Gen. Pathology & Histotechniques (HPCT311) Lec 1 PDF

INTRO TO GEN. PATHOLOGY AND HISTOTECHNIQUES LEC 1 2021 – 2022...

INTRO TO GEN. PATHOLOGY AND HISTOTECHNIQUES LEC 1 2021 – 2022 2nd Semester HISTOPATHOLOGIC/CYTOLOGY TECHNIQUES Instructor: Ms. Kimberly Pulga, RMT, MPH TRANS 1 HPCT311 LEC Date: February 18, 2022 Outline At the end of the session, the student must be able to learn: I. Pathology A. Autopsy and Biopsy B. Aspects of diseases forming the core of pathology C. Terms to remember D. Types of pathology II. Division of pathology A. Gross Pathology and Microscopic Pathology B. Anatomic Pathology C. Clinical Pathology III. Different sections in the Laboratory IV. Histotechniques B. ASPECT OF DISEASES FORMING THE CORE OF A. Histotechnology PATHOLOGY B. Histopathologic technique V. Histology  ETIOLOGY A. 4 basic types of Animal tissues  Cause  PATHOGENESIS  Mechanism of development  MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES I. PATHOLOGY  Structural alterations  CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE  Ancient Greek words: “pathos” and “logos”.  Functional consequences  Pathos = pain or suffering  Logos = study C. TERMS TO REMEMBER  Also called: PATHOBIOLOGY  Study of structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and  PATHOGENESIS organs that underlie disease  Mechanism of development. Pathology is the study of diseases and cellular abnormalities.  Development of the diseases. This is a branch of medical science that involves the study and  PATHOLOGIST diagnosis of diseases through different examination.  Head of the laboratory Acc. To Rudolf Virchow, the “Father of Modern Pathology”, all the  Perform the different test in the pathology diseases originate at cellular level. Diseases and underlying  A physician who interprets and diagnose the changes cause mechanism, they are best understood in the context of normal by disease in the body. cellular structure and function.  A specialist physician who is expert in the origin and development of the disease and the microscopic analysis of body tissues. A. AUTOPSY AND BIOPSY  The one who signed all the results that release by the laboratory.  AUTOPSY  MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENTIST / MEDICAL  Ancient Greek words: “auto” and “opsis” which means TECHNOLOGIST “seeing for oneself”.  Performing the different test in the laboratory  “opsis” = sight  In histopathology section, they are preparing the slides or  Also called: NECROPSY / POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION the tissue samples.  Systematic examination of a cadaver for study or determining the cause of death. D. TYPES OF PATHOLOGY  It is used to determining the etiology and pathogenesis of the death or to know the cause of death.  GENERAL  It is also used for forensic investigation.  Basic reaction of cells and tissues to pathogenic or abnormal  It is also performed for epidemiologic purposes and stimuli that underlie all diseases. establishment of genetic causes.  Focused on observing the common changes in all the  Internal and external examination of the whole body of a tissues. dead person.  Ex. Cancer, aging, inflammation  BIOPSY  SYSTEMIC  Examination of cells or tissues from a living organism.  Study of particular or specific responses of specialized  Excised material may be studied in order to diagnose organs and tissues to well-defined stimuli. disease or to confirm findings of normality.  Focused on specific changes in organs.  The source of the sample is from a living organism.  Ex. Lungs for pneumonia, breast for breast cancer  Ex. Samples from surgery like removal of organs or tumors.  Useful for diagnosing diseases like cancer to test if malignant or benign. The difference between the autopsy and biopsy is mainly the source of the sample. AUTOSPY = dead person / BIOPSY = living organism. Page 1 of 3 Appointed son of God, Beitch Na Fe Kei, Cutipie ng Caloocan – TRANSCRIBER  [HPCT311] INTRO. TO GEN. PATHOLOGY & HISTOTECHNIQUES | Prof. Kimberly Pulga, RMT, MPH II. DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY III. DIFFERENT SECTIONS IN THE LABORATORY  Gross Pathology and Microscopic Pathology  Clinical Chemistry  Anatomic Pathology  Hematology  Clinical Pathology  Blood Banking  Microbiology  Clinical Immunology and Serology A. GROSS & MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY  The recognition of disease based on the macroscopic or microscopic examination of surgical specimens generated at A. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (INCLUDING TOXICOLOGY) the time of surgery or at autopsy.  Division of clinical pathology involving biochemical analysis  GROSS PATHOLOGY performed on human samples (blood, fluids, tissues) outside the  “Gross” is also known as “macroscopic” pathology body (in vitro)  Macroscopic – means it does not need help of a microscope  Some of the tests performed: for the examination. You can check the sample or the  Glucose specimen using only the naked eye.  Fasting blood sugar (FBS)  Used for large specimen  NPN compounds (BUN, Creatinine, Uric Acid)  If you’re not using the microscope, that is gross or  Lipid profile (HDL, LDL, Triglycerides) macroscopic pathology  Total Protein Determination  MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY  Tests for Enzymes  With the help of a microscope  Electrolytes  Microscope is used to enlarge the samples  Acid-Base Balance  Endocrinology  Toxicology Brain slices undergoing B. HEMATOLOGY gross  Involves assessment of the cellular elements (red blood cells, pathology white blood cells, and platelets) in blood samples.  Lab Tests:  Complete Blood Count (CBC)  RBC Count B. ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY  Differential Count  The study of changes in the function, structure, or appearance  Platelet Count of the organs or tissues, including postmortem examinations  Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Determination and the study of biopsy specimens  Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)  SURGICAL PATHOLOGY  Osmotic Fragility Test (OFT)  The study of the gross appearance and histology of tissues  Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS) removed during the surgery.  PT, PTT  We want to diagnose the disease from a surgically  Hematopathologist - a pathologist who specializes in this field. removed specimen or sample.  