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Juan de Placencia
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This document describes the customs of the Tagalog people in the Philippines, focusing on their social classes, governance, laws, marriage and inheritance, and religious practices, as recorded by Juan de Placencia, a Spanish friar. It highlights the historical and cultural context of the Tagalog society during a specific period but does not have any questions so it is not an example of an exam paper.
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I1ST SEMESTER MIDTERMS CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN I Juan de Placencia I K.K.K ❖ Juan de Placencia,...
I1ST SEMESTER MIDTERMS CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN I Juan de Placencia I K.K.K ❖ Juan de Placencia, a Spanish friar, ➔ officially known as the Kataastaasang wrote this document to describe the Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga customs of the Tagalog people in the Anak ng Bayan Philippines regarding their 14 KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN government, social classes and laws. I 3 OBJECTIVES ❖ B ornintheearly16thcentury,hewasa SpanishmonkoftheFranciscanorder. ➔ Political He came to the Philippines in1578 ➔ Moral ❖ O ne of the first Franciscan ➔ Civic missionaries who wrote thefirstbook published in the Philippines. I DIMAS-ILAW ➔ Kalayaan I Chiefs and Governance I PINGKIAN ❖ T heTagalogpeoplewereledbychiefs ➔ Katipunero calleddatos.Thesedatoswereleaders and war captains. 3 KNOWN FIGURES OF THE KATIPUNAN ❖ P eople in these communities were called a barangay that had to respect I Andres Bonifacio (A.B.) and obey them. ➔ Revolution ❖ T he name barangay comes from the I Jose Rizal (J.R.) Malay word for boat, andit’sbelieved that the first leaders were those who ➔ Reform settled in new lands by boats. ➔ W anted the Philippines to be a THREE MAIN SOCIAL CLASSES provinceofSpain I Emilio Jacinto (E.C.) I Maharlica (Nobles) ➔ Called the brains of theKatipunan ❖ T hese werethefree-bornpeoplewho didn’t pay taxes. Theysupporteddato ➔ H e wrote in the newspaperunderthe in wars andotheractivities.Whichled penname“D IMASILAW”,andusedthe to a shareofthespoilsfromwarsand alias “PINGKIAN” in the katipunan other benefits. ❖ D ito napabilang ang mgaMatataasna posisyon at makapangyarihan sa Dreii lipunan, tulad ng mga Datu, Raja, I Marriage and Inheritance Sultan, at kanilang mga asawa. ❖ W hen a noble (m aharlica) married a I Aliping Namamahay (Commoners) commoner or slave, their children’s status was divided between the ❖ Known asMiddle class. parents.Thefirst,third,andfifth(odd) ❖ T hesepeoplewereliketenantfarmers. children belonged tothefather,while They were married, lived in their own the second, fourth, and sixth (even) houses, farmed lands, and were belonged to the mother. If the father married. They could not be sold as wasfree,thosechildrenwerefree;ifhe slaves and their children inherited wasaslave,thosechildrenwereslaves. their status. If there were an odd number of children,onechildmightendupbeing I Aliping sa Guiguilir (Slaves) half-free and half-slave. ❖ K nown as the people who were the I Justice Lowest Class. ❖ P lasencia emphasized the importance ❖ T hey lived with their masters, worked of correctly identifying the status of on lands, and could be sold. people in legal cases. He pointed out thatsomewerewronglytreatedasfull J UAN DE PLACENCIA EMPHASIS OF THE slaves whentheywerenot,whichwas PHILIPPINES CUSTOMS BASED ON HIS DOCUMENTS a serious injustice. I Land and Resources PRACTICES OF THE TAGALOG CUSTOMS ❖ L andwassharedamongthemembers of a barangay. Some lands were I Divorce and Dowry private, but others, like mountain ridges, were owned collectively. The ❖ D owry is to get the bride's family to nobles and datos sometimes contribute a share of the costs controlled special resources, like involved in setting up a new fisheries or sections of rivers, and household. others had to pay to use these. ❖ ( W IFE) If the wife leavesthehusband andmarriesanotherallthedowryand I Debt and Ransom an additional will fall on thehusband. ❖ P eople who owed money could But if thethewifeleavesthehusband