History Of Globalization PDF

HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION SILK ROADS ( 1ST CENTURY BC- 5TH CENTURY AD AND 13TH – 14TH CENTURIES AD) CHINA – EURASIAN CONTINENT (ROME) SILK  SPICE ROUTES (7TH – 15TH CENTURIES) ISLAM MAIN FOCUS WAS ON SPICES AND WERE MAINLY TRADED BY SEA EXISTENCE OF TRADE ROUTES (...

HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION SILK ROADS ( 1ST CENTURY BC- 5TH CENTURY AD AND 13TH – 14TH CENTURIES AD) CHINA – EURASIAN CONTINENT (ROME) SILK  SPICE ROUTES (7TH – 15TH CENTURIES) ISLAM MAIN FOCUS WAS ON SPICES AND WERE MAINLY TRADED BY SEA EXISTENCE OF TRADE ROUTES (ORIGINAL BELT AND SILK ROAD)  AGE OF DISCOVERY (15TH – 18TH CENTURIES) EUROPEAN EXPLORERS CONNECTED EAST AND WEST AND ACCIDENTALLY DISCOVERED THE AMERICAS CIRCUMNAVIGATION BY MAGELLAN POTATOES, TOMATOES, COFFEE AND CHOCOLATE WERE INTRODUCED IN EUROPE  FIRST WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION (19TH CENTURY – 1914) GREAT BRITAIN DOMINATE THE WORLD BOTH GEOGRAPHICALLY AND TECHNOLOGICALLY STEAM ENGINE REEFER SHIP (1870’S) – GOLDEN AGE FOR ARGENTINA AND URUGUAY  NEGATIVE SIDE OF THE FIRST WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION “MOST EUROPEAN NATIONS GRABBED FOR A PIECE OF AFRICA, AND BY THE END OF 1900 THE ONLY INDEPENDENT COUNTRY LEFT ON THE CONTINENT WAS ETHIOPIA” – KHAN ACADEMY LARGE COUNTRIES LIKE INDIA, CHINA, MEXICO OR JAPAN WERE NOT EITHER NOT ABLE TO OR NOT ALLOWED TO ADAPT TO THE INDUSTRIAL AND GLOBAL TRENDS  SECOND AND THIRD WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION THE END OF THE WORLD WAR 2 MARKED A NEW BEGINNING FOR THE GLOBAL ECONOMY THE LEADERSHIP OF USA AND AIDED BY THE TECHNOLOGIES OF THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION GLOBAL TRADE STARTED TO RISE ONCE AGAIN  IRON CURTAIN DIVIDED THE WORLD INTO TWO SPHERES OF INFLUENCE 1989 – IRON CURTAIN FELL, GLOBALIZATION BECAME A TRULY GLOBAL PHENOMENON  SOVIET UNION COLLAPSED WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ENCOURAGED ALL NATIONS ALL OVER THE WORLD TO ENTER INTO FREE- TRADE AGREEMENTS  GLOBALIZATION 4.0 THE NEW FRONTIER OF GLOBALIZATION IS THE CYBER WORLD THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IS FURTHER ENABLED BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BUT THREATENED BY CROSS BORDER HACKING AND CYBER ATTACKS  NEGATIVE GLOBALIZATION POLLUTION ECONOMIC INEQUALITY SOCIAL INSTABILITY MASS IMMIGRATION GLOBALIZATION THEORIES  A. HOMOGENEITY REFERS TO THE INCREASING SAMENESS IN THE WORLD AS CULTURAL INPUTS, ECONOMIC FACTORS, AND POLITICAL ORIENTATIONS OF SOCIETIES EXPAND TO CREATE COMMON PRACTICES, SAME ECONOMIES, AND SIMILAR FORMS OF GOVERNMENT.  B. HETEROGENEITY PERTAINS TO THE CREATION OF VARIOUS CULTURAL PRACTICES, NEW ECONOMIES, AND POLITICAL GROUPS BECAUSE OF THE INTERACTION OF ELEMENTS FROM DIFFERENT SOCIETIES IN THE WORLD. IT REFERS TO THE DIFFERENCES BECAUSE OF EITHER LASTING DIFFERENCES OR OF THE HYBRIDS OR COMBINATIONS OF CULTURES THAT CAN BE PRODUCED THROUGH THE DIFFERENT TRANSPLANETARY PROCESSES. IV. DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE  1. CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM INVOLVES BARRIERS THAT PREVENT FLOWS THAT SERVE TO MAKE ALIKE. CULTURE TENDS TO REMAIN STUBBORNLY DIFFERENT FROM ONE ANOTHER. IT EMPHASIZES THAT CULTURES ARE ESSENTIALLY DIFFERENT AND ARE ONLY SUPERFICIALLY AFFECTED BY GLOBAL FLOWS.  2. CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION IS THE MIXING OF CULTURES AND THE INTEGRATION OF THE GLOBAL AND THE LOCAL LEADING TO UNIQUE COMBINATIONS.  