Summary

This document is a physics note, likely for IGCSE students. It covers concepts like speed, vectors, and acceleration, with diagrams and formulas. It's a good resource for revision or learning about basic physics.

Full Transcript

IGCsE puys ( ( ) Note 3 3 - K 의 m = lo 6 6 M...

IGCsE puys ( ( ) Note 3 3 - K 의 m = lo 6 6 M - M = IO = 10 9 - 9 n = o G = o 더이 녀더 1. General puysics speed - time grapn … ㅅ und vectosscalars scalar magnitude vector : : anantities quantities Hat 세가 uave are simpiy botu a defined direction by and a 111 1111시 "" $$ " a magnitude tcsris ) constant speed acceleration Vector diagram eg X * directions * gcale acceleration = final iaveoutyvelocity 대다 R time * Hi - tail parallecogram 7 A He divection ( angle ) I 1 between firs 가 tHe cuange n dlwaus tue velocrry per fime = 바 one anb me resultant < 1 cm = IN mst - V - M a = ㅡ t Distance - fime grapH horitontl + srationary 1 I 2 s constant speed MS - straigut f iine ( ncreasing gradient aceleration decreasing gradient - ' deceleration distance = area under He line down moving backward going average Veloclty 쁠 > = S = ( utv ) X X 벼 t 2 s utt atz 하 = 지 = u 라 2 as , , time ( s ) time Cs ) cVrerminal Key question > acceleration deceleration As object falls ) an , T가 experience Weigut and aiv resistance. A) therels greater Weigut 1 gradien 가 구하기 tangen * + 그려서 acceleration at srart is ar tHe maximum HoweveV , 자 soon decreases as air resistance Increases speedin larer af terminal With , tHe object is Velocity Ho acceleration Terminal and ve N City MASS weight V term in at MASS : Me a Mount of matter ( Kg ) ① for a constant ve 101배 Weight : A due to The Put of Gravity Of ② Zero a (cell ration an object ( N ) ③ b Alan ( l d Force gravitatimalfllldjtrengtn.theaallerat.IM Of Gravity ( Nkg이 or an Object due to M52 ) On Earth e. g. Il V term M에 w= mg et w ( m g 9 euros = 10Nkg이 Is A Free Falling Object.. Here is noairresistance.url.net > ↳ When Objects have Me Surface Area Will (5) they same , Fall At Me same Time. 개개에 , factorS that After i factor , that du n H AH다... mass ① to a g identity - - - ↓ 에 res istune r weight ' - surface Area : ↑ 1아와 , Den SH ② > He IoWer 다 is , the drier the air - tnidden energy apovafioner - 시험대비 fusion melf 1 treeze remaining iquid temp. decreases : [ Vaporization - : bolll condense why ! more energeric molecules escape. less energetic molecules remain = 빠 - surface 에 있는 애들 escape lbuHenrgy ka mLi 1 mlt 터 they nave to break bounbs and enougu energy - 0 아 Overcome artractive forces , of increasing rare eraporation -. ↑ temp ↓ numidity Evaporation and Condensation. ↑ wind ↑ sA. elaporisation Specitic latent Heat cont → the process in wnich a iiauid cnanges to a gas Withour becoming ho 아 enougu to boi 에 specific arent heat It occurs af tHe exposed surface of a iauid When more : the amount of cenergy ) heat needed to change have the of energefic mole ( ules enougu energy to escape 1 to stare a substance Withour cuanging its remp bvercome He artractive forces 1 atent heat of tme spelitic Vaporisationm - bolling I evaporation tueenerau neuped ro turn cg of " a change of liauid + gas liauidrgas iauid + gas state the specific lafeut heat of Fusion ~ - → He energy ueeded torurn 1 of a femp , any femp - o 애 ly ar bip Kg solid( duTd flom tHe tuvouguout flom where ! surface area fHe luuid A wnen a substance cuanges state