Human Growth and Development HEA1091 RP (1).pptx

OFFICI AL Human Growth and Development HEA1091 Rachel Pogson OFFICI AL Welcome Session setup Sitting comfortably Hydrated Free from distraction Videos OFFICI AL This session will cover: Human growth and development across the lifespan, including cognitive, emotional and social measures of maturation...

OFFICI AL Human Growth and Development HEA1091 Rachel Pogson OFFICI AL Welcome Session setup Sitting comfortably Hydrated Free from distraction Videos OFFICI AL This session will cover: Human growth and development across the lifespan, including cognitive, emotional and social measures of maturation Influences in growth and development Developmental comparisons Developmental milestones Apgar Causes of death OFFICI AL Introduction Definition of anatomy and physiology Anatomy – bodily structure Physiology – bodily function Definition of 'maturation' - process of development to adulthood Growth is an increase in size Development is an increase in functional ability Maturation therefore requires biological maturity as well as behavioural and social maturity OFFICI AL Introduction Growth and development is complex phenomenom Under control of genetic and environmental influences One or other may be the dominant influence How this links to rest of module OFFICI AL Growth Endocrinology – study of hormones Hormones – chemical messengers that move around the body and give function to another organ Growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Feedback loops to regulate amount of hormones released Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Prolactin Gonadotrophins OFFICI AL Growth Rapid growth in infancy, steady growth in childhood, rapid growth in adolescence and very slow growth approaching adulthood Not a linear process Takes almost 20 years to complete Catch up growth is not always possible Growth doesn't just mean height – we also experience growth in weight, fat, muscle, changes in body proportions, increase in functional capacity OFFICI AL Influences in Growth and Development Genetic blueprint at conception Apart from genetic differences, why aren't we much more similar? Consider the factors: Diet Stress Accidents Illness Socioeconomic status Formative years can have massive impact. OFFICI AL Differences Males and females display different degrees of maturity – in secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts, genitalia and pubic hair etc. Increases in muscularity in boys Increased body fat in girls 'female fat distribution pattern' - hips, breasts vs abdomen Testosterone and oestrogen Can be differences in same sex and same age OFFICI AL Differences OFFICI AL Developmental Comparisons Important for you to know the developmental milestones and differences between ages Why might this be important? How to communicate with different ages eg. Asking where pain is To assess and gauge behavioural changes/ levels of alertness Different illnesses for different ages OFFICI AL Comparison: 1st Year of Life vs. 1 Year Physical Puts everything in mouth Sits with support (4 mo) Stands with help (8 mo) Crawls, fear of falling (9 mo) Pincer grasp (10 mo) Follows objects to midline (4 wk) One-handed approach/grasp of toy Feet in mouth (5 mo) Bang and rattle stage Changes hands with toy (6 mo) Physical ​ Walks alone (13 mo)​ Climbs stairs alone (18 mo) ​ Emergence of hand preference (18 mo) ​ Kicks ball, throws ball ​ Pats pictures in book ​ Stacks three cubes (18 mo) OFFICI AL Comparison: 1st Year of Life vs. 1 Year Social Parental figure central Issues of trust are key Stranger anxiety (7 mo) Play is solitary and exploratory Pat-a-cake, peek-a boo (10 mo) Social ​ Separation anxiety (12 mo) ​ Dependency on parental figure (rapprochement) ​ Onlooker play OFFICI AL Comparison: 1st Year of Life vs. 1 Year Verbal/cognitive Sensation/movement Schemas (patterns of repeated behaviour to discover) Assimilation and accommodat ion Laughs aloud (4 mo) Repetitive responding (8 mo) "ma-ma, da-da" (10 mo) Verbal/cognitive ​ Achieves object permanence ​ Great variation in timing of language development ​ Uses 10 words