History of Civil Engineering - Copy.pptx

History of Civil Engineering It is difficult to determine the history of emergence and beginning of civil engineering, however, that the history of civil engineering is a mirror of the history of human beings on this earth. Man used the old shelter caves to protect themselves of weather and harsh...

History of Civil Engineering It is difficult to determine the history of emergence and beginning of civil engineering, however, that the history of civil engineering is a mirror of the history of human beings on this earth. Man used the old shelter caves to protect themselves of weather and harsh environment, and used a tree trunk to cross the river, which being the demonstration of ancient age civil engineering.  Civil Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest practices of Civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, thus causing a need for the construction of shelter  During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing.  Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same person, often used interchangeably. The construction of Pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might be considered the first instances of large structure constructions. How were the pyramids built? The ancient engineering feats at Giza were so impressive that even today scientists and engineers can't be sure exactly how the pyramids were built. Yet they have learned much about the people who built them and the political power necessary to make it happen. How were the pyramids built? The builders were skilled Egyptian workers who lived in a nearby temporary city sprawling over some 17 acres. The remains of bakeries and piles of animal bones show that they were very well fed for their labor. Archaeological digs on the fascinating site have revealed a highly organized community, rich with resources, that must have been backed by strong central authority. How were the pyramids built? Scientists and engineers are still debating exactly how the pyramids were constructed. It’s generally believed that the Egyptians moved massive stone blocks to the heights along large ramps, greased by water or wet clay, using a system of sledges, ropes, rollers, and levers. Some suggest exterior ramps either zig-zagged or spiraled around each pyramid, while a more controversial theory suggests internal ramps were used. Did the Egyptians have blueprints of the pyramids?  Around 2550 BC, Imhotep, the first documented engineer, built a famous stepped pyramid for King Djoser located at Saqqara Necropolis. With simple tools and mathematics he created a monument that stands to this day. His greatest contribution to engineering was his discovery of the art of building with shaped stones. Those who followed him carried engineering to remarkable heights using skill and imagination. Ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Qanat water management system (the oldest older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km,) Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), Appian Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC) Great Wall of China by General Meng T’ien under orders from Ch’in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC) Stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura. Stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Machu Picchu, Peru, built at around 1450, at the height of the Inca Empire is considered an engineering marvel. It was built in the Andes Mountains assisted by some of history’s most ingenious water resource engineers. The people of Machu Picchu built a mountain top city with running water, drainage systems, food production and stone structures so advanced that they endured for over 500years. Engineering Principles that Shaped the World A treatise on Architecture, Book called Vitruvius' De Archiectura, was published at 1AD in Rome and survived to give us a look at engineering education in ancient times. It was probably written around 15 BC by the Roman architect Vitruvius and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building Engineering Principles that Shaped the World Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as a and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. Engineering Principles that Shaped the World One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes’ Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes’ screw. Engineering Principles that Shaped the World Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations. Educational and Institutional History of Civil Engineering In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first engineering school, The National School of Bridges and Highways, France, was opened in 1747. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse. In 1771, Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Educational and Institutional History of Civil Engineering Though there was evidence of some technical meetings, it was little more than a social society. In 1818, world’s first engineering society, the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its first president. The institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognizing civil engineering as a profession Philippines History of Civil Engineering 1928 A group of Civil engineers from the government sector formed the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) which was the first civil engineering organization in the Philippines 1937 Under Commonwealth Government, the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE) was formed from a group of civil engineers in the private sector Philippines History of Civil Engineering 1938 Statutes from practice of architecture from engineering separated by law – National Assembly Bill No. 1850 1940 Highway 54 was built, now EDSA Philippines History of Civil Engineering 1950 Philippines Association of Civil Engineers prepared and lobbied the passing of RA 544 Philippines Institute of Architects prepared and lobbied the passing of the first Architect’s Law RA 545 1956 June 16, 1956 – Civil Engineering Law was amended by RA 1582 On the same year, the Architecture was amended by RA 1581 Philippines History of Civil Engineering 1961 Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) was founded 1967 Angat Dam, a concrete water reservoir embankment hydroelectric dam that supplies the Manila Metropolitan area water was opened on October 16, 1967 Philippines History of Civil Engineering 1974 February 1974- The first election of officers of PICE was held with Engr. Cesar Caliwara becoming its first president 1977 PD 1096 known as the National Building Code of the Philippines was signed by then President Ferdinand Marcos and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) Philippines History of Civil Engineering 1987 Department of Public Works and Highways by Executive Order No. 124, from being known as Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH)- serves as the primary engineering and construction arm of the government 1977 PD 1096 known as the National Building Code of the Philippines was signed by then President Ferdinand Marcos and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) Philippines History of Civil Engineering Present Current infrastructure programs are implemented and funded to promote mobility, productivity and economic growth across the archipelago