ICT400 Information Technology PDF

ICT400 – INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUPER SYSTEM CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS A bigger system consists of many CONCEPT subsystems. SYSTEM Example: a faculty system also makes up...

ICT400 – INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUPER SYSTEM CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS A bigger system consists of many CONCEPT subsystems. SYSTEM Example: a faculty system also makes up part of the university super system. System is a group of elements that work together to achieve an objective. PHYSICAL SYSTEM Organizations like firms, institutions or Physical System : a system that originates departments are an example of a system. from tangible physical elements Organization is established from several Eg: business firm which consists of elements such as humans, hardware, humans, building materials, software, and devices that work together to hardware and office equipment. achieve organization objectives Eg: Physical system in smart home: Home automation devices SYSTEM ELEMENTS Multimedia devices Health pulse sensor Basic elements such as objectives, control mechanisms, input output and Temperature sensor transformation. Manufacturing is a physical system, consists of humans, raw materials and machines which work together to create a product. Conceptual System : a system that uses conceptual resources which cannot be seen physically to represent the physical systems Eg: Data and information, the idea in managers mind, graphs, papers or data statements is a conceptual system. In conceptual systems, managers can identify the quantity of raw Input resources are transformed into output material used, transformation resources. process sequences. Example: Human body has several systems which possess control mechanism. Our respiratory make us sweat in the hot System View weather to make our skin cooler, while our The way we look at an issue, problem or hair rises to trap more heat in cold weather. event in the context of a system. Automobile example: if there were a Benefits to managers: shortage in car inventory, the management would inform the input system to take Elaborating on the structural and action to resolve the problem. functional complexity.  Identifying the objectives and the o eg: election voting system directions of the organization which counts voting input Identifying the relationship between from voters around the organization and its environment country and declares result Prioritizing the value of feedback back to them. information which is achievable from the closed-loop system. Closed-loop system: Determining how the components o has three control of the system need to collaborate components with each other in order to achieve ▪ control mechanism, organizational objectives feedback loop and objective. o Eg: budgetary control Types of system: system, in which during the budget presentation, the Open-loop system: issues are communicated o system with no control through the feedback mechanism system. o automatically generates o A system that is not reports on a regular basis connected to its without monitoring the environment. input, performance or o Conducted separately and activities in isolation to produce o eg: electric hand dryer, controlled results washing machine, toaster, light switch Organization as systems o most systems are open systems IT Organization structures Business process people Usefully conceptualized systems are Input device allows you to enter designed to accomplish predetermined data and instructions into a goals and objectives through people and computer. other resources that they employ. Output device: hardware components that convey Composed of smaller, interrelated systems information to one or more people/ serving specialized functions. System unit: case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used to process CHAPTER 2: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY dat a BASICS Storage device: record or retrieves Hardware items to and from storage media. Communications device: enables the physical part where er can touch a computer to send and receive and see. data, instructions and information Call the machinery or the to and from one or more computers equipment of the computer. or mobile devices.  Eg: printer, scanner, microphone, monitor, modem, speakers, web Components of System Unit cam. Software Refer to instructions, or programs that tell the hardware what to do. Capable of performing many tasks as opposed to hardware which can only perform mechanical tasks that they are designed for. Eg: Super Mario, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Windows 10 System Software: helps run the computer hardware and computer system itself includes os, device drivers, Outside the Case: The case contains and diagnostics tools and more protects the electronics from damage. always pre-installed on Inside the Case: Battery, Hard disk, computer processor, power supply and fan Application Software: System Chassis: allows users to accomplish container that houses most one or more tasks of the electronic include word processing and components that make up a web browsing computer system. Application acts as the intermediary Contains system electronic between the user and the operating system. components and selected secondary storage devices Handle user inputs and perform tasks System unit Types: Eg: Gmail, Youtube, Google Desktops: drive o In a separate case Operating System acts as the intermediary o Tower units between the application and the hardware. o All-in-one (all components including monitor Eg: Windows, Apple (iOS), Laptop: Macintosh, Android o Portable and smaller o Ultrabooks – laptop and table in one o Gaming – high end graphics Tablet = mini tablet  Smartphone: communication o Handheld computer among electronic o Extend the capabilities of components. cell phones o Number of bits that Wearables = contain embedded can travel computers simultaneously down a bus Components: o Architecture and o System boards design are tied to the o Microprocessors speed and power for o Memory the computer. o Two categories: System Board: ▪ System bus - Controls communication for connects the entire computer system CPU to memory All components and devices ▪ Expansion connect to system board. bus – Allow various components connects to communicate efficiently CPU to other with one another. components Sockets & Chips: Expansion bus: Sockets = connection point Universal Serial Bus (USB) - for chips connects external USB devices Chips: onto the USB bus o Tiny circuit boards FireWire – primarily used to ethched onto connect audio and video squares of silicon equipment to the system board o Called silicon chip, PCI Express (PCIe) – Single semiconductor or dedicated path for each integrated circuit connected device o Mounted on chip carriers. Processor: Slots & Bus Lines: A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to Slots: malfunction or fail o Provide connection point for specialized Reguire additional cooling – heat cards and circuit sinks, liquid cooling technology, boards cooling pads. o Provide expansion Microprocessor: capabilities for the computer CPU or Processor: Bus Lines: o Contained on a single chip o Connecting lines call a microprocessor that provide o Brains of the computer pathways to support Two basics components of the CPU  oControl unit – tells the ▪ Standard computer system how to features in carry out a program gaming instruction computers Arithmetic logic unit - performs Memory: arithmetic and logical operations Chip capacities – word is the number Holding area for data, of bits that can be processed at one instruction and information time Contained on chips connected Clock speed – processing speed or to the system board the number of times the CPU fetches Three types of memory chips: and processes data or instruction in o RAM a second. o ROM o Flash Memory Multicore Chips: Volatile Memory Non volatile Multicore processor: memory Two or more separate and Loses its Does not independent CPUs within a contents lose system unit when contents Quad-core supports 4 core power is when turned off power is processors removed Parallel Processing: Eg: RAM, cache Eg: ROM and Flash memory and virtual memory Computer ability to divide tasks into parts that can be distributed across each core RAM: Windows 8 and Mac OS X support Hold programs and data that the parallel processing CPU is presently processing Specialty Processor: Volatile (temporary) = contents are lost when computer is powered off Coprocessor: Each location in memory has an o used to supplement address the function of Memory is express in bytes = primary processor. kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes o First seen on mainframe Cache Memory: computers Temporary, high-speed holding o Accelerate the area between the memory and system performance CPU o Design to improve Additional RAM can be added specific computing using an expansion module called operations a DIMM (Dual in-line memory o Design to handle: module) ▪ 3D images ▪ Encrypting data  Virtual Memory: Two Types: o Standard Ports Uses hardware and software to ▪ USB – keyboard, allow computer to compensate mouse, printers for physical memory shortages ▪ Ethernet – high by temporarily transferring data speed networking a from RAM to disk storage. system for ROM: connecting number of computer system Information stored by the to form a local area manufacturer network. Non-volatile and cannot be ▪ HDMI – high changed definition video and CPU can read but ROM cannot audio Contain special instructions: ▪ Thunderbolt – o Start the computer provide high-speed o Access memory connections and can o Handle keyboard connect up to 7 input separate devices through 1 port Flash Memory: o Specialized Ports RAM = can be updated ▪ External Serial ROM = non-volatile Advanced Contains startup information: Technology o BIOS Attachment (eSATA) o Amount of RAM – high-speed o Type of mouse, secondary connection for storage devices connected, external secondary keyboard storage Many ROM chips are being replaced ▪ Musical Instrument by flash memory Digital Interface – connect musical Expansion Slots & Cards: instruments Graphics card = for high quality ▪ Mini Display Port – #D graphics connection to large Network interface cards (NIC) – monitor connect devices to network via ▪ VGA & DVI – cables connections to analog and digital Wireless network cards – monitors connect devices to network ▪ FireWire – high- without cables speed connections Secure Digital (SD) – expansion to firewire devices. cards for mobile devices Cables: used to connect external devices Ports: to the system unit via the ports Sockets for connecting external devices to the system unit Power Supply: Storage device = the hardware that records and/or retrieves item to and Computers require direct current from storage media power converting alternating current Hard disk : from wall outlets or batteries o contains one or more Desktop computers have a power inflexible, circular platter supply unit that use magnetic particles Laptop us AC adapters to store data, instructions Tablets and mobile devices use and information internal AC adapters o characteristics: Smartphone can use wireless ▪ tracks charging platform ▪ sector INPUT OUTPUT STORAGE PROCESS ▪ platters ▪ form