History of Computing.pdf

History of Computers in Pictures LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Identify milestones in the history of computers 2. Discuss most notable changes in the evolution of computers Abacus 2400 BC Calculating tool Supports Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction, Division, Square Root By HB - Ow...

History of Computers in Pictures LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Identify milestones in the history of computers 2. Discuss most notable changes in the evolution of computers Abacus 2400 BC Calculating tool Supports Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction, Division, Square Root By HB - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=88434 https://history-computer.com/MechanicalCalculators/Pioneers/Pascal.html Pascaline, 17th Century Initially called arithmetic machine, Pascal’s calculator. It was primarily an adding machine which could add and subtract numbers. Blaise Pascal 1623-1662 a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and a Christian philosopher http://totallyhistory.com/blaise-pascal/ https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/calculators/1/49 Leibniz Calculator 17th Century Can perform addition, subtraction, division, multiplication Actually named Stepped Reckoner https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/calculators/1/49 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1646-1716 Prominent German polymath and one of the most important logicians, mathematicians and natural philosophers of the Enlightenment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz https://history-computer.com/Babbage/AnalyticalEngine.html Analytical Engine, 18 Century th Analytical engine contained many similar elements to modern digital computers. For example, Babbage's engines 'punched card' control; fast multiplier/divider; a range of peripherals; even array processing'. The Science Museum (where lots of Charles Babbage Inventions are located) assembled Babbage's Calculating Engine number 2 according to his original designs in 1991. Punched Card A 12-row/80-column IBM punched card from the mid-twentieth century *wikipedia.org Charles Babbage 1791 – 1871 English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, who is best remembered now for originating the concept of a programmable computer; Father of Computer. Lady Ada Lovelace 1815 – 1852 English mathematician, first computer programmer; known for her work on the Analytical Engine  Tabulating Machine Counting machine used in the 1890 US census. It used punched cards to represent an individual’s census data https://web.archive.org/web/20090719073019/https://www.census.gov/history/www/technology/010873.html Herman Hollerith 1860 – 1929 American businessman, inventor, and statistician who developed an electromechanical tabulating machine Alan Turing 1912 - 1954 English mathematician, computer scientist, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing  In 1936, Alan Turing wrote a paper, “On Computable Numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem,” which paved the way for the invention of the Turing Machine. The Turing Machine is an abstract computing machine that encapsulates the fundamental logical principles of the digital computer. In 1942, Turing also devised the first systematic method for breaking messages encrypted by the sophisticated German cipher machine Turing was a founding father of artificial intelligence and of modern cognitive science, and he was a leading early exponent of the hypothesis that the human brain is in large part a digital computing machine. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing Alan Turing is considered to be the father of the modern computer and was credited by Winston Churchill for making “the single biggest contribution to the allied victory” in World War II “Alan Turing was an outstanding mathematician whose work has had an enormous impact on how we live today,” Mr. Carney (Bank of England governor) said. “As the father of computer science and artificial intelligence, as well as war hero Turing played a pivotal role in the development of early computers with his work cracking the Enigma code, and he laid the foundations for artificial intelligence. “ Despite his enormous achievements, he faced persecution during his life because he was gay. In 2009, then prime minister Gordon Brown made an official apology for the “appalling way” Turing was treated, and in 2013 he was granted a posthumous pardon by the Queen. In 2016 the government unveiled an “Alan Turing law” that posthumously pardoned thousands of gay and bisexual men convicted under outdated gross indecency laws. The law effectively acted as an apology to those convicted for consensual same-sex relationships before homosexuality was decriminalised in England and Wales in 1967 Konrad Zuse 1910 - 1995 German civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer; Created Z1-Z4 Konrad Zuse faced a serious problem, while studying the construction of buildings and roads. This type of construction was very hard to be done by means of mechanical calculator of his time. Z1 – Z4 1936 - 1943 Checkpoint 1: 1. Give 3 earliest computing devices 2. Give the computing machine associated with the maker 2.1 Charles Babbage 2.2 Konrad Zuse 2.3 Herman Hollerith Harvard Mark 1 1937 Harvard Mark 1 1937 Harvard Mark-1 is completed. Conceived by Harvard professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark-1 was a room-sized, relay-based calculator. The Mark-1 was used to produce mathematical tables but was soon superseded by stored program computers.  