hypertension.docx

What percentage of hypertension cases is classified as primary (essential) hypertension? \- A) 50% \- B) 60% \- C) 75% \- D) 90% Answer: D) 90% 2. Which system is primarily responsible for long-term blood pressure regulation? \- A) Nervous system \- B) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Syst...

What percentage of hypertension cases is classified as primary (essential) hypertension? \- A) 50% \- B) 60% \- C) 75% \- D) 90% Answer: D) 90% 2. Which system is primarily responsible for long-term blood pressure regulation? \- A) Nervous system \- B) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) \- C) Immune system \- D) Digestive system Answer: B) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) 3. What is the primary role of the kidneys in blood pressure regulation? \- A) Glucose metabolism \- B) Blood filtration \- C) Sodium balance and fluid regulation \- D) Protein synthesis Answer: C) Sodium balance and fluid regulation 4. Which of the following is a common risk factor for the development of hypertension? \- A) Regular exercise \- B) High sodium intake \- C) High fiber diet \- D) Low fat intake Answer: B) High sodium intake 5. What are the potential long-term consequences of untreated hypertension? \- A) Hypotension \- B) Aneurysm \- C) Stroke \- D) Both B and C Answer: D) Both B and C 6. Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for hypertension? \- A) Age \- B) Smoking \- C) Physical inactivity \- D) High salt diet Answer: A) Age 7. Which of the following is a typical presenting feature of hypertension? \- A) Severe headaches \- B) Nosebleeds \- C) No symptoms (asymptomatic) \- D) Visual disturbances Answer: C) No symptoms (asymptomatic) 8. Which hormone primarily increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, contributing to hypertension? \- A) Cortisol \- B) Aldosterone \- C) Adrenaline \- D) Insulin Answer: B) Aldosterone 9. What is the significance of the pulse pressure in hypertension? \- A) It reflects arterial stiffness \- B) It indicates renal function \- C) It measures cardiac output \- D) It assesses blood glucose levels Answer: A) It reflects arterial stiffness 10. Which of the following factors most commonly contributes to secondary hypertension? \- A) Chronic kidney disease \- B) Obesity \- C) High cholesterol \- D) High sodium intake Answer: A) Chronic kidney disease 11. Which system is involved in short-term regulation of blood pressure by adjusting heart rate and vascular tone? \- A) Endocrine system \- B) Sympathetic nervous system \- C) Digestive system \- D) Lymphatic system Answer: B) Sympathetic nervous system 12. Which of the following is a common cardiovascular consequence of long-standing hypertension? \- A) Atrial fibrillation \- B) Ventricular hypertrophy \- C) Arrhythmias \- D) Myocardial infarction Answer: B) Ventricular hypertrophy 13. Which of the following is true regarding the epidemiology of hypertension? \- A) It is more common in young adults than older adults. \- B) It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. \- C) It has a higher prevalence in females than males. \- D) It is rare in developed countries. Answer: B) It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. 14. Which of the following factors contributes to increased peripheral resistance in hypertension? \- A) Decreased cardiac output \- B) Increased arterial stiffness \- C) Decreased blood volume \- D) Decreased heart rate Answer: B) Increased arterial stiffness 15. What role does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) play in the pathophysiology of hypertension? \- A) It decreases sodium and water retention. \- B) It increases vasoconstriction and blood volume. \- C) It reduces heart rate. \- D) It enhances potassium excretion. Answer: B) It increases vasoconstriction and blood volume. 16. Which of the following is an adverse effect of prolonged, untreated hypertension? \- A) Diabetes \- B) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) \- C) Hyperthyroidism \- D) Asthma Answer: B) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) 17. What is the main reason hypertension is referred to as the \"silent killer\"? \- A) It causes severe pain \- B) It often has no symptoms \- C) It causes immediate death \- D) It is easily diagnosed Answer: B) It often has no symptoms 18. Which of the following measurements is used to classify the severity of hypertension? - A\) Body mass index (BMI) - B\) Blood pressure readings - C\) Blood glucose levels - D\) Serum cholesterol levels Answer: B) Blood pressure readings 19. How does hypertension contribute to the development of heart failure? \- A) By decreasing blood flow to the heart \- B) By increasing myocardial oxygen demand \- C) By increasing blood volume \- D) By decreasing peripheral resistance Answer: B) By increasing myocardial oxygen demand 20. Which of the following is a significant risk factor for the progression of primary hypertension? \- A) High potassium intake \- B) High physical activity \- C) High sodium intake \- D) High calcium intake Answer: C) High sodium intake 21. Which of the following is the first-line treatment for hypertension? \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) ACE inhibitors \- C) Alpha-blockers \- D) Thiazide diuretics Answer: B) ACE inhibitors 22. Which class of antihypertensive drugs is most commonly associated with a persistent dry cough as a side effect? \- A) Calcium channel blockers \- B) Beta-blockers \- C) ACE inhibitors \- D) ARBs Answer: C) ACE inhibitors 23. What is the main benefit of using ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers) over ACE inhibitors? \- A) Lower cost \- B) Fewer side effects, particularly cough \- C) More potent blood pressure reduction \- D) Faster onset of action Answer: B) Fewer side effects, particularly cough 24. Which of the following drugs should be avoided in patients with asthma when treating hypertension? \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) ACE inhibitors \- C) Calcium channel blockers \- D) Thiazide diuretics Answer: A) Beta-blockers 25. Which of the following medications is commonly used to manage hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)? \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) ACE inhibitors \- C) Calcium channel blockers \- D) Diuretics Answer: B) ACE inhibitors 26. Which of the following side effects is most commonly associated with thiazide diuretics? \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Hypokalemia \- C) Hypercalcemia \- D) Hyponatremia Answer: B) Hypokalemia 27. Which antihypertensive drug class should be avoided in pregnancy due to teratogenic effects? \- A) ARBs \- B) Thiazide diuretics \- C) Calcium channel blockers \- D) Beta-blockers Answer: A) ARBs 28. Which of the following is a precaution to consider when prescribing calcium channel blockers for hypertension? \- A) Risk of bradycardia \- B) Risk of tachycardia \- C) Risk of hyperkalemia \- D) Risk of hypoglycemia Answer: A) Risk of bradycardia 29. What is the mechanism of action of beta-blockers in managing hypertension? \- A) Reducing heart rate and cardiac output \- B) Increasing sodium excretion \- C) Inhibiting calcium channels \- D) Blocking angiotensin II receptors Answer: A) Reducing heart rate and cardiac output 30. Which of the following is a common adverse effect of calcium channel blockers? \- A) Peripheral edema \- B) Dry cough \- C) Hypokalemia \- D) Hypernatremia Answer: A) Peripheral edema 31. Which of the following antihypertensive agents is associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus? \- A) Thiazide diuretics \- B) ACE inhibitors \- C) ARBs \- D) Calcium channel blockers Answer: A) Thiazide diuretics 32. Which of the following should be regularly monitored in patients taking ACE inhibitors? \- A) Serum potassium and renal function \- B) Serum calcium and glucose levels \- C) Blood pressure and heart rate \- D) Liver function and bilirubin levels Answer: A) Serum potassium and renal function 33. Which medication is preferred for hypertensive patients with a history of myocardial infarction? \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) Calcium channel blockers \- C) Thiazide diuretics \- D) ARBs Answer: A) Beta-blockers 34. What is the primary mechanism by which ARBs reduce blood pressure? \- A) Inhibition of renin release \- B) Blockade of angiotensin II receptors \- C) Promotion of sodium excretion \- D) Inhibition of calcium influx Answer: B) Blockade of angiotensin II receptors 35. Which of the following antihypertensive agents is typically used in the management of hypertensive emergencies? \- A) Sodium nitroprusside \- B) Atenolol \- C) Verapamil \- D) Hydrochlorothiazide Answer: A) Sodium nitroprusside 36. Which of the following is a key monitoring parameter when initiating therapy with ACE inhibitors? \- A) Serum creatinine and potassium levels \- B) Liver function tests \- C) Blood glucose levels \- D) Serum sodium levels Answer: A) Serum creatinine and potassium levels 37. Which antihypertensive drug class is preferred for managing hypertension in African American patients? \- A) Thiazide diuretics and calcium channel blockers \- B) Beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors \- C) ARBs and ACE inhibitors \- D) Alpha-blockers and beta-blockers Answer: A) Thiazide diuretics and calcium channel blockers 38. Which of the following is the preferred initial therapy for most patients with uncomplicated hypertension? \- A) ACE inhibitors or ARBs \- B) Beta-blockers \- C) Alpha-blockers \- D) Centrally acting agents Answer: A) ACE inhibitors or ARBs 39. Which of the following medications is recommended for hypertension management in patients with diabetes mellitus? \- A) ACE inhibitors or ARBs \- B) Beta-blockers \- C) Calcium channel blockers \- D) Thiazide diuretics Answer: A) ACE inhibitors or ARBs 40. Which of the following is a significant adverse effect of beta-blockers? \- A) Bradycardia \- B) Hypokalemia \- C) Hypoglycemia \- D) Hypernatremia Answer: A) Bradycardia 41. Which of the following is the primary goal of hypertension management? \- A) Reduce blood glucose levels \- B) Maintain normal electrolyte balance \- C) Prevent complications such as stroke and myocardial infarction \- D) Increase cardiac output Answer: C) Prevent complications such as stroke and myocardial infarction 42. What is the recommended blood pressure target for most patients with hypertension according to the Australian guidelines? \- A) \