become slaves if they couldn’t pay without remarrying the dowry will be their debts. However, they could buy returned their freedom by paying a certain ❖ (H USBAND)Ifthehusbandleavesthe amount, and there was a special wife,halfofthedowrywillbegivento ceremony for this. the wife while the other half will be Dreii r eturned to him. If children are RELIGIOUS PRACTICES AND involved, the dowry and fines will be SUPERSTITIONS giventothemandthegrandparentsor other relatives will hold on to the I Worship and Idolatry dowry. ❖ T he Tagalogs had no temples, I Death and Dowry Although they did have “simbahan” which means temple or place of ❖ U ponthedeathofachildlesswife,half adoration. When they wanted to of the dowry will be returned to the celebrate a festival, which they call husband. Upon the death of the pandot, they held it in large chiefly husband, half of the dowry will be houses and built temporary shelters given to therelatives of the husband. during festivals with a roofcalledsibi. ❖ T hisisnotapractice/custom,itisdone ❖ O n the post of the house, they put more so because of piety, andnotall small lamps called sorihile. In the do it. center of the house, they put a large I Marriage Contracts lamp. ❖ D owriesaregivenbythefathertotheir ❖ D uring this period, everyone in the son when they are about to get barangay, or family,gatheredtogether married. Only half will be given to join in the worship which they call immediately. nagaanitos. ❖ T here isafinerelatedtothiscontract, ❖ " Badhala" is their main deity and is andhewhoviolatesitwillneedtopay described as the creator deity who acertain sum. emphasizes "omnipotence"or"creator ofallthings".Thisreflectsthecentrality ❖ T he fine is the highest in case of the of this god in their religious beliefs, death of the parents and the such as the supreme god in son/daughterisunwillingtomarry,the monotheistic religions. dowry will be returned. ❖ T heyworshipedthesunbecauseofits beauty. The moon at whichtheyheld rejoicingsandgreatlywelcomedit.The stars, although at that time they did not know what they were called, worshiped and recognized the morning star, which they called Tala, the “seven little goats” called the Pleiades, and the change of seasons calledMapolon.Theyalsoknewofour Greater BearcalledBalatic. Dreii I Superstitions and Omens I Lacapati and Idianale ❖ T he Tagalogs are very superstitious ❖ T hese deities were the patrons of people. For example, if they left their agriculture, bringing fertilitytothesoil house and encounteredarat,serpent, and agricultural success, reflecting the bird (Tigmamanuguin), or a person basis of Tagalog life in agriculture and who sneezed they believed that this the importance of divine favor for a wassomekindofbadomen.Believing bountiful harvest that something bad will befall them. Especially with the bird, I Buaya (Crocodiles) Tigmamanuguin, iftheysawitsinging. ❖ T hey worshiped this animal probably The song could have two forms, it out of fear, believing that these could be a bad omen or itcouldbea animals can harm them. As a formof good omen. humiliation, parts of the objects were I Lack of Calendar offered to clients by throwing them into the water or leavingthemonthe ❖ S ince they had no formal division of beach This practice reflects an years, months, and days, insteadthey animistic belief system, where used agriculture as a way to tell time. reverence animals and nature as They used the cultivation of the soil, having spiritual significance. counted by moons, and thedifferent effectsproduceduponthetreeswhen CEREMONIES / SACRIFICES yielding flowers, fruits, and leaves. I Sacrifice by holding a feast OTHER IDOLS THAT THE TAGALOGS ❖ w heretheyhadtoofferthedevilwhat WORSHIPED theyeat.Thiswasdoneinfrontofthe I Lich-ha idol, which they anoint withfragrance perfumes. ❖ T hese were statues of varying sizes, representinggodsorimportantfigures, ❖ A Catalonan — a man or woman perhaps ancestors or heroes. The officiating priest, is responsible for monk likens the act to the Roman singing/leading the ritual. custom of venerating deceased ❖ D uring the rituals, participants would individuals who displayed ask the idol for favors on what they extraordinary courage or power. need, and