Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology Tenth Edition PDF

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2 Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Tenth Edition Cinnamon Vanputte The Human Organism Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 3 4 Anatomy and Physiology Importance of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: Understand how the body: investigates body structure responds to stimuli the term means to dissect Physiology: environmental changes investigates processes and functions environmental cues Human Physiology: studies the human organism diseases Systemic Physiology: injury studies body organ-systems Cellular Physiology: studies body cells © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  5 6 Types of Anatomy Structural and Functional Organization 1 Systemic: Six levels from chemical to organism: studies body organ-systems 1. Chemical: Regional: smallest level studies body regions (medical schools) atoms, chemical bonds, molecules Surface: 2. Cellular: studies external features, for example, bone cells: basic units of life projections compartments and organelles Anatomical imaging: examples are mitochondria, nucleus using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI) Figure 1.1 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 7 8 Structural and Functional Organization 2 Structural and Functional Organization 3 3. Tissues: 4. Organs: group of cells with similar structure and function two or more tissue types acting together to plus extracellular substances they release perform function(s) four broad types: Examples: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, Epithelial kidney Connective Muscular Nervous Figure 1.1 Figure 1.1 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  9 10 Structural and Functional Organization 4 Structural and Functional Organization 5 5. Organ-System: 6. Organism: group of organs contributing to some function all organ systems working together for example, digestive system, reproductive system includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria Figure 1.1 Figure 1.1 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Bart Harris/Getty Images 11 12 Structural and Functional Organization 6 Major Organs of the Body Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 1.1(6) ©Bart Harris/Getty Images © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  13 14 Organ Systems of the Body 1 Organ Systems of the Body 2 Figure 1.3 Figure 1.3 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15 16 Characteristics of Life 1 Characteristics of Life 2 Organization: Growth: functional interrelationships between parts can increase in size Metabolism: size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an Development: organism changes in form and size ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes in cell structure and function from changes generalized to specialized—differentiation Responsiveness: Reproduction: ability to sense and respond to environmental changes formation of new cells or new organisms includes both internal and external environments generation of new individuals tissue repair © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  17 18 Homeostasis 1 Homeostasis 2 Homeostasis: Normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment Set point: normal, or average value of a variable Over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point Variables: measures of body properties that may change in value Examples of variables: body temperature heart rate blood pressure Figure 1.4 blood glucose levels © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education blood cell counts respiratory rate 19 20 Homeostasis 3 Homeostasis 4 Set points for some variables can be temporarily Negative feedback is the main mechanism used adjusted depending on body activities, as needed: homeostatic regulation. A negative feedback response involves: Examples Common cause of change detection: of deviation away from set point body temperature fever and correction: reversal of deviation toward set point heart rate, blood pressure exercise respiratory rate and normal range © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  21 22 Homeostasis 5 Homeostasis 6 The components of feedback: 1. Receptor: detects changes in variable 2. Control center: receives receptor signal establishes set point sends signal to effector 3. Effector: directly causes change in variable Figure 1.5 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 23 24 Negative Feedback Control of Body Temperature Homeostasis 7 Positive feedback mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response system response causes progressive deviation away from set point, outside of normal range not directly used for homeostasis some positive feedback occurs under normal conditions Example: childbirth generally associated with injury, disease negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain homeostasis Figure 1.6 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  25 26 Homeostasis 8 Terminology and the Body Plan Comparison of negative feedback and positive Anatomical position: feedback person standing erect with face and palms forward all relational descriptions based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation Figure 1.7 Figure 1.8 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Eric Wise 27 28 Directional Terms 1 Directional Terms 2 Superior: above Medial: close to midline Inferior: below Lateral: away from midline Proximal: close to point of Anterior: front (also: ventral) attachment Posterior: back (also: dorsal) Distal: far from point of attachment Note: In four-legged animals, the terms ventral (belly) and dorsal Superficial: structure close to (back) correspond to anterior and the surface posterior in humans Deep: structure toward the interior of the body Figure 1.8 Figure 1.8 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Eric Wise © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Eric Wise  29 30 Directional Terms 3 Body Planes 1 Sagittal plane: separates the body into right and left parts Median plane: a sagittal plane along the midline that divides body into equal left and right halves Transverse plane: a horizontal plane that separates the body into superior and inferior parts. Frontal plane: a vertical plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior parts. Figure 1.8 Figure 1.11 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Eric Wise © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Eric Wise 31 32 Body Planes 2 Planes of Section Through an Organ Figure 1.11 Figure 1.12 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (a) ©Eric Wise; (b,c,d) ©R. T. Hutchings © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  33 34 Body Regions Body Parts and Regions 1 Upper limbs: upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand Lower limbs: thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot Central region: head, neck, trunk Figure 1.9 Figure 1.9 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Eric Wise © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Eric Wise 35 36 Body Parts and Regions 2 Subdivisions of the Abdomen Figure 1.9 Figure 1.10 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Eric Wise © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  37 38 Body Cavities 1 Body Cavities 2 Thoracic cavity: Abdominal cavity: space within chest wall space between and diaphragm diaphragm and pelvis contains heart, lungs, contains stomach, thymus gland, intestines, liver, spleen, esophagus, trachea pancreas, kidneys Mediastinum: Pelvic cavity: space between lungs space within pelvis contains heart, thymus contains urinary bladder, gland, esophagus, reproductive organs, part trachea Figure 1.13 of large intestine Figure 1.13 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 39 40 Serous Membranes 1 Serous Membranes 2 Line trunk cavities, cover organs Three sets of serous membranes and cavities: Structure: visceral serous membrane covers organs Membrane Cavity parietal serous membrane is the outer membrane cavity - a fluid-filled space between the membranes Pericardium Pericardial cavity around heart Pleura Pleural cavity around lungs Peritoneum Peritoneal cavity around abdominopelvic cavity and its organs Figure 1.14 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  41 42 Pericardium and Pericardial Cavity Pleura and Pleural Cavity Pericardium Pleura visceral pericardium visceral pleura covers heart covers lungs parietal pericardium parietal pleura thick, fibrous lines inner wall of thorax pericardial cavity pleural cavity reduces friction reduces friction adheres lungs to thoracic wall Figure 1.15a Figure 1.15b © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 43 Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Peritoneum visceral peritoneum covers, anchors organs double layers called mesenteries parietal peritoneum lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity peritoneal cavity reduces friction Figure 1.15c © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education