Human health and diseases.pdf

CH: HUMAN HEALTH -AND DISEASES ◦ Health, for a long time was considered as balance of certain "humors" ☐ emphasized by early greeks like "Hippocrates" & Indian Ayurveda system. discovery of blood circulation later by William Harvey & demonstration of normal body...

CH: HUMAN HEALTH -AND DISEASES ◦ Health, for a long time was considered as balance of certain "humors" ☐ emphasized by early greeks like "Hippocrates" & Indian Ayurveda system. discovery of blood circulation later by William Harvey & demonstration of normal body temperature in persons with "Black bile" disapproved The "good humor" hypothesis. # Health state of complete mental, physical & social well being. Δ affected by ◦ genetic disorders ◦ infections life style # Disease Non infectious Congenital Acquired ↳ by birth ↳ afterbirth Infectious # Pathogen → disease causing organisms # BACTERIAL DISEASES (1) Typhoid (Enteric fever) Pathogen: Salmonella typhi /game negative) Mode of Transmission: Enter SMALL INTESTINE via contaminated food & water Symptoms: → sustained high few → weakness → stomach pain → constipation → headache → loss of appetite (some common symptoms) severe Intestinal perforation & death Test: Widal Test (2) Pneumonia Pathogen: Stepto covers pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae Mode of Transmission: inhaling droplets/aerosols or sharing glasses and utensils Symptoms: fever, chills, cough, & headache severe lips & fingernails turn grey occurs in Alveoli of lungs. ↳ get filled with liquid leading to problem in respiration (3) Plague /Bubonic Plague/Black Death Pathogen: Yersinia pestis Mode of Transmission: Primarily a disease of rodents i.e (rat to rat) via Xenophsyllapat but when rat die, fleas enter many body. flea) ↳accidental host Symptoms: high fever, bubo (lump) in groin of armpit and patches appear on skin which ultimately turn black leading to death.  (4 Pathogen: Vibrio cholerae Mode of Transmission: contaminated food & water (affects small Symptoms: frequent rice-matery stools (white incolour) intestinal & repeated vomiting. Treatment: ORS /Oral Rehydration Solution) (5) Diphtheria Pathogen: Corynebacterium diphtheriae Mode of Transmission: occurs in upto children of 5 years of age Symptoms: sore throat, chills with mild fever, sometimes vomiting & headache Throat & Tonsils show "grey membrane" with may spread down and cause difficulty in breathing & hoarseness Treatment: all babies should be immersed with DPT vaccine within Greeks of birth Diphtheria, Pertussis & Tetanus (6) Tuberculosis /Koch's Disease Pathogen: Mycobacterium tuberculosis ↳ The bacteria damages the tissues through various proton secretion. systems constituting main virulence factors. ↳ affects lungs, lymph nodes, bones & joints. ↳ variable incubation period Mode of Transmission: droplet contains air when inhaled causes TB Symptoms: weight loss,blood containing sputum, excessive fatigue, loss of apatite, rise of temperature in evening, fever, cough,sputum contains blood, pain in chest, night sweating & rapid pulse. Treatment: BCG vaccine (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) Mantoux test is tuberculin sensitivity test used for screening TB. (7) Leprosy/Hasan's disease Pathogen: Mycobacterium leprae Mode of Transmission: bacilli leave the body via nasal discharge, from the throat during coughing, sneezing or speaking & also through broken skin lesions. Symptoms: fear, pain, ulcers,and skin eruptions. light patches on skin, thickening of nerves, partial or complete loss of sensation at affected areas. Deformities of fingers & bees may develop. ) Treatment: DDS {diaminodiphenylsulphone