OFFICI AL Comparison: 2 Year vs. 3 Year Physical High activity level Walks backwards Can turn doorknob, unscrew jar lid Scribbles with crayon Stacks six cubes (24 mo) Stands on tiptoes (30 mo) Able to aim thrown ball Physical Rides tricycle Stacks 9 cubes (36 mo.) Alternates feet going up stairs Bowel and bladder control (toilet training) Draws recognizable figures Catches ball with arms Cuts paper with scissors Unbuttons buttons OFFICI AL Comparison: 2 Year vs. 3 Year Social Selfish and self-centered imitates mannerisms and activities May be aggressive Recognizes self in mirror "No" is favorite word Parallel play Social​ Fixed gender identity ​ Sex-specific play ​ Understands "taking turns" ​ Knows sex and full name OFFICI AL Comparison: 2 Year vs. 3 Year Verbal/cognitive A world of objects Can use symbols Transition objects Strong egocentrism Concrete use of objects Use of pronouns Parents understand most Telegraphic sentences Two-word sentences Uses 250 words Identifies body parts by pointing Verbal/cognitive ​ Complete sentences ​ Uses 900 words ​ Understood by strangers as well ​ Recognizes common objects in pictures ​ Is able to answer, "Tell me what we wear on our feet?" / "Which block is bigger?" OFFICI AL Comparison: 4 Year vs. 5 Year Physical Alternates feet going down stairs Hops on one foot Grooms self (brushes teeth) Counts fingers on hand Physical ​ Complete sphincter control ​ Brain at 75% of adult weight ​ Draws recognisable man with head, body and limbs ​ Dresses and undresses itself ​ Catches ball with two hands OFFICI AL Comparison: 4 Year vs. 5 Year Social Imitation of adult roles Curiosity about sex (playing doctor) Nightmares and monster fears Imaginary friends Social ​ Conformity to peers important ​ Romantic feeling for others ​ Oedipal phase (Freud) OFFICI AL Comparison: 4 Year vs. 5 Year Verbal/cognitive Points to and counts three objects Repeats four digits Names colors Can tell stories Uses prepositions Uses plurals Compound sentences Verbal/cognitive ​ Counts 10 objects correctly ​ Asks for the meaning of words ​ Abstract words elusively OFFICI AL Comparison: Age 6-12 vs. Age >12 Physical Boys heavier than girls Permanent teeth (11 y) Refined motor skills Rides bicycle Writes/forms letters Gains athletic skills Coordination increases Physical​ Adolescent -"growth spurt" ​ (girls before boys) ​ Onset of sexual maturity (10+) ​ Development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics OFFICI AL Comparison: Age 6-12 vs. Age >12 Social "Rules of the Game” Organized sport possible Being team member is major focus for many Separation of the sexes Sexual feelings not apparent Demonstrating competence is key Social​ Identity is critical issue ​ Conformity most important (11—12 y) ​ Organised sports diminish for many ​ Cross-gender relationships OFFICI AL Comparison: Age 6-12 vs. Age >12 Verbal/cognitive Law of conservation achieved Adherence to logic Seriation No hypotheticals Mnemonic strategies Personal sense of right and wrong Shift from egocentric to social speech incomplete sentences decline Vocabulary expands geometrically (50k words by age 12) Verbal/cognitive ​ Systematic problemsolving strategies ​ Can handle hypotheticals ​ Deals with past, present, future ​ Adopts personal speech patterns ​ Communication becomes focus of relationships OFFICI AL APGAR Scale Assessment of newborn vital signs following labour via a 10-point-scale evaluated at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth Is based on: Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration OFFICI AL APGAR Scale Indicator​ 0 points​ 1 point​ 2 points​ A​ Activity ​ Limp​ (muscle tone)​ Flexed arms and legs​ Active​ P​ Pulse​ Absent​ Below 100 bpm​ Over 100 bmp​ G​ Grimace​ (reflex irritability)​ Absent​ Minimal response to stimulation​ Prompt response to stimulation​ A​ Appearance​ (skin colour)​ Blue, pale​ Pink body, blue extremities​ Completely pink​ R​ Respiration​ Absent​ Vigorous cry​ Slow and irregular​ (≥7 = good; 4-6 = assist and stimulate; < 4 = resuscitate) ​ OFFICI AL APGAR Score OFFICI AL The Newborn Weight - Definitions Low-Birth Weight (LBW)