They examine the bone marrow, lymph node biopsies  AUTOPSY PATHOLOGY  They are expert in the field of anemia, leukemia, and  The internal and external examination of a human body after lymphomas death.  Study of the gross appearance and histology of tissues that C. Blood Banking (Including Transfusion Medicine) were removed following death.  Division of clinical pathology that deals with collection, storage,  EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY compatibility and safety of blood and its various components for  A branch of general cytology which deals with the microscopic the purpose of human transfusion. study of the cells that have been desquamated from the  Lab tests: epithelial surfaces.  Blood Typing  Cross Matching - Must be careful because wrong C. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY crossmatching will cause transfusion reactions which can lead  Diagnosis and monitoring of diseases through the to the death of the patient once the blood is transferred. examination of blood, body fluids, secretions, and tissue  Immunophenotyping biopsy specimens for chemical, morphological,  Blood collection microbiological, and immunological abnormalities.  Donor screening - Medtechs are the ones who check the quality  Branch of general pathology which is directed to the diagnosis of the blood sample that is collected from the donor before it and monitoring of diseases through examination of different will be transfused to the recipient. samples and different tests.  We are identifying and interpreting the changes in the clinical D. MICROCIOLOGY pathology laboratory that characterizes the different diseases  Occupies the diverse space in the laboratory as it consists of lot or disease states whether it can be in the cells or tissues in sub-sections. the body fluids.  A division of clinical pathology involved in isolation, culture, and identification, of micro-organisms (parasites, fungi, bacteria & viruses) in biological samples. Page 2 of 3 Appointed son of God, Beitch Na Fe Kei, Cutipie ng Caloocan – TRANSCRIBER  [HPCT311] INTRO. TO GEN. PATHOLOGY & HISTOTECHNIQUES | Prof. Kimberly Pulga, RMT, MPH E. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY  Dense Irregular Connective Tissue - protects  The discipline in which infectious diseases are diagnosed by and supports organs; resists tearing. detecting antibodies in serum and other body fluids. Examples: Dermis of skin and organ  It diagnoses infectious agent when the cause of infectious disease capsules is not possible, or difficult to recover in culture.  SPECIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUES II. DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY  Cartilage - a tough, resilient type of connective tissue that II. DIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY structurally supports certain soft tissues; and provides IV. HISTOTECHNIQUES cushioned, low-friction surfaces in joints.  Bone - a calcified extracellular matrix (ECM), specialized to A. HISTOTECHNOLOGY support the body, protect many internal organs, and act as  Is the art and science performed by the histotechnologist to the body’s Ca2+ reservoir. produce a tissue section of good quality that will enable the  Blood - consisting of cells and fluid extracellular material pathologist to diagnose the presence or absence of disease. called plasma.  Microtome- Used to cut or slice the tissue and used for sectioning  Lymph Tissue - function in the immune response paraffin-embedded tissues for light microscopy.  Hematopoietic Tissue - mature blood cells have a relatively short life span and must be continuously replaced with new B. HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUE cells from precursors.  Involves the different procedures that have been adopted for the  Adipose Tissue - where fat storing cells predominate preparation of materials and tissue for microscopic examination. D. EPITHELIAL TISSUE V. HISTOLOGY  Epithelial tissues line the outer surfaces of organs and blood  Is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of of biological tissues. cavities in many internal organs.  It involves all aspects of tissue biology, with the focus on how  It lines all external and internal surfaces of the body and all cells’ structure and arrangement optimize functions specific to substances that enter or leave an organ must cross this type each organ. of tissue.  3 TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE 4 BASIC TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES  Squamous Epithelium - Cells that are flat and scale-like. It  Muscle tissue is wider that its height.  Nervous tissue  Cuboidal Epithelium - Cells that are cube-shaped. The height and the width of the cell are approximately the same.  Connective tissue  Columnar Epithelium - Cells that are column in shape. It is  Epithelial tissue taller than wide. A. MUSCLE TISSUE  Is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies, and References: gives rise to muscles' ability to contract. It is formed during embryonic development through a process known as Kimberly Pulga, RMT, MPH. HPCT311 Lecture. Our Lady of myogenesis. Fatima University, Valenzuela City. B. NERVOUS TISSUE  Also called Neural tissue.  Main tissue component of the nervous system.  Forms the brain, spinal cord and nerves  Nervous system- regulates and controls the bodily functions and activities. Two types of Nervous System  CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM  brain and spinal cord  PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM  branching peripheral nerves such as neurons and neuroglial cells.  Neurons- receive and transmit impulses.  Neuroglial cell - also known as Glial cell. It assists in the propagation of nerve impulses and provide nutrients to the neurons. C. CONNECTIVE TISSUE  Developed in mesoderm. Specialized to physically support and connect other tissues and maintain the water required for metabolite diffusion to and from cells.  GENERAL CONNECTIVE TISSUES  Loose Connective Tissue - supports microvasculature, nerves, and immune defense cells.  Dense Connective Tissue  Dense Regular Connective Tissue- provide strong connections within musculoskeletal system; strong resistance to force. Examples: Ligaments and tendons Page 3 of 3 Appointed son of God, Beitch Na Fe Kei, Cutipie ng Caloocan – TRANSCRIBER