Wall Coverings PDF

WALL COVERINGS Cons: ○ Expensive to install/remove Wall coverings- materials applied to walls ○ Can peel in humid areas to enhance their appearance and ○ Limited flexibility in updates...

WALL COVERINGS Cons: ○ Expensive to install/remove Wall coverings- materials applied to walls ○ Can peel in humid areas to enhance their appearance and ○ Limited flexibility in updates functionality 2. Vinyl Wall Covering- made from Benefits of Wall Coverings polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and are Durability- built to endure wear and durable, washable, and tear, making them suitable for moisture-resistant high-traffic areas Pros: Conceals Imperfections- effectively ○ Durable and long-lasting conceals imperfections like cracks ○ Moisture-resistant, ideal for and uneven textures humid areas Easy Maintenance- easy to clean ○ Easy to clean and maintain and resistant to stains, making them ○ Variety of styles and textures practical for homes with children or Cons: pets ○ Limited breathability, may Energy Efficiency- designed for trap moisture easy installation making them ○ Difficult to remove suitable for DIY projects ○ Can look less natural than Variety of Options- provide diverse other materials options for personalized design, ○ Not eco-friendly creating unique spaces that reflect individual preferences 3. Textile Wall Coverings- made from Texture Addition- add texture and natural or synthetic fibers, offer a depth, enhancing the visual appeal luxurious look with their woven or and atmosphere of any space embroidered textures Aesthetic Appeal & Pros: Personalization- wall coverings ○ Adds warmth and texture enhance aesthetics with diverse ○ Excellent sound insulation colors, patterns, and textures ○ Luxurious, unique aesthetic Sound Absorption- some materials ○ Wide variety of fabrics and can help reduce noise levels patterns Cons: Types of Wall Coverings ○ Prone to stains and moisture damage 1. Wallpaper- made from paper; can ○ Difficult to clean be installed using traditional paste or ○ Can be expensive peel-and-stick methods ○ May attract dust and Pros: allergens ○ Adds texture and personality ○ Long-lasting ○ Covers wall imperfections ○ Wide variety of designs 4. Wood Paneling- a durable wall Cons: covering that adds warmth and ○ Can be expensive character to interiors; available in ○ Challenging to clean in various styles and finishes grooves Pros: ○ Not ideal for small spaces ○ Adds warmth and natural ○ May require professional beauty installation ○ Durable and long-lasting ○ Excellent insulation 7. Mural or Graphic Wall Coverings- properties enhance spaces with striking ○ Variety of finishes and styles designs, from landscapes to bold Cons: abstracts; made from durable vinyl ○ Prone to moisture damage or soft fabric ○ Can be expensive ○ May darken rooms if 8. Tiles- durable surfaces made from overused ceramic, porcelain, glass, or stone; ○ Requires maintenance commonly used in kitchens and bathrooms for their moisture 5. Acoustics Panels- specialized wall resistance and easy cleaning coverings designed to absorb sound Pros: and reduce noise levels in a space ○ Highly durable and Pros: water-resistant ○ Excellent sound absorption ○ Easy to clean ○ Enhances room acoustics ○ Variety of colors, textures, ○ Variety of colors and designs and finishes ○ Adds textures and modern ○ Great for high-moisture areas aesthetic Cons: Cons: ○ Can be expensive ○ Can be costly ○ Requires skilled installation ○ Limited durability in ○ Grout may need regular high-traffic areas maintenance ○ May require professional ○ Feels cold and hard installation ○ Not ideal for every style 9. Stone and Brick- natural or manufactured materials used to 6. 3D Wall Panels create a rustic, textured aesthetic in Pros: interior spaces ○ Adds depth and visual Pros: interest ○ Highly durable and ○ Variety of textures and long-lasting materials ○ Natural, rustic aesthetic ○ Covers wall imperfections ○ Excellent insulation ○ Modern, eye-catching properties aesthetic ○ Low maintenance  Cons: ○ Requires proper installation ○ Heavy and difficult to install to avoid gaps and seams ○ Expensive materials and labor Trends in Wall Coverings ○ Limited design flexibility Sustainable and eco-friendly ○ May make spaces feel dark materials and enclosed Textured Walls and 3D Designs Bold Colors and Geometric Patterns 10. Glass Wall Coverings- decorative Natural and Organic Aesthetics panels made from tempered, Smart and Interactive Wall laminated, or frosted glass that Coverings provide a modern look to interiors Vintage and Retro Designs Pros: Metallic Wall Coverings ○ Sleek, modern aesthetic ○ Moisture-resistant and easy Choosing Wall Coverings Based on to clean Room Type ○ Customizable with colors, Living Room- Wallpapers, textured patterns, or textures paints, wood paneling ○ Reflects light, enhancing Kitchen- tiles, washable paint, or brightness waterproof wallpaper Cons: Bathroom- ceramic or glass tiles for ○ Expensive to install moisture resistance ○ Requires professional Bedroom- wallpaper, fabric handling due to weight coverings, or wood paneling ○ Can be fragile if not Commercial Spaces- durable tempered options like tiles or metal panels ○ Limited insulation properties Factors Influencing Cost 11. Metal Panels- durable, fire-resistant, Material choice and made from aluminum, steel, or Installation difficulty and labor copper Room size and wal condition Pros: ○ Durable and long lasting ○ Modern, industrial aesthetic ○ Easy to maintain and clean ○ Fire-resistant and moisture-resistant ○ Available in various finishes (matte, glossy, brushed) Cons: ○ Can be expensive ○ May dent or scratch easily ○ Can make a space feel cold or sterile  CERAMICS & POTTERY Earthenware- type of ceramic made from natural clay later on