Hypoxia - A Comprehensive Guide PDF
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Allama Iqbal Open University
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This document is a detailed examination of hypoxia covering the different types of hypoxia, including its etiology, mechanisms, and the body's response to this condition. It explores the alterations in metabolism and function across different systems, offering an in-depth analysis of compensatory and injury-induced changes.
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# Chapter 7 Hypoxia ## 7.1 Parameters of Blood Oxygen - 7.1.1 Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO₂) - 7.1.2 Oxygen Binding Capacity in Blood (CO₂max) - 7.1.3 Oxygen Content in Blood - 7.1.4 Oxygen Saturation of Hb (SO₂) ## 7.2 Classification, Etiology and Mechanisms of Hypoxia - 7.2.1 Hypotonic Hypoxia...
# Chapter 7 Hypoxia ## 7.1 Parameters of Blood Oxygen - 7.1.1 Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO₂) - 7.1.2 Oxygen Binding Capacity in Blood (CO₂max) - 7.1.3 Oxygen Content in Blood - 7.1.4 Oxygen Saturation of Hb (SO₂) ## 7.2 Classification, Etiology and Mechanisms of Hypoxia - 7.2.1 Hypotonic Hypoxia - 7.2.1.1 Etiology of hypoxic hypoxia - 7.2.1.1.1 Decreased PO₂ of inspired air - 7.2.1.1.2 External respiratory dysfunction - 7.2.1.2 Mechanisms underlying hypoxic hypoxia - 7.2.2 Hemic Hypoxia - 7.2.2.1 Etiology of hemic hypoxia - 7.2.2.1.1 Anemia - 7.2.2.1.2 Carbon monoxide poisoning - 7.2.2.1.3 Methemoglobinemia - 7.2.2.2 Mechanisms of hemic hypoxia - 7.2.3 Circulatory Hypoxia - 7.2.3.1 Etiology of circulatory hypoxia - 7.2.3.1.1 General circulatory hypoxia - 7.2.3.1.2 Localized circulatory hypoxia - 7.2.3.2 Mechanisms of circulatory hypoxia - 7.2.4 Histogenous Hypoxia - 7.2.4.1 Etiology of histogenous hypoxia - 7.2.4.1.1 Histotoxic hypoxia - 7.2.4.1.2 Disordered synthesis of respiratory enzyme - 7.2.4.1. 3 Tissue cell injury - 7.2.4.2 Mechanisms of histogenous hypoxia ## 7.3 Alterations of Metabolism and Function in the Body - 7.3.1 Alterations of the Respiratory System - 7.3.1.1 Compensatory responses - 7.3.1.2 Injury-induced alterations - 7.3.1.2.1 High-altitude pulmonary edema - 7.3.1.2.2 Central respiratory failure - 7.3.2 Alterations of the Circulatory System - 7.3.2.1 Compensatory response - 7.3.2.1.1 Increased cardiac output - 7.3.2.1.2 Pulmonary vasoconstriction - 7.3.2.1.3 Capillary hyperplasia - 7.3.2.2 Injury-induced alterations - 7.3.2.2.1 Pulmonary hypertension - 7.3.2.2.2 Reduced myocardial systolic and diastolic function - 7.3.2.2.3 Cardiac arrhythmia - 7.3.2.2.4 Decreased cardiac venous return - 7.3.3 Alterations in Hematological System - 7.3.3.1 Compensatory response - 7.3.3.1.1 Increase in the amount of RBCs and Hb - 7.3.3.1.2 Improved erythrocyte oxygen-release capability - 7.3.3.2 Injury-induced alterations - 7.3.4 Alterations of the Central Nervous System - 7.3.5 Alterations of Tissues and Cells - 7.3.5.1 Compensatory response - 7.3.5.1.1 Enhanced capability of oxygen utilization - 7.3.5.1.2 Enhanced anaerobic glycolysis - 7.3.5.1.3 Enhanced myoglobin - 7.3.5.1.4 Low metabolic state - 7.3.5.2 Injury-induced alterations - 7.3.5.2.1 Cell membrane injury - 7.3.5.2.2 Mitochondrial injury - 7.3.5.2.3 Lysosomal injury ## 7.4 Pathophysiological Basis of Prevention and Treatment of Hypoxia ## Review Questions - **Multiple choice questions** 1. About cyanosis, which of the following is false? 2. If all parameters, including CaO₂ is normal, PaO2 and SaO2 decrease, the type of hypoxia would be 3. The most common hemic hypoxia clinically caused by ## Summary | Categories | PaO2 | CaO2 max | CaO2 | SaO2 | D(CaO₂-CvO₂) | |:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---| | Hypotonic hypoxia | ↓ | N (or) | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | | Hemic hypoxia | N | ↓ | ↓ | N(or↓↑) | ↑ | | Circulatory hypoxia | N | N | N | N | ↑ | | Histogenous hypoxia | N | N | N | N | ↓ | **Note:** - ↓: decrease; ↑ increase; N; normal. ==End of OCR==
