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# Notes on Biology ## RUQ (8 Organs) * Duodenum * Gallbladder * Liver * Pancreas * Stomach * Right Adrenal Gland * Right Kidney * Transverse Colon ## RLQ (5 Organs; 3 Repro Organ) * Appendix * Ceccum * Large intestines * Right Reproductive Organ (Ovary, fallopian tube, spermatic cord) * Right Ur...

# Notes on Biology ## RUQ (8 Organs) * Duodenum * Gallbladder * Liver * Pancreas * Stomach * Right Adrenal Gland * Right Kidney * Transverse Colon ## RLQ (5 Organs; 3 Repro Organ) * Appendix * Ceccum * Large intestines * Right Reproductive Organ (Ovary, fallopian tube, spermatic cord) * Right Ureter # Nucleus * Innermost part (also the genetic material) * Houses the DNA * Contains chromosomes which contain genes * Genes: Control most cellular aspects * Sensitive to radiation * Mutation due to excessive radiation can delete genes # Cell Structure ## Cell * Living structural and functional unit * Cell Biology/Cytology: Study of cell structure/function * Cell Division: New cells created from existing ones * Parts: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) * Animal Cell: 10-30 micrometers in size ## Plasma Membrane * Animal cells have irregular shapes * Gatekeeper of the cell * Flexible outer part * Regulates material flow (in/out) * Communicates with other cells * Composed of the following components: * Lipid Bilayer * Basic structural framework * Made up of 3 layers: Phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids * Phospholipids (75%): Composed with phosphorous * Cholesterol and fatty acids (20%): Steroid with hydroxyl group (OH) * Glycolipids (5%): Carbohydrate group * Polar head (philia (love)) * Non-polar tails (made out of fatty acids) (phobia (fear)), * Weakly amphipathic (can exist in non-polar regions) * Inserted among lipids in both layers. * Contains proteins: * Integral Proteins: Embedded in the lipid bilayer. * Most are transmembrane proteins that span the entire lipid bilayer. * Glycocalyx is a sugary coat (carbohydrate groups attached to proteins), attracts fluid, and is extensively wide. ## Cytoplasm * Middle part of the cell * Cytosol: (Fluid portion) & Organelles (e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex) ## Cell Parts Orientation * Superior: Towards the head (cranial/cephalic) * Inferior: Away from the head; lower part (caudal/below towards the food) * Anterior: Front or ventral * Posterior: Back or dorsal ## Other * Ipsilateral: Same side * Contralateral: Opposite side * Proximal: Closer to point of origin * Distal：Farther from point of origin # Additional cell Information * Superficial vs Deep: * Superficial: Towards surface (e.g., epidermis) * Deep: Away from surface (e.g., muscles)