then generally, they I Diane Masalanta become intoxicated. ❖ T his deity was the patron saint of I Other traditions lovers and fertility, reflecting the ❖ T heidoliscovered,usuallywithacloth Tagalogbeliefindivineinfluenceinthe and either a chainoralargegoldring romantic and fertility aspects of life Dreii laced on top of it. The devil would p a nd four nights, while relatives were sometimes possess the catalonan, invited to eat anddrink.Attheendof which causes them to act with great this period, the young girl is taken to arrogance andstrikefearinthosewho the water by the catalonan, who behold. bathes her, washes her head, and removes the bandages fromhereyes. ❖ T heidoliscovered,usuallywithacloth The old men said that this is done in and either a chainoralargegoldring order for her to bear children, and placed on top of it. The devil would have fortune in finding husbands to sometimes possess the catalonan, their tastes. which causes them to act with great arrogance andstrikefearinthosewho I Reasons why these rituals were performed behold. ❖ T hese rituals were performed for ❖ T he priest would have to be tied toa various personal and communal tree by their companions, in order to needs,suchashealing,fortheirsafety restrictthepossessedincausingharm, in voyages, plentiful and successful yet, this was uncommon and harvest, favorable war outcomes, happened rarely. success in birthings, and happy marriages.Forthoseofhigherstatuses ❖ T hecommonlysacrificedobjectswere: or higher officials, these festivities goats, fowls, and swine, of which are lasted thirty days. flayed,decapitatedandlaidbeforethe idol. DISTINCTIONS MADE AMONG I Another ceremony PRIESTS OF THE DEVIL ❖ Is performed by cooking a jar of rice I Catalonan until the water evaporates, after that, they break the jar and set the intact ❖ A s stated, a man or woman, this mass left by the jar upon the idol. At positionwasanhonorableoneamong intervals, a few buyos— which are thenatives,andwasheldordinarilyby small fruits wrapped in a leaf with people of rank, this office being some lime (a food generally eaten in general in all the islands. those regions), were placed. I Mangagauay or Witches ❖ A llofthementionedfoodswereeaten ❖ T hese priests deceive people by bytheguestsofthefeast;theheadsof pretendingtohealorcurethesick,but the animals were also cooked and could cause illness in their charms. eaten after being offered. They could kill someone instantly or I In the case of Young girls prolong life by binding to the waist a live serpent, which is believed tobea ❖ Y ounggirlswhohadtheirfirstmonthly devil or its essence. This office is courseswereblindfoldedforfourdays general among the land. Dreii I Manyisalat alavan, they tore out in this C way through the anus all the ❖ T hese priests deceive people by intestinesofaSpanishnotary, pretendingtohealorcurethesick,but who was buried in Calilayaby could cause illness in their charms. fatherFray Juan de Mérida. They could kill someone instantly or prolong life by binding to the waist a I Magtatangal live serpent, which is believed tobea devil or its essence. This office is ❖ T heirpurposeistoshowthemselvesat general among the land. night, to many people, without their headsorentrails.Thedevilwalkedand I Mancocolam carried, or pretendedtocarryitshead todifferentplaces,andinthemorning, ❖ T heirdutyistoemitfirefromthemself returned to its body alive, as before. at night, once or often each month. Also in theIsland of Catanduanes. Thefirecouldnotbeextinguished;nor - Though this may seem as a coulditbethusemitted,exceptasthe fable, the locals believed to priest wallowedintheordureandfilth haveseenit,probablybecause which fellfromthehouses.Andthose they were made to believe so who lived in the house where the by the devil. priest wallowed, fell ill and died. This office was general. I Supernatural Beliefs I Hocloban ❖ T his differs numerous types of supernatural beliefs and practices of ❖ A more powerful witch than the the V isayan inhabitants in the mangagauay. Without medicine, Philippines before Christianity was simply by mere gestures, theycankill brought in. There were types of those who they so choose. But they witches, sorcerers and mediums that can also