HP 200A Audio Oscillator 1939 Hewlett-Packard is founded. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found Hewlett- Packard in a Palo Alto, California garage. Their first product was the HP 200A Audio Oscillator, which rapidly became a popular piece of test equipment for engineers. Walt Disney Pictures ordered eight of the 200B model to use as sound effects generators for the 1940 movie “Fantasia.” Vaccuum Tube Atanasoff Berry Computer 1937-1942 First electronic digital computer Built at Iowa State College (now University), the ABC was designed and built by Professor John Vincent Atanasoff and graduate student Cliff Berry between 1939 and 1942. Atanasoff Berry Computer 1937-1942 The ABC was at the center of a patent dispute relating to which is the first electronic digital computer Patent dispute was resolved in 1973 (in favor of the ABC) when it was shown that ENIAC co-designer John Mauchly had come to examine the ABC shortly after it became functional.  The first Colossus is operational at Colossus Bletchley Park. It was designed by British engineer Tommy Flowers. The Colossus was designed to break the 1943 complex Lorenz ciphers used by the Nazis during WWII. ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer 1946 ENIAC 1946 the ENIAC was initially commissioned for the use in World War II, but not completed until one year after the war had ended. When ENIAC was announced in 1946 it was heralded in the press as a "Giant Brain". It had a speed of one thousand times that of electro-mechanical machines. ENIAC ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 1946 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-soldered joints. It weighed more than 30 short tons (27 t), was roughly 8 by 3 by 100 feet (2.4 m × 0.9 m × 30 m), took up 1800 square feet (167 m2), and consumed 150 kW of power. Speed was 5000 operations per second. ENIAC was conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert EDVAC 1947 EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable 1947 Automatic Computer The EDVAC is the successor of the ENIAC. Made by the same designers: Mauchly and Eckert. The design would implement a number of important architectural and logical improvements conceived during the ENIAC's construction and would incorporate a high-speed serial access memory Manchester Mark I 1949 The first stored program digital computer Prototype for the Ferranti Mark I, John von Neumann 1903 – 1957 Hungarian-born American mathematician who is widely credited with defining that stored-program computer architecture, on which the Manchester Mark 1 was based. https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Mark_1#CITEREFLavington1998  Electronic Delay Storage Automatic EDSAC Calculator was an early British computer. 1949 EDSAC the second usefully operational electronic digital stored- program computer. EDSAC 1949 It was constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England. EDSAC ran its first programs on 6 May 1949, when it calculated a table of squares and a list of prime numbers Transistors UNIVAC 1951 UNIVAC 1951 UNIVAC is an acronym for Universal Automatic Computer. It is the first general purpose computer for commercial use. The descendants of the UNIVAC line continue today as products of the Unisys company. Checkpoint 2: 1. Which computer was used to decipher Lorenz’ codes in WWII? 2. Which computer was used to tabulate election results in the US in the 1950s? 3. What is the first stored program digital computer 4. Give the computer associated with the following 4.1 Prof Atanasoff 4.2 Mauchly and Eckert SAGE Semi-Automatic Ground Environment 1954 A gigantic computerized air defense system, SAGE was designed to help the Air Force track radar data in real time. Equipped with technical advances such as modems and graphical displays, the machine weighed 300 tons and occupied one floor of a concrete blockhouse. NEAC 2203 1960 Manufactured by the Nippon Electric Company (NEC), the drum-based machine was one of the earliest transistorized Japanese computers. It was used for business, scientific and engineering applications. CDC For a time the fastest machine in the world, Control Data Corporation's 6600 6600 machine was designed by noted computer architect Seymour Cray. 1964 IBM System IBM announced the System/360, a family of six mutually compatible 360 computers and 40 peripherals that could work together. 1964 IBM System 360 The initial investment of $5 billion was quickly returned 1964 as orders for the system climbed to 1,000 per month within two years. At the time IBM released the System/360, the company was making a transition from discrete transistors to integrated circuits, and its major source of revenue moved from punched-card equipment to electronic computer systems. Integrated Circuit Chip DEC The first successful commercial minicomputer, the PDP-8, made by the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 1965 DEC PDP 1965 It sold more than 50,000 units upon its release, the most of any computer up to that time. The PDP-8 sold for $18,000, one-fifth the price of a small IBM 360 mainframe. The speed, small size, and reasonable cost enabled the PDP-8 to go into thousands of manufacturing plants, small businesses, and scientific laboratories. Apollo Guidance Computer 1968 Apollo Guidance The Apollo Guidance Computer Computer made its debut orbiting the Earth on Apollo 7. 