History of MPU and MCU PDF

NU FAIRVIEW - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SM Fairview Complex, cor. Regalado Avenue, Quirino Hwy. Quezon City MICROPROCESSOR & MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEMS AND DESIGN CPMICR30: CPE31-2  NU FAIRVIEW - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY...

NU FAIRVIEW - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SM Fairview Complex, cor. Regalado Avenue, Quirino Hwy. Quezon City MICROPROCESSOR & MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEMS AND DESIGN CPMICR30: CPE31-2  NU FAIRVIEW - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SM Fairview Complex, cor. Regalado Avenue, Quirino Hwy. Quezon City History of Microprocessors (MPUs) 1. The Beginnings (1960s - 1970s):  1965: Intel co-founder Robert Noyce and others at Fairchild Semiconductor developed the first practical integrated circuit (IC), which laid the groundwork for microprocessors.  1971: Intel 4004: The first commercially available microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was released. It was a 4- bit processor capable of performing basic arithmetic and logical operations. It had a clock speed of 740 kHz and was initially used in calculators. o Significance: The Intel 4004 was groundbreaking because it integrated all the processing logic into a single chip, making computers smaller and cheaper. 2. Growth and Early Adoption (1970s - 1980s):  1972-1974: Intel 8008 (8-bit), Intel 8080 (8-bit), and other microprocessors were developed, opening up possibilities for more complex computing tasks. o The Intel 8080 was the basis for many early personal computers, such as the Altair 8800, the first microcomputer kit to gain popularity among hobbyists.  NU FAIRVIEW - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SM Fairview Complex, cor. Regalado Avenue, Quirino Hwy. Quezon City  1974: The Altair 8800 used the Intel 8080 microprocessor, spurring the personal computer revolution.  1978: Intel 8086 (16-bit) and Intel 8088 were released, which became the foundation for IBM PCs and led to the x86 architecture still in use today in most personal computers. 3. Rise of Personal Computers (1980s - 1990s):  1980s: Microprocessors like the Intel 80286, Intel 80386, and Motorola 68000 powered personal computers. The Intel 80386 (introduced in 1985) was the first 32-bit processor and could address more memory, allowing for more complex operating systems like Windows and Unix to be run on personal computers. o 1981: IBM introduced the IBM PC, which was powered by an Intel 8088 microprocessor and ran MS- DOS.  1990s: The development of Pentium processors by Intel and PowerPC by Motorola signaled the rise of modern 32-bit and 64-bit microprocessors. The competition between Intel and AMD began to shape the landscape of personal computing, leading to more powerful and energy-efficient processors. 4. Modern Era (2000s - Present):  2000s: Multi-core processors (e.g., Intel Core i7 and AMD Ryzen) were introduced, allowing for parallel processing and better performance in everything from personal computing to servers and mobile devices.  Smartphones and Tablets: ARM-based processors, such as the Qualcomm Snapdragon and Apple A-series (e.g., A14, A15 Bionic), have become dominant in mobile computing due to their low power consumption and high performance. Key Milestones in Microprocessor History:  1971: Intel 4004 – First microprocessor  1974: Intel 8080 – Basis for personal computers  1981: IBM PC introduced with Intel 8088  1985: Intel 80386 – First 32-bit microprocessor  2000s: Introduction of multi-core processors for personal and server computing  2010s-Present: Rise of ARM architecture in smartphones and mobile computing. History of Microcontrollers (MCUs) 1. The Origins (1970s):  The idea of microcontrollers began to take shape during the 1970s when engineers realized the need for low-cost, embedded control systems that could perform specific tasks (e.g., in appliances, cars, and industrial machines).  1971: The Intel 4004 microprocessor, while initially a general-purpose CPU, served as a precursor to more specialized embedded controllers. However, the focus was on more task-specific microcontrollers.  NU FAIRVIEW - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SM Fairview Complex, cor. Regalado Avenue, Quirino Hwy. Quezon City 2. First True Microcontrollers (1970s - 1980s):  1976: Intel 8031: One of the first true microcontrollers, which combined a microprocessor (CPU) with on- chip memory and input/output ports. It was widely used in embedded systems like home appliances and industrial machines.  1978: PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) by Microchip Technology: A family of microcontrollers that were designed for low-cost and low-power embedded applications. The PIC family would become hugely successful in a wide variety of consumer electronics.  1980s: Motorola and Atmel (now part of Microchip Technology) introduced microcontrollers with more integrated features (like timers, ADCs, and PWM modules) aimed at making embedded systems simpler and cheaper to develop. 3. Expansion into Consumer Electronics (1980s - 1990s):  Microcontrollers became the brain behind many household and industrial devices such as washing machines, microwaves, cars, printers, and even toys.  Atmel introduced the AVR family of microcontrollers in the 1990s, which would later be popularized by Arduino. 4. The Rise of Arduino and Open-Source Movement (2000s):  2005: The Arduino platform was created by Massimo Banzi and others to make microcontroller development accessible to a wider audience. Arduino combined an Atmel AVR microcontroller (ATmega328P) with an easy-to-use development environment, enabling people without formal engineering training to create interactive projects. o Arduino's Impact: Arduino helped democratize hardware development, making it easier for hobbyists, artists, educators, and engineers to build embedded systems and Internet of Things (IoT) projects. It played a key role in the maker movement and STEM education. 5. Modern Developments (2010s - Present):  ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers (used in platforms like STM32, Raspberry Pi Pico, and ESP32) became popular due to their higher performance, lower power consumption, and widespread ecosystem.  Microcontrollers are now at the heart of most IoT devices, medical equipment, automotive control systems, and other embedded systems. Key Milestones in Microcontroller History:  1976: Intel 8031 – First integrated microcontroller  1978: Microchip PIC – Popular microcontroller family  1990s: Atmel AVR microcontrollers gain traction, used in Arduino  2005: Arduino platform introduced, revolutionizing embedded systems for hobbyists and education  2010s-Present: ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers dominate the embedded systems market  NU FAIRVIEW - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SM Fairview Complex, cor. Regalado Avenue, Quirino Hwy. Quezon City The Arduino Revolution (2005 - Present):  2005: The Arduino platform was introduced, a DIY-friendly microcontroller development platform built around the Atmel AVR series (ATmega328P chip). It made microcontroller programming accessible to a wider audience, including hobbyists, students, artists, and makers, by providing an easy-to-use IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and simplifying the hardware interface. o Impact: Arduino democratized embedded electronics, making it easy for anyone to get started with microcontrollers without needing deep technical expertise. It helped launch the maker movement and played a huge role in the Internet of Things (IoT) and educational projects.  Raspberry Pi (2012): Although technically a single-board computer, the Raspberry Pi has become a powerful tool for embedded systems and educational projects, pushing microcontrollers and microprocessors further into hobbyist and educational fields. Microprocessors were developed first and were initially aimed at general-purpose computing, evolving into the powerful processors used in modern PCs, laptops, and smartphones. Microcontrollers were developed as more specialized processors for embedded systems, integrating memory, peripherals, and I/O into a single chip to simplify device control tasks. The Intel 8031 and PIC series were some of the first real microcontrollers, and Arduino played a key role in popularizing them for hobbyists and educational purposes.  NU FAIRVIEW - SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SM Fairview Complex, cor. Regalado Avenue, Quirino Hwy. Quezon City Key Differences:  Microprocessors are designed for general-purpose computing and require external components (like RAM, storage, and I/O devices) to function.  Microcontrollers are designed for embedded, task-specific applications and integrate the processor, memory, and I/O on a single chip.