healthosewhotheymadeill have different abilities or powers, and withtheircharms,too.Butiftheywish functions. Thetagalogsalsohavetheir to destroy somethinghostiletothem, own god who they believe is the they can do so without the need for creator who they refer to as Bathala. instruments.ThisisinCatanduanes,an Therewasalsoaplaceforheavenorso island in the upper part of luzon they call “village of rest” and hell I Silagan which is “a place of anguish”. ❖ Ifsomeoneweretodressinwhite,this I Burial Practices would tear out their liver and eat it, ❖ H e also described different types of causing their death. Is also on the burial practices such as the mourning island of Catanduanes. of a deceasedfor4daysbeforebeing - Letnoone,moreover,consider placed in a boat with a slavewhowill this a fable; because, in be the rower, animals would also be Dreii rought with them.Itwasalsowritten b SITUATIONS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO how theAetasburythemuprightwith THE CREATION OF THE DOCUMENT only their heads above the ground with cocoa-nut which serves as a he "First Voyage Around the World" T shield. (1519-1522)wasfueledbyamixofgeopolitical I Ghosts competition, economic ambitions, and technological advancements. At the time, ❖ T hey believe in ghosts which were Spain and Portugal were engaged in a fierce called vibit, Phantom or tigbalang racetodiscovernewtraderoutestotheSpice (t ikbalang) that had the head of a Islands. The Ottoman Empire controlled horse but a body of a man and overland routes, and with Portugal having patianac or tiyanak. It was a result of established a maritime path in Africa, Spain when a mother and child die during waspromptedtosailwestfornewroutes.The childbirth whothensufferandthenat Treaty ofTordesillas(1494),whichdividedthe night can be heard grieving. non European world between Spain and Portugal, further motivated Spain to explore NTONIO PIGAFETTA’S “FIRST A and claim new territories. King Charles I of VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD” Spain provided strong support for the expedition as he wanted to expand the I Antonio Pigafetta: nation’s power and wealth. ❖ “ First Voyage Around the World (1519–1522)" was written by Italian avigational tools and shipbuilding proved N scholar and explorer Antonio paramount to the expedition’s success. Tools Pigafetta,whoaccompaniedFerdinand like astrolabe, accurate maps, and the Magellan on his expedition. His magnetic compass allowed for longer and in-depth narrative serves as an more precise voyages whilethedevelopment essential primary source that records of robust ships made it feasible to withstand thefirstsuccessfulworldvoyageofthe the challenges of open travel. Furthermore, Earth. the voyage was driven by religious and cultural factors. The Spanish were motivated ❖ P igafetta is considered a credible byastrongdesiretospreadChristianityanda author because he was an active Renaissance-era curiosity to explore and participant in Magellan’s expedition, understand the world. These motivations providing him with firsthand ultimately led to the first successful experience of his journey. circumnavigationof the world. ❖ H is thorough and careful SUMMARY documentation makes it a reliable source. His journals offer essential ❖ erdinand MagellanwasaPortuguese F insights, establishing his narrative asa explorerbornfromnobilityinSabrosa, primary source on the history of the Portugal on February 4, 1480. He first voyage around the globe. Dreii g ained experience in navigation and I Homonhon Island: exploration while participating in expeditions to India and Africa. ❖ E xhibited the first signsofgoldwithin the region, thus it was named the ❖ M agellandepartedSevillewith5ships “W atering-Place of Good Signs.” carrying237mentodiscoverMolucca, the spice island. ❖ T ogether with thesurroundingislands, it was called the archipelago of St. ❖ A ntonio Pigafetta traveled from Lazarus. Barcelona to Seville and was able to obtain permission to join the I The Two Kings: expedition. ❖ T wo large boats, called balanghai, I Challenges During Travel: approachedtheEuropeansfollowinga previous encounter with another boat ❖ N avigating vast ocean waters was hoursearlier.Inoneoftheseboatswas