earthenware was made Ceramics from this type of clay called "terracotta" that - comes from the Greek word Keramos is fired at relatively low temperatures meaning potter’s clay - all objects made from clay or other Stoneware- type of ceramic made from a non-metallic minerals, shaped and dense type of clay that is fired at high hardened through high-temperature firing temperatures Pottery Porcelain- high-quality ceramic material -containers and vessels like bowls and jugs made from fine, white clay (such as kaolin) made from clay for functional or ritual that is fired at very high temperatures purposes - originated in China during the Tang Dynasty Stages in Production 1. Clay State/ Greenware Early Beginnings in Mesopotamia 2. Biscuit State/ Bisque The geography of the Near East, 3. Glazed State with its fertile river valleys (Tigris and Glaze- mixture of chemicals, mostly Euphrates), provided abundant clay silica, the major component of deposits for pottery production. glass, clay, water, colorants and Early pottery was often simple, suspension agent allowing hand-formed, and initially made chemicals to stick together without the pottery wheel discovery of the pottery wheel Methods of Decoration around 3,500 BCE revolutionized Incised pottery production Relief/Embossed Ubaid Pottery (5,00 BCE) - Pierced hand-painted, simple geometric Sgrafitto- designs that are drawn designs on pottery made for storage with a pointed tool that scratches and everyday use through the slip to reveal the body Stamped Pottery in Ancient Egypt Stenciled The Nile River was vital to Egyptian Decalcomania- the art of transferring pottery from specifically prepared paper to a Faience- a silica-based material with wood, glass or metal surface. vibrant blue or green glaze, Silkscreened symbolizing life and protection Lithographed Egyptian Blue Faience (3,000 Painted BCE)- glazed non-clay ceramic used for amulets, small statues, and Slip- thick semi-solid fluid composed of clay vessels, known for its vibrant and water into which the ware is blue-green color associated with life dipped when it is dry enough to dry and rebirth. The Rise of Greek Pottery original, is arguably the most Greece’s mountainous terrain and popular style limited natural resources made Longshan Black Pottery- the site ceramics essential for storage and features earth walls, polished stone transport, especially in maritime axes, burnished ware, gray pottery, trade and a divination technique using Red- and black-figure vases often cattle bones and crack analysis. depicted daily life and mythology, reflecting the importance of Pre-Columbian Ceramics in America storytelling in Greek culture Mesoamerican civilizations like the Red-Figure Pottery (c. 5th century Maya used riverbank clays and BCE), particularly the Attic created a polychrome red-figure vases, which depict (multi-colored) intricate pottery, scenes of Greek mythology, daily while Andean cultures like the life, and athletic competitions with Moche utilized coastal and detailed and refined artistry highland clay sources for their unique portrait vessels Ancient Chinese Ceramics Moche Portrait Vessels- highly China’s diverse geography provided realistic ceramic portraits of rich clay deposits, including kaolin individuals, deities, and animals, for porcelain, particularly in the crafted by the Moche civilization and Jiangxi province often used in religious ceremonies Tang Dynasty Sancai Ware- a type of pottery with vibrant green, yellow, Pottery of the Islamic World and white glazes often used for fostered ceramic innovation, funerary items, depicting animals, resulting in intricate geometric people, and mythical creatures patterns, floral motifs, and ○ Fine white earthenware calligraphy. Tin-glazing enabled covered with a lead glaze vibrant colors and detailed designs, of glowing yellow and green symbolizing utility, artistry, and tints, often in mottled spiritual expression patterns. Persian Lustreware- a decorative ○ Porcelain – significant ceramic with a metallic sheen innovation and made into thin achieved by adding a silver or delicate bowls and vases copper glaze, featuring intricate with clear, bluish or greenish geometric and floral designs glazes Han Dynasty Earthenware Japanese and Korean Pottery Traditions ○ Hu- a baluster-shaped vase Japan's volcanic landscapes create modeled from bronze vessels diverse pottery styles, while Korea's of the same name and river and coastal clay deposits occasionally embellished support iconic porcelain with relief ornament in friezes Yayoi Earthenware- unlike Jōmon, straight from a bronze features clean, functional shapes  with smoothed clay surfaces and porcelain) made at the royal clay slip. Originating in northern factory of Sèvres, near Kyūshū, it may have evolved from Versailles Jōmon ceramics German Ceramics Goryeo Dojagi- oldest earthenware; ○ Dresden Ware- developed Celadon techniques, introduced by Johann Böttger, was from China, were developed by originally called "Meissen Goryeo potters in the 12th century, Ceramics." It featured the characterized by a way of inlaying first European hard-paste called Sanggam Technique and the porcelain, creamy-white in highly admired green color color, and showcased vibrant enamel colors and exquisite European Pottery: Renaissance & chinoiserie designs Beyond Azulejos- Produced in Catalonia, Ceramics in Europe saw major painted with groups of people developments during the engaged in sports, amusement, Renaissance (1300s–1600s) dancing or drinking etc. or incidents Majolica- a tin-glazed pottery with associated with Don Quixote. Wall vivid colors and elaborate tiles with a generally bluish hue Renaissance designs, often used for decorative plates and tiles depicting Philippine Pottery biblical or mythological scenes