Human Reproductive System PDF

Human Reproductive System Overview Reproduction can be defined as the biological process of producing a new individual or an offspring identical to the parents. This process ensures the increase in the number of individuals of a species when conditions are favorable. It is one of the fundam...

Human Reproductive System Overview Reproduction can be defined as the biological process of producing a new individual or an offspring identical to the parents. This process ensures the increase in the number of individuals of a species when conditions are favorable. It is one of the fundamental characteristics of living things and an essential life process. External Structures The reproduction in human beings involves SCROTUM the fusion of male and female gametes produced in pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue their reproductive system. The male reproductive hanging from the lower abdominal region system is different from the female reproductive behind the penis. system, both in structure and in function. It is a rugated, muscular, skin-covered pouch over the perineum. FUNCTIONS: it is divided by a septum into 2 chambers; each 1. To produce egg and sperm. chamber is provided by a testis, the 2. To transport and sustain these cells. epididymis, and the first portion of the seminal 3. To nurture the developing offspring. ducts. 4. To produce hormones. it endorses and protects the testis as well as the lower end of the spermatic cord. Sex cells- ”gametes,” ”gonad” it regulates the temperature of the sperm and - Egg cells promotes the production and viability of the - Sperm cells sperm. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM In cooperation with the women, men were also given the task of supplying generations upon generations of brethren for mankind's race. They are also equipped with miracle-inducing parts that enable them to propagate with the woman and bring forth life into the world. Function: ✓ To produce androgen that maintains male reproductive function and ✓ To promote spermatogenesis and to transport PENIS into the female reproductive system for fertilization. the male copulatory organ is a cylindrical pendant organ located anterior to the scrotum and functions to transfer sperm to the vagina. The penis has three parts: two are called the corpus cavemosa, and the other is the corpus spongiosum.  These erectile tissues also contain the urethra, making the penis an outlet for both urinary and reproductive functions. Erection of the penis is stimulated by the parasympathetic nerve innervations, and the blood supply for the penis is from the penile artery. The glans, a sensitive, bulging ridge of tissue, is located at the distal part of the penis. The prepuce, which is a retractable casing of skin, protects the glans at birth. It is also the part that is surgically removed during circumcision. Internal Structures TESTES (Male Gonads) paired, ovoid structures measuring 5cm in length and 3 cm in diameter. responsible for spermatogenesis. - contains specialized cells called the interstitial cells or Leydig cells which produce and secrete the male sex hormones. Hormones: 1. Follicle-stimulating hormone- it stimulates spermatogenesis (production of sperm) 2. Luteinizing hormone- it stimulates the Circumcision - is the surgical removal of the production of testosterone prepuce. 3. Testosterone- an androgenic hormone for the development and maintenance of secondary sexual Circumcision might have various health benefits, characteristics of males. including: ✓ Easier hygiene. ✓ Decreased risk of urinary tract infections. ✓ Decreased risk of sexually transmitted Infections ✓ Prevention of penile problems. ✓ Decreased risk of penile cancer. Cryptorchidism/Undescended Testes  It is a hollow tube that is protected by a thick fibrous coating and surrounded by arteries and veins. Duct na kinacut during vasectomy SEMINAL VESICLE it secretes alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins. It produces semen. Internal Structures (Ducts) EPIDIDYMIS Matured sperm storage This is a tightly coiled tube that is responsible for conducting the sperm from the tubule to the vas deferens. EJACULATORY DUCTS It has a length of approximately 20 feet long. These ducts pass through the prostate gland Some sperm are stored in the epididymis, to join the seminal vesicles and the urethra. along with the semen. The sperm takes an estimated 12to 20 daysof travel along the epididymis, and a total of 64 days to reach maturity. Internal Structures (Accessory Gland) PROSTATE GLAND This is a chestnut-sized gland that is situated below the bladder. It secretes a thin, alkaline fluid that adds protection to the sperm from being Internal Structures (Ducts) immobilized by thelow pH level of the urethra. The urethra passes through its center like VAS DEFERENS/DUCTUS DEFERENS adoughnut. The function of the vas deferens is to carry the sperm through the inguinal canal from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity where it will end at the seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory duct.  FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Women have the responsibility of bringing forth life into the world, hence the creation and the function of the female reproductive system. This system performs a miracle from the conception of life until the birth of the growing life within, and it is only proper to be introduced to the main characters and supporting roles of this play. FUNCTIONS: 1. Produce and sustain the female sex cells. Internal Structures (Accessory Gland) 2. Transport ova to a site where it may be fertilized. 3. Provide a favorable environment for the BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS developing fetus. Also called as Cowper's gland, these glands 4. Move the fetus to the outside at the end of also secrete alkaline fluid to counteract the the development period. acidic environment in the urethra. 