difficultduetoalackofaccuratemaps a king to whomMagellanwouldbond and charts. with after an exchange of gifts between them. ❖ T hey sailed for an extended period without sight of land, depleting ❖ T he king would then introduce supplies and causing malnutrition. Magellantohisbrother,whowasaking also.ThesekingswereRajahColambu ❖ H ealth issues, especially scurvy (a and Rajah Siaiu. vitamin C deficiency), arose due to a lack of fruits and vegetables. I The First Mass: ❖ Internal tensions led to mutinies ❖ O n March 31, 1521, Magellan ordered amongMagellan'smen,whichhehad the priest to preside over a mass on to suppress. the island’s shore. The kings sent two slaughtered pigs and attended the ❖ M agellan eventually navigated t he mass with the Europeans. ocean by interpreting signs in the ocean environment. ❖ M agellan ordered that a cross be set up at the summit of the highest I Ladrones Islands: mountainafter the mass was done. ❖ K nown as “L and of Thieves”. The ❖ A ccording to Magellan, these were people in the island were skillful signs of his emperor, thus in the case thieves andusedstickswithfishbones that other Spaniards will come across attachedattheends.AntonioPigafetta theisland,theywillknownottocause described them as “poor but harm within the area ingenious.” Dreii I The Battle of Mactan: DATES TO NOTE ❖ O n April 27, 1521, Magellan and his fleet arrived in Mactanin49numbers I March 16, 1521: while the natives were 1,500. ❖ T heylandedontheIslandofSamarat ❖ In battle, Magellan ’ s leg was pierced dawn with apoisonarrowandmanynatives ❖ T wo days after their arrival, theywere focused their attack on him as they welcomed by the natives and recognized him as the captain. It was proceeded to trade goods. during this affair that Magellan died. _________________________________ _ He wassucceededbyDuarteBarbosa as commander of the expedition. I Europeans: red caps I The Christian King’s Betrayal: mirrors ❖ A fter the battle,Magellan’sinterpreter, bells Enrique, conspired with the Christian ivory king to betray what was left of __________________________________ Magellan ’ s group. I Natives: ❖ T he king invited the mentodinewith fish him as he presented the jewels he palm wished to gift Spain ’ s king. The 24 wine menwhoattendedwerekilledandthe figs fleet departed, leaving one crewmate coconuts on the island. I The End of the Journey: I The First Mass: ❖ A fter capturing two pilots, they ❖ O n March 31, 1521, Magellan ordered eventually found the spice island, the priest to preside over a mass on Molucca, onNovember 6, 1521. the island’s shore. The kings sent two slaughtered pigs and attended the ❖ L ed by Juan Sebastian Elcano, the mass with the Europeans. expedition was finally brought home toSpaininSeptember1522,leadingto I April 7, 1521: thefirstsuccessfulcircumnavigationof the world at that time. ❖ The fleet entered the port of Cebu. ❖ T hekingofCebudemandedthatthey pay tribute as is customary, but Magellan refused. Dreii ❖ T hrough a blood compact (casi-casi), THE FILIPINO GRIEVANCES AGAINST they were able to form a friendship GOVERNOR WOOD I April 14, 1521: I Governor Leonard Wood ❖ M agellan successfully convinced the king ofCebutoconverttoChristianity ❖ W as an American military officer and and burn all their idols. politician who served as the Philippines’ Governor-General from ❖ A ftertheking’sbaptism,alltheisland’ 1921 to 1927. He had received s inhabitants were baptized within a significant recognition for his week involvement in the Cuban War of IndependenceandfollowingAmerican ❖ W hen the queen came to mass one control ofCuba day,Magellangaveheranimageofthe ❖ Wood was praised for his strong child Jesus to keep. leadershipabilitiesandmilitaryhistory, I April 26, 1521: but his time in the Philippines was marked by controversy and criticism ❖ Z ula, the chief of Mactan, asked from Filipino nationalists. Magellan for a boatfilledwithmento aid him in his fight with C ilapulapu ERSONALITIES THAT FOUGHT P (Lapulapu), a chief who refused to DURING GOVERNOR WOOD’S TIME obey the king of Spain. I Manuel L. Quezon (Senate President) ❖ M agellan offered three boats and traveledtoMactanhimselftofightthe ❖ P rior to serving as President of