English Language History PDF

LESSON 1 (ENGLISH PHASE 1 & 2) Language History Language is systematic External (language) history Language is universal - Vernacular relation in languages and Language is what makes humans unique broader...

LESSON 1 (ENGLISH PHASE 1 & 2) Language History Language is systematic External (language) history Language is universal - Vernacular relation in languages and Language is what makes humans unique broader societal developments Language is sometimes separated from (Socio-historical) dialects (Although dialects are regional, I Internal (language) history believe it is still considered a language, - Changing forms of language hence the ‘sometimes’). (Socio-cultural) Cromwell believes that language is often (Smith, 2007, p7) influenced by politics. There are languages that are already Stonehenges’ creation marked the extinct. Meaning, language is sinking. This beginning of Stone Age (5,000 years ago) is due to globalization. English describes the people in England/Great Britain. It refers to a particular part of GB. Germanic is the foundation of the English language. As well as French and celtic languages. There are varieties of English language all The English language of today was over the world. influenced by the prehistoric to middle English period. Indo-European Family of Languages (10,000 years ago) The History of the English Language Originated in Anatolia “Asia Minor” Old English existed for a long period of time (modern-day Turkey, west asia) and Eastern (5th to 12th century). Because of the Thrace (Europe part of Turkey) p.s Eastern coming of the Normans ((french) Norman Thrace is just a part of Anatolia. Anatolia = Conquest) the old English came to a Turkey, Eastern Thrace = Turkish region stop/was devalued. Northern India, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, there was no written account about the Bangladesh belongs to the IR family prehistoric English language. Celts are the first inhabitants of GB. 75-85 percent of european languages are Phase 1: Before the Anglo-Saxons influenced from latin (Germanic) Only modern greek survived and is Before the Anglo-Saxons, Celts inhabited developing in Hellenic Language G.B. 2nd / 1st Millennia BC - Celts came to Evolution of the English Language Britain (Sounds of English) G.B. was inhabited by people for 50,000 Proto-germanic years Old English About 3,000 years ago, the Celts came to Middle English Britain (Celts are barbaric) One tribe that may have influenced the Celts were barbaric until they were Celts is called Pritaini, celtic language is still educated by the Roman by the wide existing in Wales. spreading of their Religion The English language we speak today is influenced by irish and scottish english Phase 2: The Anglo-Saxons The Germanic Conquest (5th Century/449 Celtic Influence on Modern England A.D) Beliefs/Customs: The Germanic Conquest marked the history Wiccas, Halloween, May Day of the English language. Language: Campfire culture Queen, knight, knife, burgh, loch, lake The Four Germanic Tribes: After the Celts, there was the Roman Empire Angles: Originating from the Angeln A very influential empire. They colonized region in what is now northern Europe. Celtic-Britain went under Roman Germany, they settled in areas that Rule until the beginning of the 5th century. became known as East Anglia, Latin was spoken during the invasion of the Mercia, and Northumbria. Roman empire. Saxons: Coming from the region The Roman Empire erected buildings in north of the Elbe River, they G.B. as well as in the Philippines (Nag-fight established themselves in what romans at spaniards—Spain underwent the became Essex, Sussex, and R.E colonization so its influences were Wessex. brought to the Ph.) Jutes: Likely from the Jutland INFLUENCES: Peninsula, they settled in Kent, the a. Communal Bath Isle of Wight, and parts of b. Roads (for trading) Hampshire. c. Municipalities, Amphitheater Frisians: Although less prominent in The Hadrian Wall was constructed by historical records, they were also soldiers to divide Scotland and Roman part of the migration and settled in Britain (A.D. 122). various parts of Britain. Roman Rule in Britain Britannia (Part of the Roman Empire) For almost 400 years. The southern part of Britain was a part of the Roman empire. Borrowings from latin (loanwords): Wall, kitchen, wine, mile, street, human… Latin influenced German and Celts Celts remained where they were. They just eventually adapted the ‘Germanic Ethnicity’  adopted the German Ethnicity (Baker, 2012, p2) Runic (Futhark) Alphabet - appeared late, believed to originate from the Mediterranean - used by old Germans (3rd to 16th century) The Venerable Bede (Beda Venerabilis, - However, during the A-S period, the 673–735) insular (latin) alphabet was the Was one of the greatest scholars of the widely-used alphabet. Anglo-Saxon period. - He spoke Latin—manuscripts were Celtic Languages Spoken in the 21st written in Latin. Century - He is best known for his work, - Scottish Gaelic (Gaidhlig), mainly Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis spoken in Scottish Highlands, has Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History about 50,000 to 60,000 native of the English People) speakers, Gaidhlig - He popularized the use of the Anno - Irish (Gaeilge), mainly spoken in Domini (AD) system for dating southern and central Ireland and events from the birth of Christ, which Donegal, has about 80,000 native became widely adopted in Medieval speakers but over 1.7 million speak Europe. Irish