factor All computer systems operate ▪ read/write head based on information processing ▪ revolutions per cycle minute Known as IPOS SSD: Input: o Any data and instructions a flash memory storage device that entered the memory of a contains its own processor to computer manage its storage o Eg: Keyboard, Touch screen, Disadvantages over traditional Pen input, voice and video hard disk: input o Faster access times Output: o Faster transfer tates o Data that has been o Quitter operation processes into a useful form o More durable o Eg: speaker, printers, o Lighter weight headphones Cloud Computing: Assistive Technology I/O: Advantages: Braille printer o Accessibility Mouth stick o Cost savings Head wand o Space saving o Scalability Storage: Eg: Youtube. Gmail, facebook a computer keeps data, information USER INTERACTION and programs cloud storage keeps information on How user acts on the system servers on the internet, the actual and how the system acts on media on which the files are stored user transparent to user. Visual part of computer o Eg:dropbox, google drive, application or os through which icloud a user interacts with a computer Eg: smart card, RFID tags, memory or a software card, cloud storage Three types of user interface:  Command language : ▪Many and easier to the user must know the customization machine and program – options specific instruction or ▪ Typically capable of codes more powerful tasks Menus: user choose the o Disadvantages: command from lists ▪ Relies heavily on displayed on the screen recall rather than Graphical User recognition Interface – user gives ▪ Navigation is often command by selecting more difficult and clicking on icon File Organization: displayed on the screen. Database: ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES o Collection of data organized Less expert Typically in a manner that allows knowledge is decreased access, retrieval and use of required to use options it that data. Easier to Typically less Data: navigate, can customizable, o Collection of unprocessed look through not easy to use items folders quickly one button for ▪ Text in a guess and tons of different ▪ Numbers check manner variations ▪ Images ▪ Audio ▪ Video Elements of User Interface: Information: The user who will interact o Processed Data: with the system through the ▪ Organized interface ▪ Meaningful The tasks that end users ▪ Useful must perform to do their DBMS (Database Management System) : work The content that is ▪ Create a computerized database presented as part of the ▪ Add, modify, and delete data interface ▪ Sort and retrieve data The work environment in ▪ Create forms and reports from the which these tasks will be data conducted ▪ Query – request for specific data from the database ▪ Query language – English-like Two types of user interface: statements that allow user to specify the data display, print, store, Graphical User Interface update and delete Command-line interface ▪ Structured query language – allows o Advantages: user to manage update and retrieve data  ▪ Form – provide areas for entering or web database offer info: modifying data in a database o jobs ▪ Report writer – allow user to design o travel a report on the screen, retrieve data o destination the report design then display/print o photos the report o movies ▪ Technique to restore: Data model : o Backup o Log how user view the organization o Recovery utility of the data o Continuous backup relational database File maintenance refers to the procedure object-oriented database that keeps data current: multidimensional and other database types ▪ Adding records ▪ Modifying records Data dictionary: contain data about each ▪ Deleting records file in the database and each field in those file Validation: ▪ Compares data with a set of rules or values to determine if the data meets certain criteria ▪ Numeric check ▪ Range check ▪ Consistency check ▪ Completeness check ▪ Check digit File processing system: Each department has its own set of files Redundant data Isolated data Database approach: Programs and users share data Reduced data redundancy Improved data integrity Shared data Easier access Reduced development time Disadvantages: o Can be more complex than a file processing system o Require more memory and processing power o Data can be more vulnerable CHAPTER 3: APPLICATION SOFTWARE Large organization; enterprise: Roles of Application Software Human resource software Accounting and finance software Program: Sales software consist of a series of related Marketing software instructions, organized for a Graphics and media software: common purpose, that tells the computer what tasks to perform and Computer aided design software how to perform. Desktop publishing software Application: Photo editing software Video and audio editing software consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or Personal Interest Application: assist them with personal tasks Lifestyle applications An operating system is a set of programs Medical applications that coordinates all the activities among Entertainment applications computer or mobile device hardware: Convenience applications Education applications tools and utilities system software Communications applications: Installed on user device or accessed via a Blog network: Browser Chat Native App Email Cloud App Online discussion Web App Mobile Web App Security Tools: Programs and apps are distributed In Personal firewall – security tool that variety of forms: detects and protects a personal computer from unauthorized Retail software intrusions. Custom software Antivirus program – protect Shareware computer against virus by Freeware identifying and removing any Open-source software computer