3. CULTURAL CONVERGENCE IS WHEN CULTURES ARE SUBJECT TO MANY OF THE SAME GLOBAL FLOWS AND TEND TO GROW MORE ALIKE. THEORIES ON THE ORIGINS OF GLOBALIZATION  A. HARDWIRED ACCORDING TO NAYAN CHANDA, IT IS BECAUSE OF OUR BASIC HUMAN NEEDS  B. CYCLES GLOBALIZATION IS A LONG-TERM CYCLICAL PROCESS  C. EPOCH 1. GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION (FOURTH TO SEVENTH CENTURIES) 2. EUROPEAN COLONIAL CONQUESTS (LATE FIFTEENTH CENTURY) 3. INTRA-EUROPEAN WARS (LATE EIGHTEENTH TO EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURIES) 4. HEYDAY OF EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM (MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY TO 1918) 5. POST-WORLD WAR II PERIOD 6. POST-COLD WAR PERIOD  D. EVENTS SPECIFIC EVENTS ARE ALSO CONSIDERED AS PART OF THE FOURTH VIEW IN EXPLAINING THE ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION. ROMAN CONQUESTS, CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS’S DISCOVERY OF AMERICA IN 1942, FOUNDING OF THE INTERNET ETC.  E. BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES HAPPENED IN THE LAST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY 1. THE EMERGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES AS A GLOBAL POWER (POST-WORLD WAR II) 2. THE EMERGENCE OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (MNCS) 3. THE DEMISE OF THE SOVIET UNION AND THE END OF THE COLD WAR LESSON 2: THE STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION  I. THE GLOBAL ECONOMY A. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION - INCREASING INTERDEPENDENCE OF WORLD ECONOMIES B. GLOBAL ECONOMY ECONOMIES OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES ARE MORE INTERCONNECTED  C. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) IT IS AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF 183 MEMBER COUNTRIES D. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (IFIS) THE GENERIC NAME GIVEN TO ALL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS OPERATING ON AN INTERNATIONAL LEVEL,  E. TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS THESE ARE ENTERPRISES THAT ENGAGE IN ACTIVITIES THAT ADD VALUE (MANUFACTURING, EXTRACTION, SERVICES, MARKETING, ETC.) IN MORE THAN ONE COUNTRY. F. G8 AND G20 - GROUP OF NATIONS THAT SERVE AS AN ADVISORY ORGANIZATION THAT DISCUSS CURRENT ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL PROBLEMS AND TRANSFER THE IDEAS FROM THE FORUM TO NATIONAL REGULATIONS  G. GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY PROTEST AND SEEK ALTERNATIVES H. MODERN WORLD SYSTEM THE WORLD ECONOMY IS DIVIDED INTO CORE STATES, PERIPHERAL STATES, AND SEMI-PERIPHERAL STATES  CORE STATES- COUNTRIES THAT DEMAND FOR GOODS AND SERVICES SEMI-PERIPHERAL STATES- COUNTRIES WHO PROCESS OR DISTRIBUTE PRODUCTS TO THE CORE STATES PERIPHERAL STATES- COUNTRIES WHERE PRODUCTS OR RAW MATERIALS ARE SOURCED OUT.  FACTORS THAT PUSH FOR ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION  A. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND, WORLD BANK, AND ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD) CRITICAL IN DEVELOPING AND PUSHING FOR NEOLIBERAL POLICIES AMONG DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. THEY ALSO HELP FACILITATE TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT DISCUSSIONS AMONG VARIOUS STATES.  MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES (MNCS) MAIN CARRIERS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION MCDONALDS, TOYOTA, FORD  C. CENTRAL BANKS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL INSTITUTIONS IN THE WORLD ECONOMY  D. GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY MAJOR DRIVER OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY NETWORKS (TAN) THAT PROMOTES CAUSES, AND PRINCIPLED IDEAS AND NORMS.  