primarily earthenware, which has not Dutch Ceramics been fired to the point of vitrification ○ Delft Ceramics- produced differentiated from tradeware and by Majolica techniques. Blue stoneware by the materials used colored patterns and and firing temperature landscapes in white Earthenware is made with local background. Incorporated materials, while tradeware is made with Dutch scenes such as with non-local materials windmills and fishing boats The Philippines has skilled French Ceramics craftsmanship in earthenware ○ Palissy Ceramics (Palissy, vessels formed using paddle and Bernard)- Smooth glazes in anvil and coiling and scraping richly colored enamels; techniques Scriptural and Mythological Kalinga Jar- found across Kalinga, subjects; Sharply modeled a province in the Philippines' forms copied from nature Cordillera Mountains; use such as reptiles, insects, and ornamentation and anthropomorphic plants designs "tattooed" through ○ Sevre Ceramics- French stamping, similar to those used in hard-paste, or true, porcelain tattooing. as well as soft-paste Manggul Jar- curvilinear scroll porcelain (a porcellaneous designs and a boat symbolizing material rather than true souls  GLASSWARE Mesopotamian Glass Glass- a hard, brittle, and typically The oldest records of glass are found here dating to as far back as 1700 B.C. Around transparent material, made by fusing sand 200 B.C., Syrian craftsmen made a with soda ash and lime, and cooled rapidly breakthrough with the discovery of the glassblowing technique which employed the History use of glassblowing pipe. The technique Originally used as a cutting tool, it has been enabled thin-walled, fine glasses in a large around for about 75,000 years. The first variety of shapes to be made. In addition, records of glass making, however, date using a mold with this technique allowed the standardization and duplication of objects. back to the Egyptian and Mesopotamian. Since then, the mastery of the manufacturing technique has been Roman Glass developing in different civilizations and nations until the Industrial Revolution The glass objects of that period are popularized the material and allowed its generally named Roman Glass, and production on a large scale. In architecture, they are characterized by filigree, glass was first used as a sealing element mosaic, and engraved decors. around 100 AD. In Roman architecture, translucent sheets of alabaster or mica were commonly used as the window Egyptian Glass material, but it’s also during this time that glass was the first used to Glass ware in Egypt started as early enclose wall openings as 1375 BC as proven by the discovery of a glass furnace in 1. Cameo Glass- this is the process of Tell-et-Amana grinding away the upper of two The real origins of modern glass lay superimposing layers of glass to in Alexandria during the Ptolemaic leave a design standing on a ground Dynasty of contrasting color usually white on The glassmakers in Alexandria dark blue developed a new technique called 2. Phoenician Glass- Sometimes also Mosaic Glass called Roman Glass refers to the products of the entire Mediterranean 1. Mosaic Glass- Varicolored glass that were transported by Phoenician canes were lightly fused together to merchants during the Roman form one thick rod, extended to the Empire. This was in the form of required length and thickness embedded colored glass in clear 2. Millefiori Glass- A type of mosaic forms similar to 19th century glass, with colorful flower patterns, paperweights derived from the Italian term to mean 3. Doppelwand Glass- Enclosed “thousand flowers” etched gold or silver designs between two clear panels.  4. Snake-Thread Glass- Flasks and by alternating polished and dull goblets decorated with ribbons, surfaces. It produced decorative usually of colored glass trailed on in glass and figurines in the tradition of fantastic patterns and notched with a Art Nouvean movement, and was a transverse ribbed effect. reaction against the industrialized way of making glass where Venetian Glass everything was machine made. During the 13th and 14th centuries, after the English Glass fall of the Roman empire, Glassmaking was In 1675, George Ravenscroft, an revived in Venice, Italy. Glassmakers of the Englishman, made a discovery that island of Murano developed soda lime, and revolutionized glass-making. While they termed this thin and clear glass trying to imitate the finely-cut glass Cristallo. of the Venetians, he added lead oxide to the raw materials and produced a glass (Lead crystal) that 1. Aventurine Glass- Glass that was heavier, stronger, more brilliant included glittering gold particles and easier to work with. 2. Murano Glass- Named after a The high refractive index was suburb in Venice that produced invaluable to the optical industry, exceptionally light and delicate thus lenses, microscopes and glass. Modeled into extraordinary telescopes became possible. shapes in every variety of color and because of its thinness, it was never 1. Bristol- rarest and most interesting cut of Bristol glass is the white, opaque milky glass, known as Milk Glass. In French Glass tint it resembles porcelain or Battersea enamel. The color is a The first production occurred in 1665 when solid white and, when held to the large plates mirrors were used in the light, is translucent to about the ''Gallerie des Glaces'' at Versaille Palace, same extent as Oriental porcelain. although French formally entered the glass market in the 19th century. Irish Glass Irish glass is very tough; it sings with a clear 1. Baccarat- a water-clear, quite note when struck; it is interesting and, in bubble free product. It was first only most cases, beautiful, although Waterford made at Baccarat, France, with a glass appears to have the preference of