Study 1: UAV Operations in Disaster Response In the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan, UAVs equipped with geodetic positioning systems mapped affected areas, guiding relief operations and infrastructure rebuilding efforts. Case Study 2: Maritime Security in the West Philippine Sea Geodetic tools helped monitor and secure maritime boundaries, enhancing surveillance and ensuring resource protection. Case Study 3: Autonomous Navigation in Urban Areas A pilot project in Metro Manila used geodetic data to develop autonomous vehicles for public transport, showcasing efficient navigation in dense urban environments.