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# Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics ## Chapter 1. Introduction ### 1.1 Scope of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of the relationships between heat, work, and energy. It is a fundamental science that is essential for chemical engineers. Chemical engineers use thermodynamics to design a...

# Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics ## Chapter 1. Introduction ### 1.1 Scope of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of the relationships between heat, work, and energy. It is a fundamental science that is essential for chemical engineers. Chemical engineers use thermodynamics to design and operate chemical plants, to develop new processes, and to solve a variety of other problems. ### 1.2 Dimensions and Units * **Dimensions** are the fundamental physical quantities such as mass (m), length (L), time (t), and temperature (T). * **Units** are the means of expressing the dimensions, such as kilograms (kg), meters (m), seconds (s), and degrees Celsius (°C). ### 1.3 Force Newton's second law of motion: $F=ma$ Where: * F = force * m = mass * a = acceleration ### 1.4 Temperature A measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a system. ### 1.5 Volume The amount of space occupied by a substance. ### 1.6 Pressure The force exerted per unit area. $P = \frac{F}{A}$ ### 1.7 Energy The capacity to do work. ### 1.8 Heat The transfer of energy between two objects or systems due to a temperature difference. ### 1.9 Work The transfer of energy when a force acts through a distance. ### 1.10 Power The rate at which work is done. $Power = \frac{Work}{Time}$ ### 1.11 Density The mass per unit volume. $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$ ### 1.12 Specific Volume The volume per unit mass. $v = \frac{V}{m} = \frac{1}{\rho}$ ### 1.13 Mole The amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12. ### 1.14 Molar Mass The mass of one mole of a substance. ### 1.15 Composition The relative amounts of the different components in a mixture. #### Mole Fraction $x_i = \frac{n_i}{n}$ Where: * $n_i$ = number of moles of component i * n = total number of moles #### Mass Fraction $w_i = \frac{m_i}{m}$ Where: * $m_i$ = mass of component i * m = total mass ### 1.16 Flow Rate The amount of substance that flows per unit time. #### Molar Flow Rate $\dot{n} = \frac{dn}{dt}$ #### Mass Flow Rate $\dot{m} = \frac{dm}{dt}$ #### Volumetric Flow Rate $\dot{V} = \frac{dV}{dt}$ ### 1.17 Equilibrium A state in which there is no net change in the system over time. ### 1.18 The Phase Rule $F = 2 - \pi + N$ Where: * F = degrees of freedom * $\pi$ = number of phases * N = number of components ### 1.19 Reversible and Irreversible Processes * **Reversible Process**: A process that can be reversed without leaving any trace on the surroundings. * **Irreversible Process**: A process that cannot be reversed without leaving a trace on the surroundings.