the leaden composition. Although collectors. Great quantities of Irish glass colored glass in various colors is were exported until the glass industry in made, the clear crystal produced is Ireland came to an end, largely through the much greater than the colored effects of English competition. crystal 2. Lalique- invented by Rene Lalique; it produced luminous, transparent glass ornamented by pressing and American Glass Characteristics of Glass The beginning of the twentieth century saw Transparency & Light Transmission the emergence of art nouveau glass shapes Aesthetic Versatility and decorations in the United States. Durability & Strength Thermal & Sound Insulation 1. Stiegel Glass- developed by a Safety Features German named Henri William Stiegel. He concentrated on making Classification of Glass window glass and various types of bottles. Soda-lime glass- the most common 2. Wistarburg Ware- developed by commercial glass. Soda-lime glass Casper Wistar in Salem Country, is primarily used for bottles, jars, New Jersey, in 1739. It is usually everyday drinking glasses, and blown, and were ornamental forms window glass. having a generally heavy, crude, and Lead glass- When we use lead elementary appearance. Wistar is oxide, we get the types of glass credited with having made the first commonly known as lead crystal. flint glass in America Lead glass has a high refractive 3. Tiffany Glass (Favrile glass)- index and relatively soft surface, invented by Louis Comfort Tiffany making it especially suited for of New York. He developed an decorating by grinding, cutting, and iridescent glass of great brilliance engraving. The lead is locked into and luster with flowing shapes that the crystal structure of the glass so influenced the glassmakers in there is no risk to human health. Central Europe. He is also known for Borosilicate glass- composed fine silver and jewelry. Louis mainly of silica and boric oxide with Comfort Tiffany, a leading figure of smaller amounts of alkalis. Most of the Art Nouveau movement, was us are more familiar with this type of especially admired for his glass in the form of ovenware and stained-glass windows and other heat-resisting ware, better iridescent Favrile blown-glass known under the trade name Pyrex. windows and other vessels. Special glass- glasses with specific properties may be devised to meet Chinese Glass almost any imaginable requirement. Special glasses are used in diverse 1. Peking Glass- made in Peking fields, such as chemistry, pharmacy, during the reign of Emperor K’ang electro technology, electronics, Hsi, patiently carved in the form of optics, apparatus and instrument, small, traditionally shaped vases construction, and lighting industries. and snuff bottle in clear solid colored and overlay glass in two or more colors. Highly prized are snuff bottles painted on their interior surfaces with figures and landscape. Types of Glass Varieties & Application Flat Glass- refers to all glass Annealed glass- Glass that is products in a flat form, regardless of cooled slowly to relieve internal their manufacturing method stresses Hollowware- consumer goods such Heat-strengthened glass- A as bottles, drinking glasses, vases, toughened glass produced by and glass lamps heating it to a temperature just below its melting point and then Products cooling it Tempered glass- strengthened Hollowware glass that’s ideal for applications; ○ Drinkware Also referred to as safety glass or ○ Lighting Fixture toughened glass, manufacturers ○ Glass Vases produce this product by ○ Glass BOwls & Trays heat-processing the glass, resulting Decorative Glassware in a material that’s as much as four ○ Sculpture times stronger than traditional glass. ○ Clocks Laminated or safety glass- A type ○ MIrrors of safety glass consisting of two or ○ Figurines more layers of glass with one or Architectural Glassware more thin polymer interlayers ○ Glass Panels & Windows between them which prevent the ○ Glass Doors glass from breaking into large sharp ○ Glass Railings & Stairs pieces Textured Glassware Wired glass- A type of glass ○ Frosted wherein a wire mesh is inserted ○ Etched during production. It has an impact ○ Tinted or Colored resistance similar to that of normal Innovative Glassware glass, but in case of breakage the ○ Recycled Glass mesh retains the pieces of glass ○ Smart Glass Patterned glass- A type of decorative glass which is Installation characterised by textures or patterns Glazing- refers to the installation of glass in embossed onto one or both sides of windows, doors, or any other fixed opening. a glass pane. Glazing can be referred to as any and all Obscure glass- Has one or both the glass within the structure or the side acid-etched or sandblasted to installation of any piece of glass within a obscure vision sash or frame Spandrel glass- An opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in curtain wall construction, produced by fusing a ceramic frit to  the interior surface of tempered or heat-strengthened glass Insulating glass- A glass unit consisting of two or more sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space to provide thermal insulation and restrict condensation Tinted or heat-absorbing glass- A float glass that has a chemical admixture to absorb a portion of the radiant heat and visible light that strike it Reflective glass- Has a thin, translucent metallic coating to reflect a portion of the light and radiant heat that strike it Low-emission (LOW-E) glass- Transmits visible light while selectively reflecting the longer wavelengths of radiant heat, produced by depositing a low-e coating either on the glass itself or over a transparent plastic film suspended in the sealed air space of insulating glass  PAINTS, PAINTING TOOLS, & Maple, Oak Red – Red EQUIPMENT