virus found in memory, Public domain software storage files and incoming files Productivity application in helping you to Spyware – place on computer or become more effective and efficient: mobile without the user permission, and secretly collect information Word processing about the user Presentation Adware – a program that display Spreadsheet online advertisement in a banner or Database pop-up window on email messages, Note taking internet services. Anti-spam program Web filtering software  Phishing filters internal hard drive before removing power Pop-up and pop-under blockers from the computer or device File, Disk and System Management Tools Operating System Functions File Manager: a tool that performs Provide a means to establish functions related to file management Internet connections Design to work with a server on a Search Tool: a program that attempts to network. locate a file, contact, calendar event, app Network administrator: on computer or mobile device. o Add and remove users, Image Viewer: allows user to display, copy computers and other and print contents of a graphic file, eg: devices photo o Configure the network, install software and Uninstaller: removes a program, and any administer network security. associated entities in the system files Desktops operating systems: Disk Cleanup: searches and removes unnecessary files Linux = a popular, multitasking UNIX based os Disk Defragmenter: reorganizes the files Unix = a multitasking os developed and unused space on computer hard disk to in the early 1970s make programs run faster. Chrome OS = a linux-based operating system designed to work primarily with web apps Business software: Features: assists people while performing o Use tiles to access apps business activities o Support for input via touch, eg: note taking , spreadsheet, mouse and keyboard presentation o Enhance security through an antivirus program, firewall and automatic updates CHAPTER 4: OPERATING SYSTEM AND UTILITY PROGRAM Mobile operating system: Basic OS theory: Android = open source, linux-based OS, designed by google for provide file management and other smartphones and tablets device or media-related tasks iOS = by Apple, proprietary mobile updating operating system software OS made for Apple’s devices control a network Windows = by Microsoft, a administer security proprietary mobile OS runs on Sleep mode = saves any open document certain smartphones. and running programs, turn-off all OS functions: unneeded functions and then places the computer in a low-power state Collection of programs that handle technical tasks Hibernate mode = saves any open Managing computer resources = document and running programs to an memory, storage, I/O devices  Providing user interface = allow user Prevents User to interact with applications improper Connected programs and computer hardware usage, to mainframe through user interface (eg: GUI, CLI) error and or Act as an intermediary between the handle minicompute deadlock r (effective apps and the hardware condition utilization of User > Application > OS > Computer s hardware Hardware Running applications = OS load and Control Handheld run application such as word applicatio computer processor or spreadsheet, support n (convenienc multitasking programs e+ o Foreground – the programs that are efficiency) that you are currently not part of working on kernel o Background – other programs running in the Utility programs: background Specialized programs designed to make computing easier Most essential utilities: o Troubleshooting/diagnostic programs o Antivirus programs o Backup programs o File compression programs CHAPTER 5: INTERNET EVOLUTION Internet: Worldwide collection of networks that connect millions of business, government agencies, educational System View User View institutions and individuals About Single Use Largest network in the world what the System Advanced Research Project Agency user and (convenienc (ARPA) establish by US department system e think of defense in 1958 about the o Created ARPANET: OS ▪ Allow scientist at A program Must be different physical closely designed by locations to share related to taking both information and work hardware usability and together efficient ▪ Function even if part resource of the network were utilization disabled or destroyed into view by a disaster WWW: ▪ Google Maps ▪ Lazada Consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents Uniform Resource Locator (URL) Web server = computer that delivers ▪ Global and unique address for a requested webpages to your resource on the Web computer or mobile devices. ▪ It can be defined as a complete web Way of accessing information over address used to find a particular the medium of the internet web page. One Way: o Web 1.0 is a one-way Domain name: broadcast, which mean only ▪ used to identify one or more IP the owner can publish addresses information ▪ Domain suffixes: Two Way: o.com – commercial site o Focused on the ability for o.edu – educational people to collaborate and institution share information online o.gov - government o From static HTML web pages o.org – non-profit organization to a more dynamic HTML o.mil – military o Eg: o.net - network ▪ Social networking (Facebook, Linkedin) ▪ Social News (Reddit, Digg) ▪ Social Photos and Video Sharing ( Youtube, Instagram Pinterest) Three Way: o Extension of web 2.0 o Location aware and moment-relevant web o Provides internet users with the opportunity to engage with people all over the world on variety of devices o Focused on collection of data Four Way: o Adapting the objects to the behaviors, habits and preferences of the user leaving room for the implicit o Intelligent Web o Eg: ▪ Waze ▪ Shoppe