History Of Life On Earth PDF

Prepared by: Arlene C. Castillo Relevance, Mechanisms, Evidence/Bases, and Theories of Evolution Weeks 2 and 3 Most Essential Learning Competencies 1. Describe general features of the history of life on Earth, including generally accepted dates and sequence of the geologic time scale...

Prepared by: Arlene C. Castillo Relevance, Mechanisms, Evidence/Bases, and Theories of Evolution Weeks 2 and 3 Most Essential Learning Competencies 1. Describe general features of the history of life on Earth, including generally accepted dates and sequence of the geologic time scale and characteristics of major groups of organisms present during these time periods. (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-8) 2. Explain the mechanisms that produce change in populations from generation to generation (e.g., artificial selection, natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, recombination). (STEM_BIO11/12- IIIc-g-9) Relevance, Mechanisms, Evidence/Bases, and Theories of Evolution Weeks 3 - 4 Most Essential Learning Competencies 3. Show patterns of descent with modification from common ancestors to produce the organismal diversity observed today. (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-10) 4. Trace the development of evolutionary thought. (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-11) 5. Explain evidences of evolution (e.g., biogeography, fossil record, DNA/protein sequences, homology, and embryology). (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-12) 6. Infer evolutionary relationships among organisms using the evidence of evolution (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-13) History of Life on Earth Describe general features of the history of life on Earth, including generally accepted dates and sequence of the geologic time scale and characteristics of major groups of organisms present during these time periods. (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-8) Geologic Time Scale It is a record of life forms and geological events in the Earth's history. Fossils - remnants, impression, or trace of an animal or a plant of a past geologic age that has been preserved in Earth's crust. Trilobites Ammonites Fossil records - complex data recorded in fossils worldwide. It is the primary source of information about the history of life on Earth.  Relative Dating Absolute Dating It is a method of It is a method of determining the age of determining the rocks in each layer by numerical age of rocks identifying the relative using radioactive decay. order of previous events. "A trilobite fossil is older "A trilobite fossil is 489 than the dinosaur tooth million yeard old." fossil."  Geologic Time Scale 4.6 BILLION YEARS AGO PRESENT TIME EONS ERAS PERIODS EPOCHS EON Eons is the largest division of geologic time scale. It is nearly 2 billions of years. Two (2) Major Eons: 1. Precambrian Eon 2. Phanerozoic Eon 1. Precambrian Eon 4.5 million years It covers about 88% of the Earth's history. ERA 1.1 Hadean Era 1.2 Archean Era 1.3 Proterozoic Era 1. Precambrian Eon 1.1 Hadean Era Earth started out as a ball of gas that turned into liquid rock. Temperature is high. No life forms. 1. Precambrian Eon 1.2 Archean Era Molten rocks have cooled down and became the Earth's crust. Gases that were present gives cooler atmosphere. 1. Precambrian Eon 1.3 Proterozoic Era Earliest forms of life have formed. Primitive organisms (photosynthetic bacteria) have evolved. ERA Era is a division that spans time periods of tens to hundred of millions of years. 2. Phanerozoic Eon 2.1 Paleozoic Era 2.2 Mesozoic Era 2.3 Cenozoic Era 2. Phanerozoic Eon 2.1 Paleozoic Era It is also known as the "ancient or old life". It started more than 540 million years ago. Many organisms that have emerged during this time were the invertebrates. PERIOD Period is a division of geologic history with spans of no more than 100 million years. ago 2.1 Paleozoic Era Cambrian Period Ordovician Period Silurian Period Devonian Period Carboniferous Period Permian Period 2. Phanerozoic PERIOD Cambrian Period 544 - 505 million years ago The era began with a spectacular burst of new life. It is called the Cambrian Explosion. 2. Phanerozoic PERIOD Cambrian Period 544 - 505 million years ago Following the Pre-Cambrian mass extinction, there was an explosion of new kinds of organisms in the Cambrian. Many types of primitive animals called sponges evolve. Small ocean invertebrates (animals without a back bone) called trilobites, were very abundant. 2. Phanerozoic PERIOD Ordovician Period hagfish 505 - 440 million years ago The oceans were filled with invertebrates of many types. The first fish evolved. Plants colonized the land for the first time, but animals lamprey still remained on water. 