Mahogany, Cherry, Rosewood Paint- is a mixture of a solid pigment Med- Brown- Dark Oak, suspended in a liquid vehicle applied as Mahogany, thin, usually opaque coating to a surface for Teak Dark Brown – protection and decoration Wengue, Walnut Four Main Ingredients of Paint Polyurethane Wood Floor Polyurethane Premixed and furniture Reducer wood colors 1. Pigment- Gives the paint its color. It Epoxy Paint Interior & Epoxy Exterior Reducer is classified into two groups: natural Concrete Floors and synthetic 2. Binder- Typically a resin that Rubberized Concrete, Rubber Paint paint wood Reducer surrounds the pigment and when dry planks, primed creates the paint film metal 3. Drier- Speeds up the drying time of the binder 4. Solvent- Allows the paint to flow from brush or roller onto the surface. Paint Sheen Leaves only the dried pigment and binder after evaporating 1. Flat- walls & ceilings (except kitchen bath) Not reflective; Hides surface imperfections, Type of Paint Surface Reducer or Colorant but makes it difficult to remove stains. Good Applicable Thinner for low traffic area Ceilings can be plain or Enamel Wood, Paint Premixed or with texture. (QDE-quick Metal, Thinner adjust using dry enamel) Plastic, Lacquer Oil Tinting Glass, Rubber Thinner Color 2. Eggshell- walls & ceilings (can be used in kitchen bath) Latex Concrete, Water Premixed or bricks, CHB, adjust using Plaster, Acry-color More reflective than flat paint; hides surface Fiber cement imperfections; Allows stains to be scrubbed board (ex. hardiflex out. Ideal for medium traffic areas brand), Rubber 3. Satin- walls in any room; kitchen & Water Based Textured Paint Ceilings, Masonry bath ceilings Surfaces. Properly primed Minimal gloss, but more reflective than wood & metal eggshells; Provides a durable finish that is surfaces easier to clean than flat or eggshells. Good Stain & Solid Wood, As is for Premixed for most places Varnish Plywood cleaning – Wood colors Lacquer Light Shades Thinner – Pine, Ash Yellow –  4. Semi-gloss- high traffic area walls Faux Finish- Simulates stone, (kitchen & baths); doors, trims, leather, or wood shelvings Antique or Distress Finish- Gives off an aged or worn appearance Slightly glossy appearance; Highly durable and easily cleaned; Also moisture retardant; Good for wet areas Common Wood Stain Colors (Full/ Half 5. Gloss- Ideal for doors, cabinets, Tone) trims, shelvings, wet areas Walnut Very reflective; Good for highlighting detail Maple such as trims and moldings; best water Mahogany resistance Oak Dark Oak Wood Filler- Used for filling nail holes, cracks and dents Painting Tools Sealers- Primarily used to seal wood Doughnut Roller surfaces and prevent absorption of Extension Handle succeeding finish coats Roller Frame Trim Roller Shellac is a widely used sealer Pad Painter Varnish sealer used under varnish Roller Cover or lacquer Paint Tray Lacquer sealer used under lacquer 6” wall brush finishes. 4” wall brush Foam brush Round brush Sash Painting Techniques 2” trim brush Sponging- Painting walls with a sponge for a blended, mottled effect Ragging- Using old rags to create a Surface Preparation & Execution lively texture on walls Spattering- Flicking a brush onto 1. Surface Preparation the painting surface 2. Primer Stencils- Painting over a cutout 3. First Topcoat shape or design 4. Second Topcoat Combing- Creates a linen, moir or basket weave effect Crackle- Painting a crackle medium over the base coat Paint Brands Davies- Series: Rain & Shine, Megacryl, Bio Fresh Boysen- Series: Acrytex, Healthy Home Others: ACE, Sinclair, Fuhler, Behr, Gliddem, Ralph Lauren, Dunn Edwards, Sherwin Wolliams, Benjamin Moore, Pratt & Lambert Treating Stains & MIldew 1. Mix three parts water to one part laundry bleach. 2. Liberally with a sponge, rinse off the bleach and dead mildew with clean fresh water. 3. Apply again after 20 minutes even if the mildew has disappeared. Allow it to dry thoroughly.  SCULPTURE 3. Casting A manufacturing process where Sculpture- the art of fashioning figures of liquid material are poured into a woods, clay, plastics, metal, stones, and mold and then allowed to solidify etc. they are figures that are carved, cut, or It is used to make complex shapes molded from such materials that the other methods cannot be done with Materials the oldest surviving casting was a copper frog from 3200 BC Wood Casting in bronze or in other durable Stones substance is the only means of Clay obtaining permanence for a molded Plaster work Paper Mache Two methods: Cire perdue/ Bronze lost-was process (more widely Processes & Techniques employed) & Sand-casting Methods: Kinds of Sculpture Additive Process- Where by 1. Relief Sculpture- a raised form that materials is added again and again projects from a background or surface. It to build up the form as in clay is made to be seen only from one side or Subtractive Process- Where by from an angle removal or subtracting of materials Low-Relief (bas relief or Basso) - create the form as in carving. relieve; projecting figure is closer to the surface and no part is entirely 1. Carving detached from the background High- Relief (haut relief or alto)- Time- consuming and very figure may also detached from the painstaking process surface The artist cuts away or subtracts Half- relief (demi relief or mezzo)- until the desired form reached between low and high relief Images may result to hard forms and Crushed relief (sticciato)- the frequently weighty lowest degree or relief in which the The design is compact and projection barely exceeds the governed by the nature of the thickness of a sheet of paper material. Hollow relief (cavo relieve)- a relief in rivers, in which all the carving lies 2. Construction and Assemblage within a hollowed-out area below the Modern