Biology - The Living World PDF

ZLGY-MM: XI 1. THE LIVING WORLD  Biology is the science of life forms and living processes. Kingdom Eg:...

ZLGY-MM: XI 1. THE LIVING WORLD  Biology is the science of life forms and living processes. Kingdom Eg: Animalia DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD The living world is rich in variety. The number and types of Phylum Eg: Chordata Arthropoda organisms present on earth is termed as biodiversity. 1.7 - 1.8 million of species are described so far and new organisms are continuously being identified. Class Eg: Mammalia Insecta Systematics = Taxonomy + Evolutionary relationship. Order Eg: Primata Carnivora Diptera Taxonomy- The branch of science which deals with identification, nomenclature and classification (into suitable taxon) of organisms. Family Eg: Hominidae Felidae Canidae Muscidae Step 1. Identification- Describing a living organism Step 2. Nomenclature- Scientific naming of that organism. Advantage: A particular organism is known by the same name Genus Eg: Homo Panthera Felis Musca all over the world. Step 3. Classification- Grouping of organisms. It is based on external and internal structure, cell structure, Species Eg: sapiens leo pardus tigris domestica development process and ecological information of organisms. (Human) (Lion) (Leopard) (Tiger) (House fly) Binomial nomenclature  It is a method of naming by which an organism is known by two components- Generic name & species name.  This naming system was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus (1735), Kingdom Eg: Plantae his book- Systema Naturae.  Bodies that provide principles and criteria for nomenclature: Division Eg: Angiospermae -for plants: ICBN- International Code for Botanical Nomenclature -for animals: ICZN- International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Rules:- Class Eg: Dicotyledonae Monocotyledonae 1. Biological names are Latinized. 2. The first word represents the genus and the second word denotes Order Eg: Sapindales Polymoniales Poales the species name. 3. Both the written words are separately underlined, or printed in italics. Family Eg: Anacardiaceae Solanaceae Convolvulaceae Poaceae 4. The genus name starts with a capital letter while the species name starts with a small letter. Eg: Mangifera indica (printed) Genus Eg: Mangifera Solanum Petunia Datura Triticum Mangifera indica (hand written) Sometimes name of the author appears after the species name, Species Eg: indica tuberosum nigrum melongena aestivum and is written in an abbreviated form. (Mango) (potato) (black (Brinjal) (Wheat) Eg: Mangifera indica Linn. (printed), Linn.- indicates that this Nightshade) species was first described by Linnaeus TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES  Organisms are placed at different levels or ranks which are termed as taxonomic hierarchy. Each rank is known as taxon (pl. taxa). No. of common characters keep on ↓ No. of common characters keep on ↑ Kingdom - Group of related phyla ↑ Phylum / Division - Group of related classes ↑ Class - Group of related orders , ↑ Order - Group of related families ↑ Family - Group of related genus ↑ Genus - Group of related species ↑ Species - Composed of same kind of organisms BIOLOGY Instant notes- for www.hsslive.in , by Minhad. M. Muhiyudheen #-9846 29 22 27 1