1968 A year later, it steered Apollo 11 to the lunar surface. Astronauts communicated with the computer by punching two-digit codes and the appropriate syntactic category into the display and keyboard unit. Interface Conceived at the height of the Cold War, when the U.S. government Message sought a way to keep its network of computers alive in case certain nodes were destroyed in a nuclear Processor attack or other hostile act 1969 Interface Message Processor The IMP featured the first generation of gateways, which are today known as routers. As such, IMP performed a critical task in the development of the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), the world's first operational packet switching network, and the predecessor of the contemporary global Internet. Checkpoint 3: 1. First successful supercomputer 2. First successful mainframe launched by IBM 3. Computer which helped in the development of ARPANET Kenbak - 1 1971  Often considered the Kenbak - 1 world's first "personal computer" the Kenbak 1971 was touted as an easy-to- use educational tool, but it failed to sell more than several dozen units. Lacking a microprocessor, it had only 256 bytes of computing power and its only output was a series of blinking lights. It closed its doors in 1973 after selling only 40 units Altair 8800 1975 Altair 8800 Within weeks of the computer´s debut, customers 1975 inundated the manufacturing company, MITS, with orders. Bill Gates and Paul Allen licensed BASIC as the software language for the Altair. Ed Roberts invented the 8800 — which sold for $297, or $395 with a case — and coined the term "personal computer." The machine came with 256 bytes of memory (expandable to 64K) Apple 1 1976 Apple 1 Initially conceived by Steve Wozniak (a.k.a. "Woz") as a build- it-yourself kit computer, Apple I was initially rejected by his bosses at Hewlett-Packard. Undeterred, he offered it to Silicon Valley's Homebrew Computer Club The suggested retail price: and, together with his friend Steve $666. Though sales were low Jobs, managed to sell 50 pre-built (200 units sold), the machine models to The Byte Shop in paved the way for the smash Mountain View, California. success of the Apple II (which sold in millions). Apple II 1977 Apple II The Apple II became an instant success when 1977 released in 1977 with its printed circuit motherboard, switching power supply, keyboard, case assembly, manual, game paddles, A/C powercord, and cassette tape with the computer game "Breakout." When hooked up to a color television set, the Apple II produced brilliant color graphics. Cray At the time of its release, the Cray-1 was the fastest computing machine in 1976 the world. Cray Despite its price tag — 1976 between $5 and $10 million — it sold well. It is one of the many machines designed by Seymour Cray, a computer architect who devoted his life to the creation of so- called supercomputers, machines which prioritized processing capacity and speed of calculation. TRS 1977 VAX 780 1978 VAX 780 1978 The VAX 11/780 from Digital Equipment Corp. featured the ability to address up to 4.3 gigabytes of virtual memory, providing hundreds of times the capacity of most minicomputers. Atari 400 Atari introduces the Model 400 and 800 1979 Computer. Shortly after delivery of the Atari VCS game console, Atari designed two microcomputers with game capabilities: the Model 400 and Model 800. The two machines were built with the idea that the 400 would serve primarily as a game console  While the 800 would be more of a Atari 800 home computer. Both sold well, though they had technical and 1979 marketing problems, and faced strong competition from the Apple II, Commodore PET, and TRS-80 computers. IBM PC IBM introduced its PC, igniting a fast growth of the personal 1981 computer market. The first PC ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsoft´s MS-DOS operating system. Featuring an independent keyboard, printer and monitor, the slick, complete-looking package that was the IBM PC helped push personal computing out of the hobbyist's garage and into the corporate and consumer mainstream. Osborne 1981 Commodore 64 1982 Hewlett Packard 150 1983 Apple Lisa 1983 Apple Macintosh 1984 IBM PS2 1987 Checkpoint 4: 1. First attempt at personal computer 2. Who coined the term ‘personal computer’? 3. First real mainstream personal computer 4. Give another supercomputer produced in the 1970s 5. Give a minicomputer produced by DEC 6. Give 3 brands of microcomputers discussed NeXT 1988 Deep Blue 1997 I Phone 2007 I Pad 2010 Google Glass 2013 https://www.google.com/glass/start/ Apple Watch - 2014 https://www.apple.com/ph/shop/buy-watch/apple-watch References A Brief History of Computer History – Photo Essays - TIME http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1956593,00.h tml#ixzz2jkitT1jn Videos BBC History of Computers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dME3wgaQpM&list=PL1331A454 8513EA81 Timeline of Computer History http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?category=cmptr http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Relays/Zuse.html THANK YOU!!