as their second language, Goidelic According to Bede’s Traditional View… - Welsh (Cymraeg), mainly spoken in - Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians Northern and Western Wales, has (collectively known as Tacitus’ about 600,000 to 700,000 native Ingvaeones) started populating speakers, Brittonic Britain during the early 400–500 CE. - Cornish (Kernowek), mainly spoken - Celtic tribes are believed to have in small parts of Cornwall, has non “gradually retreated” to Wales, native speakers but 500-1,000 use it Ireland, Brittany, etc… (Smith, 2005, as second language, Brittonic p5) - Breton (Brezhoneg), mainly spoken - Recent genetic research states that in parts of Bretagne, France, has the Celts remained and eventually  about 200,000 native speakers, Brittonic - Manx (Gaelg/Gailck), mainly spoken in Isle of Man, has non-native Franks casket: an 8th century whalebone speakers but 1,800 use it as second box language, Goidelic 7 Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms 1. Northumbria 2. Mercia 3. East Anglia 4. Essex 5. Wessex 6. Kent 7. Sussex Rough Translation: Four dialects were spoken in these The creature (?) became sad where it swan seven kingdoms: onto the sand. 1. The Northumbrian (north-east of England) Before Christianization, the Anglo-Saxons 2. The Mercian (between the Humber had predominantly oral culture, only a few and the Themes) runic inscriptions. 3. The West-Saxon (to the south of the OLD ENGLISH: prehistoric to historical themes) Late 6th Century: Christianization began 4. The Kentish was the language of the Monasteries were the centers of culture and Jutes. learning and literacy learning—first OE manuscripts in the 8th Century were widely The Anglo-Saxons called their language influenced by Latin. Englisc, and their country Englaland (land Latin was the used language by the time. of the Angles) Gloss Text: direct translation of phrases from Latin to English Old English word-stock: - OE was a Germanic language OLD ENGLISH Phase 3: - The OE vocabulary was ‘almost’ The Scandinavians completely Germanic’ words like Late 8th Century; Vikings (Norway, these that did not survive into ModE Denmark, and Sweden) raided the east sometimes did survive in related coast of England (East Anglia). Germanic languages—like German. - Vikings came to loot monasteries, (i.e., German - auch (too), reich the center of culture and wealth for 3 (rich, wealthy), hier (here), leute centuries (8th to 11th century) (people) - They conquered East Anglia, Northumberland, and Mercia. - At one point, they started attacking the seven anglo-saxon kingdoms  until only one kingdom (Wessex) words were adopted to English, remained. particularly nautical terms. Some examples include: sky, thug, take Late Anglo-Saxon England - 880 AD: Alfred the Great (King of Wessex) resisted the Danes. He prevented the fall of England to the Danes. Wessex remained as the only A-S Kingdom - King Alfred (Wessex) and King Guthrum (Dane) established a treaty where they mutually agreed that; a. Danes must be christianized, b. Danes are allowed to occupy parts of England, and it will be called “Danelaw”. Dito rin yata galing ang Yorkshire. - Benedictine Reform: King Alfred wanted to introduce learning to Danes. - Lots of vernacular literature (at a time when no written accounts were being created) - Most exciting OE texts are from this period (and Wessex). Most are written in Latin. - In the year 886, King Alfred recovered London, hence, he was recognized as the “Overlord”. He Some facts about Old English: also assisted in glossing. - OE Vocab is mostly germanic (only a - Year 1066 marked the end of the few borrowing from Latin) Viking invasion as their culture was - Old Norse cannot be classified as being absorbed by the Christian ‘Old English’ because it was a lingua Europe. franca. - Modern English’s core vocabulary Year 878: “Danelaw” established Old Norse goes back to Germanic. - Danelaw was a region of England - Although Old Norse had an influence that underwent the control of the on OE—it still was Germanic. Vikings from the 9th to 10th century. - Most OE are in West Saxon dialect. (The Scandinavians ‘presumably’ - OE texts are mostly written in Latin. occupied the now dismantled lands - Old English is also called the of Mercia and Kent) ‘Anglo-Saxon English’ - Old Norse had a significant impact on the English language, many LESSON 2: Middle English (1066-1500) During this period, the English Aristocracy Norman Conquest (1150-1500) was replaced by the Norman Aristocracy. Normas = French Anglo-France/Anglo-Norman/Norman The Middle English period was the after French was the verbal language of the effect of the Norman Conquest; court whereas; Latin was used for record keeping and written activities. Battle of Hastings The Doomsday Book Normans Anglo Saxons - Published in 1086 Led by William, the Lead by Harold the - Written in Latin Duke of Normandy 2nd (Anglo-Saxon - Contains records for 13,418 King) settlements in the English countries Later on given the of the border with Scotland title, William I of - Document of Engelond England Mightiest Noble in France Normans are VIKINGS/Norseman. They abandoned the Old Norse language, and adopted French. Britain language during the Middle English period: 1. French (by the Normans) 2. Latin (by the educated, record Anglo-Saxon English was used by the lower keeping) class, only Latin and French 3. English (Anglo-Saxons, speakers/people were considered Nobles Scandinavians) and Aristocrats. 