Sculpture is created by surface plane constructed and assemblage This method has its origin in collage Painting techniques devised by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. (French artist in 1912) 2. Sculpture in the Round- a freestanding 2. Mesopotamian Sculptures sculpture and is often on a pedestal or a sculptures are in abstract geometric base. It is made to be seen in many forms directions and must be developed in all formal images of elemental gods points of view Cylinder Seal- one of the most Statue – representationalist outstanding pieces of Babylonian sculpture depicting specific entity, sculpture usually a person, event, animal or Sunken Relief Carvings- made by object cutting the design into a flat surface Bust – representation of a person from the chest up Three Periods: Equestrian statue – typically showing a significant person on Sumerian horseback ○ reflected the values and culture 3. Assemblage- a sculpture conducted of Ancient Mesopotamia from found objects. Typically an ○ were made of stone or clay or assemblage does not disguise the even minerals such as alabaster original objects used, rather it either tries and tended to favor a cylindrical to show them in new light. Or forms a style figurative sculpture from the collection of ○ the eyes in Sumerian sculptures space were chiseled open so large in order to signify wisdom and knowledge Assyrian Historical Evolution of Sculptures ○ Assyrian sculptors produced very few statues, except for huge animal or anthropomorphic figures PRIMITIVE ○ used a form of gypsum for the reliefs and carved it using iron 1. Primitive Sculptures and copper tools Sculptures of the prehistoric times ○ to provide magical protection Concentrate more on human figures to the palace & the king Made of ivory or soft stones & clay Babylonian Small in scale ○ intricate stone carvings Emphasis on the reproductive ○ integration of mythological organs, breasts, and buttocks creatures, symbolizing the Venus of Willendorf (Austria, 1908) grandeur and power of ○ 11.5 cm high Babylonian civilization ○ made of limestone ○ heavily influenced by the art of ○ Represented an early fertility their predecessors, the deity Sumerians and Akkadians ○ The Steel of Hammurabi- one of the most outstanding pieces of Babylonian sculpture 3. Egyptian Sculptures ○ range from single figures, often characterized by a sense of frontal, to figure groups that permanence and divine authority include both people and animals monumental sculptures often ○ materials were terracotta, depicted gods, pharaohs, and other faience, ivory, and bronze important figures of society ○ Men (coloured red) wearing carved from durable stone such as belted loin cloths granite, limestone, and sandstone ○ Women (coloured white) in The Sphinx- a spiritual guardian, long flowing dresses and most often depicted as a male with a open-fronted jackets pharaoh headdress ○ Bronze figurines, typically of Egyptians focused on preservation worshippers but also of animals, because they believed in the afterlife especially oxen most art was created not for public ○ Minoan Snake Goddess, viewing but functioned to protect Knossos- Figure of a goddess and provide for deceased spirits brandishing a snake in each of Primary purpose of most Egyptian her raised hands; her bare sculpture: To represent the individual breasts represent her role as a in death before Osiris, or in life and fertility goddess, and the snakes death before the deities of the great and cat on her head are symbols temples of her dominion over wild nature The Law of Frontality- the body of Cycladic the figure in the round must not be ○ the predominance of female twisted in any way. The face must figures, sometimes pregnant, look forward and each side must suggests a fertility deity look the same but the hands and ○ carved statuette of a nude feet may vary in different position woman with her arms crossed over her abdomen ○ the bodies are roughly triangular and the feet are kept together AEGEAN ○ the head of the female figure is an inverted triangle, with a 1. Aegean Sculptures rounded chin and a nose that curvilinear form protrudes from the center of lacked with good sense of proportion the face the long body type accentuated by Mycenean extremely cinched and tiny waists, and gender differentiations in the skin color of males and females GREECE Three Periods: Emphasis on beauty and perfection Minoan Weight shift for relaxed, natural ○ small scale poses Realistic depiction of fabric and flow  Gods, heroes, and athletes idealized ○ left hip up and outward for strength and beauty ○ axis of the body is in S-like curve They make monument to: ○ weight rest on one leg ○ Honor their gods ○ Commemorate victories ○ Record religious rites 3. High Classical Sculptures Polycleitus of Argos - wrote a book 1. Archaic Sculptures outlining his theories and then made Daedalic style - clay mold a statue of a nude Doryphoros technique, mainly for frontal figures (Spear-bearer) Archaic smile - movement implied ○ used numerical scheme to in the face determine proportions Seated figure forms - show body ○ idealized conception of a male form and drapery folds figure with sharply defined head is front-facing, flat, and muscles that do not mimic those triangular in shape, with a long, of a real man formless body ○ sought to represent the perfect the male figure was called “Kouros,” male nude and the female figure was called Aphrodite - great female nude by “Kore.” Praxiteles eyes were molded with oriental Lysippus - revised the ideal slant, with eyeballs bulging in a proportion of High Classical works convex surface ○ portraits of Alexander the Great stiff and rigid poses established a new type of sculpture called Personality Portrait Personality Portrait - aims to 2. Classic Sculptures capture not just the physical likeness Severe Style – early classical of a person, but also their character, period, exploring the emotions of emotions, or inner qualities their character; bridge between the stiff, idealized figures of the Archaic period and the more balanced and naturalistic sculptures of the 4. Hellenistic Sculptures Classical period period following the death of Bronze - widely used since it is Alexander the great easily to mold. gained intensity of feeling Temple of Zeus, Olympia- gigantic and became more realistic gold and statue of a seated Zeus, 13 artists make subjects that the meters high; one of the Seven people could understand and wonders of the world relate to Contrapposto Characteristics: develop the trend of female ○ forward leg is lower nudes ○ right hip is thrust down forward emotional, dynamic poses.  