2. Phanerozoic PERIOD Silurian Period 440 - 410 million years ago corals and fish In the oceans, corals appeared and fish continued to evolve. On the land, vascular plants appeared. With special tissues to circulate water and other materials, they could grow larger than earlier, non-vascular plants. cooksonia 2. Phanerozoic PERIOD Devonian Period primitive plants 410 - 360 million years ago The first seed plants evolved. Seeds had a protective coat and stored food to help them survive. Seed plants eventually became the most common type of land plants. lobe-finned fishes Fish with lobe fins evolved. They could breathe air when they raised their heads above water. Breathing would coelacanth be necessary for animals to eventually colonize the land. 2. Phanerozoic PERIOD Carboniferous Period 360 - 290 million years ago carboniferous forest Widespread forests of huge plants left massive deposits of carbon that eventually turned to coal. The first amphibians evolved to colonized land, but they had to return Acanthosthega to the water to reproduce. Soon after amphibians arose, the first reptiles evolved. They were the first animals that could reproduce on dry first amphibians land. 2. Phanerozoic PERIOD Permian Period 290 - 245 million years ago All the major land masses collided to form a supercontinent called Pangaea. Temperatures were estreme, and the climate was dry. Plants and animals evolved adaptations to dryness, such as waxy leaves or leathery skin to prevent water loss. The Permian perios ended with mass extinction. The world ended with the biggest mass extinction the world had ever seen. This is known as the Permian extinction. Synapsids 2. Phanerozoic Eon 2.2 Mesozoic Era "Middle life" It started more than 280 millions years ago. It is also known as the "Era of the Dinosaurs" or "Age of the Reptiles". Triassic Period Jurassic Period Cretaceous Period 2. Phanerozoic Eon 2.2 Mesozoic Era Triassic Period The first dinosaurs branched off from the reptiles and colonized the land, air, and water. Huge seed ferns and conifers dominated the forests, and modern corals, fish, and insects evolved. The supercontinent Pangaea started to separate into Laurasia and Gondwanaland. Triassic Period ended in mass extinction. 2. Phanerozoic Eon 2.2 Mesozoic Era Jurassic Period "The Golden Age of the Dinosaurs". The Oldest flower earliest birds evolved from reptile ancestors. All the major groups of mammals evolved, though individual mammals were still small in size. Flowering plants appeared for the first time, and new insects also evolved to pollinate flowers. The continents continued to move apart, and volcanic activity was especially intense. 2. Phanerozoic Eon 2.2 Mesozoic Era Cretaceous Period Tyrannosaurus rex Dinosaurs reached their peak in size and distribution. Earth's overall climate was warm and even the the poles lacked ice. By the end of the Cretaceous, the continents were close to their present locations. This period ended with the dramatic extinction of the dinosaurs. 2. Phanerozoic Eon 2.3 Cenozoic Era "Recent life." It started 65 million years ago and continues up to the present. "Age of Mammals". Tertiary Period Miocene Epoch Pliocene Epoch Pleistocene Epoch Holocene Epoch Quaternary Period Paleocene Epoch Eocene Epoch Oligocene Epoch 2. Phanerozoic Eon 2.3 Cenozoic Era Tertiary Period 65 - 1.8 million years ago Earth's climate was generally warm and humid. Mammals evolved to fill virtually all niches vacated by dinosaurs. Many mammals increased in size. Mammal's called primates evolved, including human ancestors. Modern rainforests and grasslands appeared. Flowering plants and insects were numerous and widespread. 2. Phanerozoic Eon 2.3 Cenozoic Era Quaternary Period 1.8 million years ago - present Earth's climate cooled, leading to a series of ice ages. Sea levels fell because so much water frozen in glaciers. This created land bridges between the continents, allowing land animals to move into new areas. Some mammals, like the wooly mammoths shown here, adapted to the cold by evolving very large size and thick fur. Other animals moved closer to the equator or went along with many plants. EPOCH It is the smallest division of the geologic time scale. Paleocene Epoch Eocene Epoch Oligocene Epoch Miocene Epoch Pliocene Epoch Pleistocene Epoch Holocene Epoch  Happy Army ERA Protects Paleo Meso Ceno Hadean  Camels Often Sit Down PERIOD Carefully Perhaps Their Joint Creak Pretty Neatly Hadean  Pretty EPOCH Eager Old Man Plays Poker Hard Hadean  Camels Often Sit Pretty Happy Eager Down EPOCH Army PERIOD Carefully Old ERA Protects Man Perhaps Paleo Plays Their Meso Poker Joint Ceno Hard Creak Pretty Neatly Where did life begin? Where did life begin? Where did life begin?  A. Land The land is very unlikely because during “young” Earth time, there is still not enough oxygen on its surface and UV rays are too strong for molecular bonding to occur and make life possible.  A shallow pond is a bit likely because it is full of organic materials and when evaporated, the organic materials present in it will have a higher concentration that will lead to more favorable conditions for organic materials to combine and make life possible. But the experiments cannot prove it. B. Shallow Pond Deep-sea vents are highly likely the exact place of origin of life on Earth because DNA evidence suggests that early lifeforms can survive on high-temperature conditions like those in deep-seavents. C. Deep Sea Vents