the chief. Philippine Senate from 1916 to 1935, he was the leader of theNacionalista I The End of the Journey: Party. Being a highly important ❖ A fter capturing two pilots, they individual during that period, Quezon eventually found the spice island, completely disagreed with the Molucca, onNovember 6, 1521. majorityofGeneralWood'sactionsas he supported his beliefs of total ❖ L ed by Juan Sebastian Elcano, the Philippineindependence.Furthermore, expedition was finally brought home he personallysuperviseda"missionof toSpaininSeptember1522,leadingto protest" to Washington, D.C., where thefirstsuccessfulcircumnavigationof they intendedtodirectlyaddresstheir the world at that time. complaints with American leaders. I Sergio Osmeña (Speaker of the House of Representatives) ❖ A s the Speaker of the Philippine Assembly from 1907 to 1922 and a Dreii ell-known political figure in the w I Claro M. recto country, Osmeña actively participated in the revolution against Wood's ❖ Recto became well-known under administration. In particular, he ood'sadministrationasaresultofhis W objected to Wood's desire to well-written writings and speeches consolidate authority and weaken the that captured the unhappiness of rule of law in the Philippines. Filipinos.Histimeasajudgeassistedin Ultimately, he and Quezon fought igniting a response to the Wood General Wood's interference in administration. Philippine affairs and were very important in the push for greater THE AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND, self-government. MOTIVE, AND CREDIBILITY I GregorioF.Zaide(May251907-October31 I Rafael Palma (Secretary of the Interior 1986) 1919-1922) ➔ Born in Pagsanjan, Laguna Philippines ❖ P alma had strong views about civil libertiesandtheruleoflaw.InPalma's ➔ D uring his lifetime, he authored 67 opinion, Wood's actions violated books and 500 articles democratic and fair play principles in ➔ H e is referred to as the “Dean of addition to beinganinconvenienceto Filipino Historiographers” Filipino self-government. Palma’s resignation in1922asSecretaryofthe ➔ H e served as a mayor of Pagsanjan Interior was oneofthefirstsignificant (1971-1975) acts of insubordination towards Wood’s management. ➔ H e studied in the University of the Philippines (B.A. in History 1929, M.A. I Jose Abad Santos in History 1931), University of Santo Tomas (Ph.D. in History 1934) ❖ H e studied in the University of the Philippines (B.A. in History 1929, M.A. ➔ H is three children: Roberto (surgeon, in History 1931), University of Santo 1936), Gregorio Jr. (pediatrician, Tomas (Ph.D. in History 1934) 1938-1983), Sonia (historian, ❖ He was born in San Fernando, academic, and writer, 1944) Pampanga. He served as chief legal counsel of the Senate president and ➔ H is history textbooks became the the speaker of the House of standard used in the 1950s-1970s in Representatives,anditwasduringthis Philippine elementary, high schools, time that he joined the anti-Wood colleges, and universities. campaign. ➔ H e served as president of the Philippine Historical Association for three terms and was one of the Dreii f ounders of the International a nd the US President informed Association of Historians of Asia Congressthatitwastimetofulfilltheir (IAHA). He was also a member ofthe vow. National Academy of Science and Technology of the Philippinesandthe ➔ A s a public protest and appeal, National Research Council of the Gregorio Zaide's document was Philippines. He was also an active authorized by the Commission of member of the American Historical Independence on November 17, 1926, Association,whichhasitsheadquarters in accordance with Governor-General in Washington, D.C. Wood's behavior. ➔ M otive:Thedocumentservesasaway RIMARY GRIEVANCES AND P to publicly make known the Filipino ARTICULATION OF GRIEVANCES IN THE people's protest against the arbitrary, DOCUMENT oppressive, and undemocratic Governor-General Wood. It is the I Curtailment of Autonomy: appeal of constitutional representatives to the judgment and ❖ R ecto became well-known under conscience of the Americanpeoplein Wood'sadministrationasaresultofhis justification of their stand and for the well-written writings and speeches vindication of their rights