Discobolus “the discus thrower” They employed negative relief to by Myron - famous for the boldness create detailed artworks. of which he “fixed” moments of An undercutting technique was violent action in bronze introduced, which used the strap or Athena Parthenos by Phidias cord drill to create deep recesses (greatest name in Greek sculpture) - and intricate details, enhancing its designed and built the Parthenon depth, shadow, and making it appear and statues which initiated the more three-dimensional and lifelike. Greek classical style of art The Lost Wax Process was also Doryphoros by Polycleitus - one of introduced, which is a method of most admired sculptors of the casting bronze classical period; used proportions 4 Types of Roman Sculptures: known as the canon ○ Relief Hermes with the Child Dionysius ○ Funeral Relief by Praxiteles - his style stands out ○ Free-standing sculpture from the other sculptors; make his ○ Portrait sculpture artwork “ripple with life”; his style was delicate and luminous; used his new pose “praxitelian curve”. Alexander the Great by Lysippus - 2. Roman Sculptures modified the canon with smaller Early Christian churches continued heads; inspiration was the statue of the decoration of sarcophagi Doryphoros Developed most notably in miniature form: Ivory & Wooden relief From stylistic, realism art, they shifted to symbolic imagery to ROMAN convey religious images. Their decorations included frescoes, 1. Roman Sculpture mosaics, and symbols to represent Having been influenced by the Christian themes such as ichthys Greeks, Roman portraits continued (fish) and the Good Shepherd in the tradition of Etruscan realism (Jesus) Naturalism was revived through Later Christian carvings depicted their sculptures. complex arrangements of biblical Realistic effects were developed and scenes they used varying depths to create illusions Drilling in sculptures became prominent; They used a strap or 3. Byzantine Sculptures cord drill Sculpture plays a minimal part in Carved sarcophagi became Byznatine as they placed a strong widespread when burying their dead emphasis towards 2D media ○ Motifs used: Garlands and (mosaics, frescoes) swags; Mythological stories and battle  Capitals are carved with delicacy Gothic sculptures often appeared to and highly stylized vine scrolls and float and had a great sense of inscrutable animals realism. Diptychs are usually covered with Gothic Artists: ivory panels ○ Nicola Pisano - Continued the Diptychs consisted of two ivory tradition of free-standing carved panels with records departing pulpits that featured crowded consuls office on the inner surface figures and broad narrative Period of Iconography panels that blend classical and Christian themes; He successfully combined elements of Gothic and 4. Romanesque Sculptures Classical in his works. Most sculptures were created for ○ Giovanni Pisano - Developed religious purposes and were used to free-standing sculptures in decorate churches and cathedrals. various materials, including They were often integrated into the wood, ivory, and marble; Unlike architecture of buildings (doorways, his father’s serene and static capitals, facades). figures, Giovanni’s figures often Figures are stylized with display intense emotion and exaggerated features to convey movement. spiritual significance. Stone was the most common material used for sculptures, but wood and metal were also used for RENAISSANCE works like crucifixes and reliquaries. Renaissance Sculptures Human emotions and characters were used. 5. Gothic Sculptures These sculptures were created to Façade sculptures stood record the nobility of man independently from the walls The knowledge of human anatomy, Gothic sculptures were often body mechanics, perspective, and freestanding and could be attached laws of dynamics were translated to columns. with great flexibility into their marble Gothic sculptures had more sculptures, freeing it from medieval naturalistic and dynamic forms. function. Religious figures are often depicted These monumental free standing as objects of veneration. sculptures were designed to be seen Naturalistic proportions with some from all sides elongation. Late Gothic period increased in free-standing sculptures and altar pieces. Renaissance Artists Michelangelo ○ Said to be the towering genius of Leon Battista Alberti sculpture ○ Gave practical theoretical leads ○ He has a deep understanding of to future painters and sculptors anatomy, allowing him to create ○ Gave the principles of style figures with incredible detail and ○ Discussed the principles of realism sculptural design, emphasizing ○ His works are imbued with the importance of proportion intense emotion and and harmony psychological depth that are ○ Created one of the first evident in his sculptures, self-portraits paintings, and poetry. Lorenzo Ghiberti ○ Showed his mastery of the laws of scientific perspective MANNERIST & BAROQUE ○ The