5. Produce the female sex hormone. These are two glands located at either side of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles and empty through the short ducts towards the urethra. Semen is a product of 60% from the prostate gland, 30% from the seminal vesicles, 5% from the epididymis, and 5% from the bulbourethral glands. URETHRA Terminal duct of the system serving a common passageway for sperm and urine. This structure passes through the prostate gland towards the shaft and glans penis. It is a hollow tube from the base of the bladder and lined with mucous membrane. It has a length of approximately 8inches or 18 to 20cm. Secretions Semen- is a mixture of gland secretions and External Structures sperm cells. Bulbourethral glands- produce mucus that MONS VENERIS/MONS PUBIS neutralizes the acidic pH of the urethra and to The mons veneris is a pad of fat tissues over lubricate the penis for coitus. the symphysis pubis. Testicular secretions- contain sperm cells. It has a covering of coarse, curly hairs, the Seminal vesicle fluid contains fructose and pubic hair. fibrinogen. It protects the pubic bone from trauma. Prostate secretions neutralize the semen.  External Structures SKENE'S GLANDS LABIA MINORA Also called as paraurethral glands, they are The labia minora is aspread of two connective found lateral to the urethral meatus and tissue folds that are pinkish in color. have ducts that open into the urethra. The internal surface is composed of mucous The secretions from this gland lubricate the membrane and the external surface is skin. external genitalia during coitus. It contains sebaceous glands all over the area. BARTHOLIN'S GLAND Also called the bulbovaginal gland, this is LABIA MAJORA another gland responsible for the lubrication Lateral to the labia minora are two folds of fat of the extemal genitalia during coitus. tissue covered by loose connective tissue and It has ducts that open into the distal vagina. epithelum, the labia majora. Both of these glands secretions are alkaline to Its function is to protect the external genitalia help the sperm survive in the vagina. and the distal urethra and vagina fromtrauma It is covered in pubic hair that serves as additional protection against harmful bacteria that may enter the structure. VESTIBULE It is a smooth, flattened surface inside the labia wherein the openings to the urethra and the vagina arise. CLITORIS The clitoris is a small, circular organ of erectile tissue at the front of the labia minora. The prepuce, a fold of skin, serves as its covering. This is the center for sexual arousal and pleasure for females because it is highly sensitive to touch and temperature. FOURCHETTE This is a ridge of tissue which is formed by the posterior joining of the labia minora and majora.  During episiotomy, this is the tissue that is cut HYMEN to enlarge the vaginal opening. This covers the opening of the vagina. It is tough, elastic, semicircle tissue tom during the first sexual intercourse. 3 kinds of openings 1. Urethral orifice- located 1 inch posterior to the vaginal orifice. It is the passageway of urine. 2. Vaginal orifice- occupies the greater portion of the vestibule and is protected by a mucosal membrane called hymen. 3. Openings of the ducts of the bartholin's gland. External Structures PERINEAL BODY.This is a muscular area that stretches easily during childbirth. Most pregnancy exercises such as Kegel's and squatting are done to strengthen the perineal body to allow easier expansion during childbirth and avoid tearing the tissue. VAGINA/VULVA fibromuscular tube extending from the uterus to the vestibule. It is located posterior to the bladder and urethra and anterior to the rectum. It conveys uterine secretions to the outside, receives the penis during sexual intercourse, and transports the offspring during the birth process. It is partially obstructed by the hymen. CERVIX is a small canal that connects your uterus and vagina.  FALLOPIAN TUBES The fallopian tubes serve as the pathway of the egg cells towards the uterus. It is a smooth, hollow tunnel that is divided into four parts: the interstitial, which is 1cm in length; the isthmus, which is 2 cm in length; the ampulla, which is 5 cm in length; and the infundibular, which is 2 cm long and shaped like a funnel. The funnel has small hairs called the fimbria that propel the ovum into the fallopian tube. Internal Structures UTERUS The uterus is described as a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ. It is located in the lower pelvis, which is posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. The uterus has an estimated length of 5 to 7 cm and a width of 5- am. It is 2.5 cm deep in Internal Structures its widest part For non-pregnant women, it is approximately UTERUS 60g in weight. Its function is to receive the are small, oval-shaped glands located on ovum from the fallopian tube and provide a either side of your uterus. They produce and placefor implantation and nourishment. store your eggs (also called ovum) and make It also gives protection for the growing fetus. hormones that control your menstrual cycle It is divided into three: the body, the isthmus, and pregnancy and the cervix. The body forms the bulk of the The ovaries are the ultimate life-maker for the uterus, being the uppermost part. This is also females. the part that expands to accommodate the For its physical structure, it has an estimated growing fetus. length of 4 am and width of 2 am and is 15cm thick. It is located proximal to both sides of the uterus at the lower abdomen.  - Facilitate childbirth/labor Prolactin - responsible for lactation/ breastfeeding Tubal ligation - surgical procedure to prevent pregnancy/ tali Vasectomy - a form of male birth control Spermatogenesis - Sperm production Hernia/Luslos - internal part of the body pushes through a weak spot in a muscle or tissue. Sperm count every ejaculation Mammary glands / lactiferous glands - 1.6- 6 ml. 15-150 million accessory organ of the female reproductive - 10- 20 ml- fertility problem system that are specialized to secrete milk Pudendum/Vulva following pregnancy. - External genitalia the nipple is surrounded by areola Menarche the breast extends into the axilla by the tail of - First occurrence of menstruation Spence Menopause - Woman’s last period Thelarche - First development of boobies Eggs cells - 700,000 eggs developed at birth - 400,000 eggs during menstruation Uneven size of testicles - Right testicle is larger than the left testicle (lower since heavier) Coitus - Sexual intercourse 7 days - Journey of matured eggs - fertile=naghihintay ng 2 days Other terms: Testosterone - male sex hormone Estrogen - regulates the menstrual cycle - develops female secondary sexual characteristics. Progesterone - prepares your uterus for pregnancy Cryptorchidism - Testes failed to descend from the abdomen Oxytocin