EXAMPLES OF HOW ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION WORKS MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS OPERATE ON A GLOBAL SCALE, WITH SATELLITE OFFICES AND BRANCHES IN NUMEROUS LOCATIONS. THIS MEANS MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES CAN STAY OPEN VIRTUALLY 24 HOURS A DAY AND SERVICE CUSTOMERS NO MATTER WHERE THEY'RE LOCATED.  EXAMPLES OF HOW ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION WORKS SOME AUTOMOBILES USE PARTS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES. A CAR BEING ASSEMBLED IN THE UNITED STATES MAY IMPORT PARTS FROM JAPAN, GERMANY, OR KOREA. THIS CREATES A WHOLE NEW AVENUE FOR TRADE, WHEN THE UNITED STATES HAS TO PAY FOR CERTAIN PARTS FROM AROUND THE WORLD, WAIT FOR THEM TO BE SHIPPED, AND THEN RESUME LOCALIZED PRODUCTION. 3. THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM  GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM IS A SYSTEM OF UNEQUALLY POWERFUL AND COMPETING STATES IN WHICH NO SINGLE STATE IS CAPABLE OF IMPOSING CONTROL ON ALL OTHERS. THESE STATES ARE IN INTERACTION WITH ONE ANOTHER IN A SET OF SHIFTING ALLIANCE AND WARS AND CHANGES IN RELATIVE POWER OF STATES UPSETS ANY TEMPORARY SET OF ALLIANCES, LEADING TO A RESTRUCTURING OF THE BALANCE OF POWER.  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES THE WORLD BECOMES MORE INTERCONNECTED THROUGH POLITICS. NATIONAL AND LOCAL POLICIES ARE NOT ONLY BASED ON LOCAL CONTEXT BUT ALSO ON INTERNATIONAL AND GLOBAL REALITIES.  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES LOCAL SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL WELL-BEING IS BEING SACRIFICED. CONVERTING TRACKS OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS INTO INDUSTRIAL ZONES 4. WHO GOVERNS GLOBALIZATION ?  A. UNITED NATIONS FACILITATOR OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE SINCE IT HAS 192 MEMBER COUNTRIES  B. REGIONAL COMMISSIONS GROUP OF OFFICIALS FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES THAT INSTRUCT AND DEBATE, AND ARE IN CHARGE OF MAKING CERTAIN LAWS, AND PROMULGATE CERTAIN RIGHTS FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. EXAMPLES: ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA, ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE, AND OTHERS.  C. WORLD BANK PROVIDE LOANS TO MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES AND EVEN PRIVATE SECTORS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO CREATE MARKETS AND IMPROVE LOCAL ECONOMIES  D. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) LOOKS AT THE STABILITY OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM BY MONITORING GLOBAL ECONOMY, LENDS TO COUNTRIES, AND PROVIDES POLICY AND TECHNICAL ADVISORY FUNCTIONS TO MEMBERS.  E. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) REGULATES INTERNATIONAL TRADES, ENSURES SMOOTH FLOW OF TRADE AND PROVIDES A FORUM FOR NEGOTIATIONS FOR TRADE AGREEMENTS AMONG COUNTRIES AND REGIONS OF THE WORLD.  F. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD) - TO STIMULATE ECONOMIC PROGRESS AND WORLD TRADE BY PROVIDING A PLATFORM TO COMPARE POLICY EXPERIENCES AND IDENTIFY GOOD PRACTICES IN DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICIES AND PROGRAMS OF ITS MEMBERS.  G. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) RESPONSIBLE FOR GLOBAL RESEARCHES ON MEDICINES AND VACCINES INCLUDING THE WORLD HEALTH REPORT AND SURVEY  H. INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO) DEALS WITH LABOR PROBLEMS AND INTERNATIONAL LABOR STANDARDS AND SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR WORKERS  I. UNESCO CONTRIBUTES TO PEACE AND SECURITY BY PROMOTING INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION THROUGH EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND CULTURAL REFORMS