His energy Resulf tMe of the is ansorbed cused ) to create o 아 Weaken bonbs average energy remaning molecule) : , decrease ratuer Han trunsfer KE to a substancels ⇒ the temp of iauid Wil decrease particles. remaining - → His is why remp is not changed during ⑦ more energeric ones escape a state change less energetic ones remain 1 Internal energy Thermal processes Internal ① l conduction 1 1 , brme main metnod of tHermal energy transter chemical KE insolidsm → comes from the → comes trom tHe potential energy stored random motion of metals. good conbuctors n He bunds between partides [ non - meralsI marercals containing smal pockets particles of Happed air : insulators 나는한 Thermal capacity tHermal capacity : tHe amonnt of heat energy d reuuired to raise the temp. 10 일 i , Vibrations are heat transferred E = tHerm 에 capacify XT tHermal - When a substunce is heated tHe atoms Vibrate heat = mass Specitfic caplacity h more adjacent capacity and cause molecules o Vibrare Mover heat also transferring energy from not parts → * ener current cooler Parts noy Xvoltagen 사 = < Further 나올 수도 있음 A delucali ( sed and knowledge > 시험에 Merals - moblle electrons pos ( tively N charged ions Vibrare more when tHe meral is heated The delocalised electrons D collide WIrM ions througuout F Fhe meral and transfer heat from energy not parts Fo cooler ) part femPp , ( oCl B C cunvection ② L > the A , main Way tHar heaf travels througu Huids im time When a fluik is Heated … tue molecules eacn otuer and expands ) pusu apart , 남태가 BC 보다 긴 이유 becoming less dense. + specific ( arent heat specitic larent heat 23 the ho 아 Fluid vises to less dense areas ) fuscon 3) denseV o 아 Vaporisation of , colder Fluid fallsi contracts anb sinks FB가 ) 보다 steep 한 이유 A 사 occurs wnen molecule ) M a Finid WiHh SHc of ice < sHc of water thermal nigu energy → move fo an area Witn ( more neat reauired ) loW tHermal energy ③ Radiation Lrme Way in wnicn heat can travel only turougn a vacum linfrare 비 에개나아 He letromaheric spactrum 이내 enarion anmonp 마 imtoemirm black poor good dvul 에 reasonable poor stiiny good poor White guod Very poor Shiny Hings do no 아 heat They reflect therma 에 relect Black radiafion tHings do nof absorb heat. The 대 absorb thermal radiation < reducing 1 oss of tHerma energy > materianl ike Wrap the block Witu insulating - clot 새 He bluck shiny polish poiu 아 wuite o - - reduce initial femp. of block < Factors emission of radiation 7 attecting temperafure ( ↑) ) ( darker - colonr - surface area ( grearer ) speed ' 3 Waves Wave Wuen He fpeet decreases alwaus wave / freanency Waves is the one that decreases remain He same Wavelength transrerse oscillafions are perpendicular to the vavespeeb = frequency X Wavelengtn propagaron ofenergy V = FX λ. l e. g Diign 가 2 ) Water ↓. , ↓ * 합 m ) seismic s waves medinm 이 바뀌지 않는 이상 Ware speed does not change longitudinal : oscillations are parallel to the propagation of energy Rays and reflections DBeflection 1 eg -) sound 2) seismic p Waves as a ray Wavefronta - ) 111 MI " info ) ㅏ Waves not matter transfer energy ( or hut. To must be ~ ;상 + generate a Wave tHere an oscllating suurce 시 1 11111111씨1 -- / /1111/// 11 111/11시 benergy dves not oscillate particles collide … 7 separation of Wavefront9 = x 행0 m 에 < 후 i = r , ? Befraction a distance Lxcaused by different speed of a Ware in differen 가 medium c 0 , 오 