Gates of Paradise was his 1. Mannerist Sculptures most notable work. figures with elongated or distorted Jacobo della Quercia shapes twisted, unnatural ○ A sculptor of great and sensitive movements. talent strong, exaggerated emotions ○ He hesitated between the asymmetry and imbalance style over classical and non-classical realism ○ Eventually found a classical Bienvenido Cellini coherence (athletic, powerfully ○ A genius with a terrible character built nudes and human figures ○ works are inspired by Leonardo, of great dignity) that would Michelangelo, Rafaelo, among impress Michelangelo de others Buonarotti. Giambologna (Giovani da Donatello Bologna) ○ Considered one of the greatest ○ created his own personal style sculptors of the Renaissance ○ works were prodigious and ○ Possessed a profound inventive understanding of human ○ carefully studied formalism and psychology and human dynamical balance figure anatomy. ○ Had equal virtuosity in stone or Andrea del Verrochio bronze and excelled in the ○ Influential sculpture, goldsmith, creations of fountains and painter 2. Baroque Sculptures ○ Known for exceptional Baroque sculpture had lively dynamism and expressive movement figures that reward viewing from Figures were depicted in dynamic multiple angles poses ○ His works often convey a sense Twisted, complex forms that draw of movement and life. the viewer’s eye  Sculptures featured abundant Antonio Canova drapery ○ greatest Italian sculptor of There was a strong use of light and modern times dark contrasts ○ became famous for his marble Deep cuts and indentations were sculptures that delicately common techniques. rendered nude flesh. ○ Theseus and the Minotaur; Cupid and Psyche; Hebe ROCOCO The period featured melodramatic sculpted figures CONTEMPORARY MODERN Compositions were more complex Hilaire Germaine Edgar Degas- Elaborate tomb sculptures had The Little Fourteen-Year-Old dazzling visual effects Dancer is a sculpture begun by soft, delicate, and often whimsical Edgar Degas of young student of the themes Paris Opera Ballet dance school, a depicting romantic or mythological Belgian named Marie van scenes Goethem. more intimate, decorative, and less Auguste Rodin- Rodin's breakout monumental than Baroque. sculpture, The Age of Bronze Bacchante by Clodion (Claude caused a critical scandal for its Michel) extreme naturalism and ambiguous ○ greatest of the Rococo sculptors subject matter. Fashioned over a ○ most works are in terracotta and period of eighteen months and usual subjects were nymphs based on a live model, the sculpture Erigone by Etienne Maurice depicts a suspended moment of Falcone human awakening, either to ○ director of sculpture at the suffering or to joy. Sevres porcelain factory Pablo Picasso- Artist Lydia ○ his forte was gentle erotic figures Corbett’s greatest contribution to the art world may well be as the long-necked, ponytailed model for NEOCLASSICAL Pablo Picasso’s. The sculpture is inspired by ancient Greek and actually based on Picasso’s model Roman art Sylvette, who wore a ponytail on top emphasis on perfect human of her head which splayed to both anatomy sides framing her face. emotions are controlled and Constantine Brancusi- The Kiss restrained, showing noble or heroic represents Brancusi's “road to figures Damascus” moment in which he depictions of historical or distinguished himself through the mythological subjects with moral technique of carving directly into significance stone and cultivating a pristine and sensuous style.  Henry Moore- Inspired by the and legends took the masters human body and natural forms, several years. Moore often made work on the One of the distinctive characteristics subjects of the mother and child, of Japanese sculpture is its use of the reclining figure and internal / wood as a primary material. Various external forms. modes of carving and other Germaine Richier- With its rich techniques—including joint-block heritage of expressionist and construction (yosegi-zukuri) and surrealist sculpture, the dramatic inlaid crystal eyes—were figure of a man, L’Ogre, his body developed in Japan to create these rich with the texture of sculptural and wood images. past shows the very essence of its Amitābha in Byōdō-in- Jōchō creation as an object of powerful and Busshi, was a Japanese sculptor of enigmatic beauty the Heian period. He popularized the yosegi technique of sculpting a single figure out of many pieces of INDIAN SCULPTURE wood, and he redefined the canon of body proportions used to create The renowned Shiva Buddhist imagery. Dance-Nataraja and the bronze Philippine sculpture has evolved figure of the Natatraj of the Chola over time, from primitive carvings in time frame is perhaps the main stone and clay depicting daily life strict sculpture, and observing the and worship, to wood carvings height even today. influenced by Malay traditions. In the Ashoka Pillar, Sarnath, third Century 19th century, Philippine sculpture B.C. This Lion Capital of Ashoka was influenced by foreign cultures from Sarnath has been embraced as and began to depict Christian figures the National Emblem of India and like Christ and saints. the wheel "Ashoka Chakra" from its The Rizal Monument (Motto Stella; base was set onto the focal point of Latin: "guiding star") is a memorial in the banner of India. Rizal Park in Manila, Philippines built to commemorate the executed Filipino nationalist, José Rizal. ORIENTAL SCULPTURE Leshan Giant Buddha- It is a sitting statue of the Maitreya Buddha and can be regarded as a masterpiece of Chinese rock carvings. Chinese sculptural art traces its roots to antiquity. One of the traditional forms of Chinese sculptural art is stone carving, performed mostly by hand. Sometimes, carving of a particular figure of a hero from Chinese myths