especially that captured the unhappiness of against Executive Order No. 37 Filipinos.Histimeasajudgeassistedin igniting a response to the Wood HISTORICAL CONTEXT DURING THIS administration. PERIOD _________________________________ _ G overnor Wood curtailed Filipino I GregorioF.Zaide(May251907-October31 autonomy by overriding local 1986) governance and reducing theself-rule ➔ T he Philippines came underAmerican previously granted to the Philippine rule in order to teach us the skills of government. This is demonstrated self-governance and to provide us through his actions such as: independence. The Filipinos approachedthetaskwithpatienceand Issuing Executive Order No. 37, which diligence, making an efforttofulfillall attempted to nullify laws creating the requirements and having faith that Board of Control and assume its America would keep its word. functions. ➔ G iven General Wood's role in the R efusing to assent to laws that were liberationofCuba,Filipinosanticipated deemed necessary for public welfare, a cooperative spirit and the thereby limiting the Philippine completion of political emancipation Legislature's ability to govern. when the Philippines reached its goal Dreii R eplacing Filipino department heads' xpertise,ordisregardingtheirinputin e authority with his military advisers, governance. undermining the autonomy of the _________________________________ _ Philippine executive branch G overnorWood'sdisregardforFilipino leadershipisevidentinhisactionsthat I Arbitrary Acts: undermine and bypass local authority: ❖ A rbitrary acts are decisions or actions taken without a clear, rationalbasisor S ubstituting Filipino officials and legal authority. Such acts are often advisers with his American military perceived as unjust or capricious advisers, who were not legally part of because they lack consistency or the Philippine government and not adherence to established rules or laws. accountable to the Filipino people. _________________________________ _ Ignoring the advice and roles of G overnorWoodisaccusedofengaging Filipino leaders and appointing in arbitrary acts, which are decisions Americanstopositionswherequalified taken without clear legal authority or Filipinos were available. rational basis: R efusing to consult the Philippine Senate on appointments and keeping N ullifying laws by executive order in office those whose appointments without the legislative or judicial were rejected by the Senate. process (Executive Order No. 37). V etoingappropriationsforsalariesand I Reversal of Filipinization: then appointing individuals to positions and authorizing payments, ❖ F ilipinization refers to the policy of despite lacking appropriations. appointing Filipinos to government positions. A reversal of this policy A rbitrarilyexercisingpowersmeantfor means replacing Filipinos with the EmergencyBoard,afterabolishing foreigners, often to the detriment of it, claiming it was an unlawful local representation and governance. delegation of legislative authority. _________________________________ _ G overnorWoodreversedthepolicyof I Disregard for Filipino Leadership: Filipinization, which aimed to appoint ❖ T his involves ignoringorhinderingthe Filipinos to government positions: authority and role of local leaders. It A ppointing Americans to positions can manifest as failing to support or even when capable Filipinos were respecttheirdecisions,replacingthem available, thereby reducing local with individuals who lack local Dreii r epresentation and participation in V etoing items in the current governance. appropriation act and then reviving correspondingitemsfromtheprevious year’s law, effectively negating the I Obstruction of Economic Policies: Legislature’s authority. ❖ T his describes the act of hindering or Imposing conditions on legislative blocking the implementation of measures that he approved, thereby economic policies that have been oversteppinghisexecutivepowersand formally adopted. Such obstruction infringing upon the legislative domain. often arises from personal or ideological disagreements with the policies. I Misuse of Public Funds: _________________________________ _ ❖ T his involves using government or G overnor Wood obstructed the public resources inappropriately, such implementation of economic policies as for personal gain or unauthorized that were formally adopted by the purposes. It sabotages the intended Philippine Legislature: use of public funds and can lead to corruption and financial mismanagement. H indering the implementation of _________________________________ _ national economic policies because they conflicted with his personal views. G overnor Wood's actions are deemed misusebecausetheyinvolveimproper A ttempting to close the Philippine handling of public funds, bypassing National Bank, which was crucial for legalprotocols,andpotentiallyleading the economic development of the to financial misconduct. country. A uthorizing payments and granting I Legislative Interference: additional compensation to public ❖ L egislative interference occurs when officials in violation of the law. an external authority or individual U sing funds without properlegislative improperly influencesorobstructsthe appropriation, reflects financial legislative process. This can include mismanagement and corruption. making unauthorized changes to laws or affecting the passage of legislation. _________________________________ _ I Interference in Justice: G overnor Wood interfered with the ❖ Interference in justice refers to legislative process in several ways: inappropriate or undue influence on legal processes and judicial decisions. This can disrupt the impartiality and Dreii f airnessofthejusticesystem,affecting H is policies also strained relations legal outcomes and eroding public between resident Americans and trust. Filipinos,fosteringaclimateoftension _________________________________ _ and division. G overnor Wood's actions potentially compromisedtheabilityofthejudicial I Economic Exploitation: system to operate independentlyand ❖ E conomic exploitation involves fairly, which is a seriousissuebecause utilizingresourcesoropportunitiesina itaffectsthefundamentalprinciplesof way that benefits powerful interests, justice and the rule of law. often at the expense of broader societal or environmental well-being. T he document notes that he unduly It can include practices that prioritize interfered in the administration of profit over fair and sustainable use of justice, which could disrupt the resources. impartiality and fairness of the legal _________________________________ _ system,althoughspecificexamplesare not provided. G overnor Wood is accused of attempting to exploit the Philippines’ I Strained Relations: economic resources for the benefitof powerful interests: ❖ S trained relations refertothecreation of conflict or tension between different groups or communities. This S eeking amendments to land laws to often results from policies or actions open up the country’s resources to that exacerbate divisions or exploitation by foreign interests. disagreements among the groups T ryingtoprivatizegovernment-owned involved. companies, valued at millions, under _________________________________ _ the pretextofgettingthegovernment out of business, which was perceived G overnor Wood’s policies and actions asbenefitingpowerfulprivateinterests caused divisions and conflictbetween over the Filipino people. different groups and reportedly contributed to such divisions by exacerbating existing tensions and I Violation of Constitutional Government: fostering an environment of mistrust ❖ T his refers to actions that breach the and conflict. principles of constitutional governance, such as the separationof H is administration created d iscord powers and self-rule. Such violations between Christian and Muslim ruined the established framework Filipinos in Mindanao. designed to ensure balanced and fair governance. Dreii __________________________________ SPECIFIC POLICIES / ACTIONS OF G overnorWood’sactionsdisruptedthe GOVERNOR WOOD ARE BEING balance of power, undermined the CRITICIZED principles of self-governance, and bypassedtheconstitutionalframework I Curtailment of Filipino Autonomy: intended to ensure fair and balanced governance. T hemaintopicinthedocumentisthe reduction of Filipino autonomyduring Governor Wood'stenure.TheFilipinos H isissuanceofExecutiveOrderNo.37 accused him of undermining the is po