4. Celtic language (Cornish, Welsh, Gaelic) After 150 years… the distinction between the English and the Normans were less Latin language pre-dominated English; pronounced. English speakers learnt French English got pushed out during the to take advantage from aristocracy; emergence of the French language—many Normans learnt English through immersing texts were written in French, not English. themselves with local communities. Intermarriages became more common. Anglo-France is the appropriate term during the Norman Colonization in England, the term Anglo-Norman is the term for the language.  - English nobles replacing the French King John of England nobility increased the demand for literary works in English. - In 1204, King John of England had a Impact of the Black Death falling out with King Philip of France. - Plague epidemics have had Any Normal Lords’ land was a profound effect on the confiscated by the King—Normans evolution of language. It were poised with the question: your played a role in determining French estate or your English the linguistic composition of estate? England. - The Plague of Justinian Those who remained in Britain weakened existing began to lose their connections with communities, hence the France and began to identify linguistic dominance. themselves with England. - The Black Death decimated the noble French The use of English began to spread. stranglehold over the English speaking populace and - In 1215, King John signed the allowed English vernacular to Magna Carta that limited the flourish. Monarchs’ power. - Without the Black Death, great works such as During his reign, English regained its status Canterbury Tales, Piers as a language of the elite, on the Plowman, and Sir Gawain same-footing with Latin and French. All and the Green Knight would because of the absence of the Norman have not been written. Court. 2. The Hundred Years of War Two major events that sealed the fate of - Hundred Years of War has the English Language been used by historians since the nineteenth century 1. The Black Death (1348-1351) to describe the long - More known as the Bubonic Plague. conflict that pitted the - During this period, the number of kings and kingdoms of French nobles drastically decreased France and England against (Norman speakers were insufficient each other from 1337 to for French to live on). 1453. - Lower classes moved up from the - During this period, Oxford socioeconomic ladder, they filled and Cambridge were high labor positions—later on founded. assumed ‘elite’—until they assumed prestige. Evidences of the shift from French to English:  1. English language speech was given before parliament in 1362. 2. English language responses to royal King Henry II (1133-1189) writs and of inquiry were made in 1389. During the reign of the Norman King Henry 3. The first explicit recording of the use II, and his queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine, of English by a Norman French francien words from central France were monarch occurred in 1399. imported in addition to their Anglo-Norman 4. Literary expression also began to be counterparts. made in English (e.g., Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales c. 1343-1400). The second half of the 12th century made it 5. By about 1425, English was widely possible to recognize the existence of an used in England, including writing as English ‘common law’ found in the pages of well as in speech. the legal treatise known as Glanvill by 6. Celtic and Latin loanwords were Ranulf de Glanvill. transformed into English, although they save some place names (e.g., English Common Law is a broad legal Green Lane Bownder Las, Welcome system based on judicial precedents, while to Cornwall/Kernow) Glanvill's work is an early and influential legal treatise that helped shape the End of the Middle English: Historical understanding and application of English Events law. Printing Press (1479) Queen Consort, Eleanor of Aquitaine American Colonization (1492) (1154-1189) The Inauguration of Henry VIII (1509) She was married to Louis VII of France and later to Henry II of England. In 1479, William Caxton introduced a printing press that standardized the English She was a great patron of arts, literature, language. poetry, music, and folklore. She even established a court that promulgated love In 1492, England colonized America, hence for culture. the globalization of the English language began (British Colonization of the The Inauguration of King Henry VIII Americas). - Henry VIII (June 28, 1491, End of the Middle English: Influential Greenwich - January 28, 1547) Personalities of the English Language - King of England, 1509-47 - His six wives are: King Henry II (1133-1189) 1. Catherine of Aragon Queen Consort, Eleonor of Aquitane 2. Anne Boleyn (1154-1189) 3. Jane Seymour King Henry VIII (1509-1547 4. Anne of Cleves  5. Catherine Howard 6. Catherine Parr He presided over the beginning of the English renaissance (Latin was no longer the dominant language) and the English Reformation. Old English: Morphology and Syntax: Highly Inflectional (inflectional = modification of words to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, gender, etc…) Middle English: Grammar - Became less ‘synthetic’ and more ‘analytic’. - Grammatical gender was lost early in Middle English (unlike modern Deutsch language that has gender: masculine, feminine, and neuter). - Several new pronouns appeared through the influence of Old Norse. - Shakespeare is (probably) the most prominent writer during Middle English. I won’t include loanwords since it’s very taxing! Good luck!