HM-chapter-13-1 PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by Deleted User
Tags
Related
- Lecture Notes on Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics PDF
- PHY 121 Lecture Notes on Electricity, Magnetism, and Modern Physics PDF
- Moving Charges and Magnetism PDF
- Concepts of Physics HC Verma Vol 2 PDF
- Electricity and Magnetism - Past Notes PDF
- Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Tenth Edition PDF
Summary
This document is chapter 13 of a physics textbook. It details the magnetic effects of electric current, including activities and illustrations. The chapter is focused on the relationship between electricity and magnetism, with examples and experiments.
Full Transcript
vè;k; 13 fo|qr /kjk osQ pqacdh; izHkko fo |qr osQ fiNys vè;k; esa geus fo|qr /kjk osQ rkih; izHkkoksa osQ ckjs esa vè;;u fd;k FkkA fo|qr /kjk osQ vU; izHkko D;k gks ldrs gSa\ ge tkurs gSa fd fo|qr èkkjkokgh rkj pqacd dh Hkk¡fr O;ogkj djrk gSA bl rF...
vè;k; 13 fo|qr /kjk osQ pqacdh; izHkko fo |qr osQ fiNys vè;k; esa geus fo|qr /kjk osQ rkih; izHkkoksa osQ ckjs esa vè;;u fd;k FkkA fo|qr /kjk osQ vU; izHkko D;k gks ldrs gSa\ ge tkurs gSa fd fo|qr èkkjkokgh rkj pqacd dh Hkk¡fr O;ogkj djrk gSA bl rF; dk iqu% voyksdu djus osQ fy, vkb, ,d fØ;kdyki djrs gSaA fØ;kdyki 13-1 n rk¡cs dk ,d lh/k eksVk rkj yhft, rFkk bls fp=k 13-1 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj fo|qr ifjiFk osQ nks fcanv q ksa X rFkk Y osQ chp jf[k,A (rkj XY dkxt dh lrg osQ yacor j[kk gSA) n bl rk¡cs osQ rkj osQ fudV {kSfrt :i esa ,d NksVh fnd~lwpd jf[k,A bldh lqbZ dh fLFkfr uksV dhft,A fp=k 13-1 n Iyx esa oqaQth yxkdj fo|qr ifjiFk esa fo|qr /kjk izokfgr /krq osQ pkyd ls fo|qr /kjk izokfgr djkus ij djkb,A fno~Qlwpd lqbZ fo{ksfir gksrh gSA n fno~Qlwpd lqbZ dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu dk izs{k.k dhft,A ge ns[krs gSa fd lqbZ fo{ksfir gks tkrh gSA bldk D;k rkRi;Z gS\ bldk ;g vFkZ gS fd rk¡cs osQ rkj ls izokfgr fo|qr /kjk us ,d pqacdh; izHkko mRiUu fd;k gSA bl izdkj ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd fo|qr vkSj pqacdRo ,d&nwljs ls lacaf/r gSaA gSal fØf'p;u vkWLVsZM (1777&1851) 19oha 'krkCnh osQ vxz.kh oSKkfudksa esa ls ,d] gSal fØf'p;u vkWLVsZM us oS|qrpqacdRo dks le>us esa ,d fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA lu~ 1820 bZ- esa mUgksaus vdLekr ;g [kkstk fd fdlh /krq osQ rkj esa fo|qr èkkjk izokfgr djus ij ikl esa j[kh fno~Qlwph esa fo{ksi mRiUu gqvkA vius izs{k.kkas osQ vk/kj ij vkWLVsZM us ;g izekf.kr fd;k fd fo|qr rFkk pqacdRo ijLij lacaf/r ifj?kVuk,¡ gSaA muosQ vuqla/ku us vkxs tkdj u;h&u;h izkS|ksfxfd;ksa_ tSlsµjsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] rarq izdkf'kdh vkfn dk l`tu fd;kA mUgha osQ lEeku esa pqacdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk dk ek=kd vkWLVsZM j[kk x;k gSA 2015-2016 rc xfreku pqacdksa osQ fo|qrh; izHkko dh mRØfer laHkkouk osQ fo"k; esa vki D;k dg ldrs gSa\ bl vè;k; esa ge pqacdh; {ks=kksa rFkk blh izdkj osQ fo|qr&pqacdh; izHkkoksa dk vè;;u djsaxsA ge fo|qr&pqacdksa rFkk fo|qr eksVjksa osQ fo"k; esa Hkh vè;;u djsaxs tks fo|qr /kjk osQ pqacdh; izHkko ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA blosQ lkFk gh ge fo|qr tfu=k osQ fo"k; esa Hkh tkudkjh izkIr djsaxs tks xfreku pqacdksa osQ fo|qrh; izHkko ij vkèkkfjr gSA 13-1 pqacdh; {ks=k vkSj {ks=k js[kk,¡ ge bl rF; ls HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr gSa fd fdlh NM+ pqacd osQ fudV ykus ij fno~Qlwpd dh lqbZ fo{ksfir gks tkrh gSA okLro eas fno~QLkwpd dh lqbZ ,d NksVk NM+ pqacd gh gksrh gSA fdlh fno~Qlwpd dh lqbZ osQ nksuksa fljs yxHkx mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k fn'kkvksa dh vksj laosQr djrs gSaA mÙkj fn'kk dh vksj laosQr djus okys fljs dks mÙkjkseq[kh /zqo vFkok mÙkj /zqo dgrs gSaA nwljk fljk tks nf{k.k fn'kk dh vksj laosQr djrk gS mls nf{k.kkseq[kh /zqo vFkok nf{k.k /zqo dgrs gSaA fofo/ fØ;kdykiksa osQ }kjk geus ;g izs{k.k fd;k gS fd pqacdksa osQ ltkrh; /zqoksa esa ijLij izfrd"kZ.k rFkk fotkrh; /zqoksa esa ijLij vkd"kZ.k gksrk gSA iz'u 1- pqacd osQ fudV ykus ij fno~Qlwpd dh lqbZ fo{ksfir D;ksa gks tkrh gS\ ? fØ;kdyki 13-2 n fdlh fpifpis inkFkZ dk mi;ksx djosQ Mªkbax cksMZ ij ,d li+sQn dkx”k yxkb,A n blosQ chpksachp ,d NM+ pqacd jf[k,A n NM+ pqca d osQ pkjksa vksj ,dleku :i ls oqQN ykSg&pw.kZ fNrjkb, (fp=k 13-2)A bl dk;Z osQ fy, ued&fNrjkod dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA fp=k 13-2 NM+ pqacd osQ fudV dk ykSg&pw.kZ Lo;a n vc cksMZ dks /hjs ls FkiFkikb,A gh pqacdh; {ks=k js[kkvksa osQ vuqfn'k lajsf[kr gks n vki D;k izs{k.k djrs gSa\ tkrk gS ykSg&pw.kZ Lo;a dks fp=k 13-2 esa n'kkZ, x, iSVuZ esa O;ofLFkr dj ysrk gS\ ykSg&pw.kZ bl izdkj osQ iSVuZ esa D;ksa O;ofLFkr gksrk gS\ ;g iSVuZ D;k funf'kZr djrk gS\ pqacd vius pkjksa vksj osQ {ks=k esa viuk izHkko vkjksfir djrk gSA vr% ykSg&pw.kZ ,d cy dk vuqHko djrk gSA blh cy osQ dkj.k ykSg&pw.kZ bl izdkj osQ iSVuZ esa O;ofLFkr gks tkrk gSA fdlh pqacd osQ pkjksa vksj dk og {ks=k ftlesa mlosQ cy dk 250 foKku 2015-2016 lalwpu fd;k tk ldrk gS] ml pqacd dk pqacdh; {ks=k dgykrk gSA og js[kk,¡ ftuosQ vuqfn'k ykSg&pw.kZ Lo;a lajsf[kr gksrk gS] pqacdh; {ks=k js[kkvksa dk fu:i.k djrh gSaA D;k fdlh NM+ pqacd osQ pkjksa vksj pqacdh; {ks=k js[kk,¡ izkIr djus osQ vU; dksbZ mik; Hkh gSa\ okLro esa vki Lo;a fdlh NM+ pqacd dh pqacdh; {ks=k js[kk,¡ [khap ldrs gSaA fØ;kdyki 13-3 n ,d NM+ pqacd rFkk ,d NksVh fno~Qlwph yhft,A n fdlh fpifpis inkFkZ ls Mªkbax cksMZ ij fpidk, x, li+ sQn dkx”k osQ chpksachp bl pqacd dks jf[k,A n pqacd dh lhek js[kk vafdr dhft,A n fno~Qlwph dks pqacd osQ mÙkj /zqo osQ fudV ys tkb,A ;g oSQls O;ogkj djrk gS\ fno~Qlwph dk nf{k.k /zqo pqacd osQ mÙkj èkzqo dh vksj laoQs r djrk gSA fno~Qlwph dk mÙkj /zoq pqca d osQ mÙkj /zqo ls nwj dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA n fno~Qlwph osQ nksuksa fljksa dh fLFkfr;k¡ uqdhyh isafly ls vafdr dhft,A n vc fno~Qlwph dks bl izdkj jf[k, fd bldk nf{k.k /zqo ml fLFkfr ij vk tk, tgk¡ igys mÙkj /zqo dh fLFkfr dks vafdr fp=k 13-3 fd;k FkkA mÙkj /zqo dh bl u;h fLFkfr dks vafdr dhft,A fno~Qlwpd dh lgk;rk ls pqca dh; {ks=k js[kk,¡ vkjsf[kr n fp=k 13-3 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj pqacd osQ nf{k.k èkzqo ij igq¡pus djuk rd bl fØ;k dks nksgjkrs tkb,A n vc dkx”k ij vafdr fcanqvkas dks bl izdkj feykb, fd ,d fu"dks.k oØ izkIr gks tk,A ;g oØ ,d pqacdh; {ks=k js[kk dks fu:fir djrk gSA mijksDr izfØ;k dks nksgjkdj ftruh laHko gks loasQ {ks=k js[kk,¡ [khafp,A vkidks fp=k 13-4 esa n'kkZ, tSlk iSVuZ izkIr gksxkA ;s js[kk,¡ pqacd osQ pkjksa vksj osQ pqacdh; {ks=k dks fu:fir djrh gSaA bUgsa pqacdh; {ks=k js[kk,¡ dgrs gSaA n fdlh pqca dh; {ks=k js[kk osQ vuqfn'k xeu djrs le; fno~Qlwph fp=k 13-4 osQ fo{ksi dk izs{k.k dhft,A pqacd osQ /zqoksa osQ fudV tkus ij fdlh NM+ pqacd osQ pkjksa vksj {ks=k js[kk,¡ lqbZ osQ fo{ksi esa o`f¼ gksrh tkrh gSA pqacdh; {ks=k ,d ,slh jkf'k gS ftlesa ifjek.k rFkk fn'kk nksuksa gksrs gSaA fdlh pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk og ekuh tkrh gS ftlosQ vuqfn'k fno~Qlwph dk mÙkj /zqo ml {ks=k osQ Hkhrj xeu djrk gSA blhfy, ifjikVh osQ vuqlkj pqacdh; {ks=k js[kk,¡ pqacd osQ mÙkj èkqzqo ls izdV gksrh gSa rFkk nf{k.k /qzo ij foyhu gks tkrh gSa (fp=k 13-4 esa pqacdh; {ks=k js[kkvksa ij vafdr rhj osQ fu'kkuksa ij è;ku nhft,)A pqacd osQ Hkhrj pqacdh; {ks=k js[kkvksa dh fn'kk mlosQ nf{k.k èkzqo ls mÙkj /zqo dh vksj gksrh gSA vr% pqacdh; {ks=k js[kk,¡ ,d can oØ gksrh gSaA fo|qr /kjk osQ pqacdh; izHkko 251 2015-2016 pqacdh; {ks=k dh vkisf{kd izcyrk dks {ks=k js[kkvksa dh fudVrk dh dksfV }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA tgk¡ ij pqacdh; {ks=k js[kk,¡ vis{kkÑr vf/d fudV gksrh gSa ogk¡ pqacdh; {ks=k vf/d izcy gksrk gS] vFkkZr ogk¡ ij fo|eku fdlh vU; pqacd osQ èkzqo ij pqacdh; {ks=k osQ dkj.k vf/d cy dk;Z djsxk (fp=k 13-4 nsf[k,)A nks {ks=k js[kk,¡ dgha Hkh ,d&nwljs dks izfrPNsn ugha djrhaA ;fn os ,slk djsa rks bldk ;g vFkZ gksxk fd izfrPNsn fcanq ij fno~Qlwph dks j[kus ij mldh lqbZ nks fn'kkvksa dh vksj laosQr djsxh tks laHko ugha gks ldrkA 13-2 fdlh fo|qr /kjkokgh pkyd osQ dkj.k pqc a dh; {ks=k fØ;kdyki 13-1 esa geus ;g ns[kk fd fdlh /krq osQ pkyd esa fo|qr /kjk izokfgr djus ij mlosQ pkjksa vksj ,d pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu gks tkrk gSA mRiUu pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk dks Kkr djus osQ fy, vkb, ge blh fØ;kdyki dks uhps fn, x,