x as aray as Wavefronif trough , 휭 , D ampliitude V ; , " a = , suocaby ; ampitudene mai displacement FVom Wavelength of + he Waves V rest Position ( m ) canincrease ( decrease angleof Wavelength. He distance between fWo consecntive refraction. , cm ) # 가 crests Itrougus. complete * Warer Hesurface trequency now many waves pass Waves travel more duicaly on a poMt per unif time ( Hz ) 아 Warer Wnen the wareris deeper As gap the gefs bigger , He effect gers 1 ess ③ 3 biffraction "Waves pronounced unri t tHe case Mar Hegap is spread ouf through a gap or pastan very bigger edge ( wnen the is smaller Han the λ ) mucu Han the Wavelengrh , the Waves gap no onger spread ourar all JJ] > - nnrnuuigraonag * He best diffraction wHen tHe gap * , 5 ite 는 λ narrowerrincreased angular spread : 가계속 같은 < cHaracteristic ) of ) Snells 1 aw Plane mirror images inverted laterally sin ' > the object n refractive inaex - = - me same size as sinr Vir 세에 - upright - ☆ 높은 if is dive ( in ine Witu He object n sin i nzsin n = n - tly = , 가 i Sin & > EvIrual ray diagram Image 름 iess dense dense 할때안 → = , sinr , dense 1 ess dense 때는 ↓ f " 릴 n 히 n = 창 ] " i [ nn : ) * 값잘보기 , ~ 가 Hz n ㄴ p n 시 n = speed of ligu 가 n Vaccum ⇒ ai 라 보다 1 essdense 태때매국 speed of ligut IM maferial )@ C " = VVac ⇒ 기기 air 보다 dense Vmed na 라 = 수 Retractirn To 아 al nfernal reflectcon L differenf , waves travel at speeds in different ' 홰 훙어네 medium because tuey nare different densities V denser 회 , 흖 5 V denser - V denser 회 가 stHaigu 하면 화 회 그냥 slow down 가 7 , , ' ' - w 900 누 오 ㄱ 7 : r ) x rincident ray Nrefracted ray 5 - … ; CC : = C i > C ? … refraction the crifical angle 이씨Tuternal j → efractep reflection emergent ray rayalong the surface denser maferial has smaller Vaine of c = He a 않 angle WHere light Just escapes [ marerial Has bigger Of < rarer a value 다le grearest angle ofincidence at wnich refraction = Occurs o아 l nrernal reflectionhappens when 가 igu dense medium hits na a boundary Win a less dense ic medium ar angle AnoefractioMA sin c = h < oprical Fibre , 7 foral internal reflection is used to veflect ligut along 이가 ( cal fibres for … telecommunications [ medical : endoscope air 시험대비 아이 ( nrernal Velection uses 1 ) telecommunication L) infrared I opfical tibres transmt waves in order 1 guass to senb fignals igut ray toral 2 x endoscope L 내시경 ) internal reflefion 다o 아 iew internal organ body Purt as igut traveis down fibres short distancess fo 아 dl Internal Veflection 에서. θ Lc 1 → oniy refraction θ ≤ c → Vefraction & reflection θ + refracfed ray gets weaker θ c refracts t alongthesurface θ x refracted ray disappears → 하아이 Tnrernal refilection = moNoo 에 speed of ( Tght = ms wavetront 그릴때 졌게 까행 * 쵤 deeper = faster v = f * λ λ Cx cnz - , 로 > 둘 ㄱ 사 ) , ~ 2) V FXx Diverging = 7 lens ray snallower = slower D Wavefront & ray 는 D perpendicular 1 deph 와 density 상관 없이 speed 가 JIOW 하면 toWardg fhe normal p warer 에서 ? suallowWater - → speed decreases V : FXX F 는 항상 같은 ⇒ λ decreases deep water - → speed increases V = FXX Dispersion a mixture of F 는 항상 같은 같은거 X ral me colours x increases " ⇒ V lenses monuhromatic iign 가 single = ) converging ) 1 convex lens X freqnency > > 5 red F X 7 X orange Principal , F yellow > aXis 5 green decrease n n , Tncrease M f > focus ) blue = d speed (그래서 norm 에에서 principal V line Ha 가 a

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