History Notes for Test 2 PDF

CHAPTER 2, LESSON 1: Why did the Spanish Explore the Americas? A Time of Change in Europe Middle Ages o The period between ancient and modern times o Europeans rarely traveled o Pilgrimages = religious journeys ▪ Made Europeans want goods from foreig...

CHAPTER 2, LESSON 1: Why did the Spanish Explore the Americas? A Time of Change in Europe Middle Ages o The period between ancient and modern times o Europeans rarely traveled o Pilgrimages = religious journeys ▪ Made Europeans want goods from foreign lands Merchants o Made their living by buying/selling goods ▪ Prospered in Italian port cities (i.e. Venice) ▪ Traded for gems, silks, and spices from China and East Indies (Islands off Southeast Asia) o Polo family traveled to Asia from Italy ▪ MARCO POLO Wrote The Travels of Marco Polo o Inspired other to travel ▪ Prince Henry of Portugal Sailors explored west coast of Africa o Trade with Asia ▪ Route called Silk Road Named after Chinese Silk (in demand) ▪ Sometimes by sea or partly (East Indies) Chinese made advances in sailing ▪ Had to pass through Middle East Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) o Cut off most European trade through Middle East ▪ European leaders sponsor (paid for) voyages of exploration Looking for new trade routes (not through Middle East) o Possible through advances in navigation (science of guiding a boat)  TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES o Astrolabe ▪ Measures the position of the stars in the sky Helps determine latitude (how far N or S or equator) Learned from Arab traders o Compass ▪ Magnetic arrow that points North so people know which way they are going Invented in China Introduced by Europeans – probably Arab sailors o Stern Rudder ▪ Chinese used oar that hung off stern (back of ship) ▪ Evolved later into stern-mounted rudder Directs flow of water passing over it to help steer a ship o The Printing Press ▪ Invented by Johannes Gutenberg (German) ▪ Used movable type to print text Printed material could be mass-produced cheaply ▪ Helped spread news about explorers’ discoveries & encouraged others to explore the seas o Carrack ▪ 3 or 4 masted sailing ship developed in Italian city of Genoa ▪ Strong & useful on long voyages ▪ Santa Maria was one of these (Columbus’ ship) o Sextant & Chronometer ▪ Sextant John Bird Uses 2 mirrors & a movable arm to measure angles of stars ▪ Chromometer Keeps accurate time at sea  ▪Both allowed sailors to determine longitude (distance E or W of Prime Meridian) o Measuring Longitude and Latitude made navigation & mapmaking more accurate Age of Exploration o Europe = religious conflict and change ▪ Reconquista Spanish = Violent recapturing of land lost to North Africa ▪ Protestant Reformation Many people upset with Roman Catholic Church broke away, form new churches ▪ Counter-Reformation Those who stayed to improve Catholic Church o Key drivers of AGE OF EXPLORATION ▪ Competing religions, ideas, and countries A Sea Route to the Indies o European explorers wanted to reach China and Islands ▪ Sail around southern tip of Africa ▪ Christopher Columbus from Genoa, Italy Faster to reach East Indies by sailing west across Atlantic Ocean (aka the Ocean Sea) Convinced Spain, King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella, to pay for the trip o In return, Columbus would claim land and open up trade for Spain August 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue o 3 ships ▪ Nina ▪ Pinta  ▪ Santa Maria o Spotted land in October ▪ Thought he reached East Indies (he didn’t) ▪ Called it San Salvador (now part of Bahamas) ▪ Met native people called Taino Called them Indians b/c he thought he was in East Indies ▪ Friendly with each other and exchanged gifts Sailed there 4 times total o During 2nd trip, brought more supplies & settlers ▪ Established Spanish colony named Hispaniola ▪ Others followed now knowing not East Indies Instead, mass of lands between Europe and Asia (A New World) o Started calling the New World “Americas” in honor of Amerigo Vespucci (sailed one of Columbus’s routes) Vasco Nunez de Balboa o Found waters west of Americas (1513) ▪ Ferdinand Magellan named it Pacific Ocean Died trying to sail around the world o Elcano completed his trip proving the earth is round CHAPTER 2, LESSON 2: How Did Spanish Exploration Change the Lives of People in the Americas? The Columbian Exchange o Trading of items, animals, culture, ideas, etc. between Europeans and Natives of Americas o Spanish brought back from Americas plants, animals, & other products unknown in Europe ▪ Farmers started to grow some of them Fewer people starved Contained vitamins that made them healthier As a result, population of Europe grew o Spanish brought new things to the Americas ▪ Changed way of life for natives Example: Horses change the way they hunted buffalo o Columbian Exchange affected whole world  ▪ Plants from Asia & Africa brought to Americas & from Americas to Asia ▪ BAD Europeans brought diseases (smallpox, measles) to Americas o Natives had no resistance & died in large numbers Spanish forced natives to work as slaves and even shipped some back to Spain, but may died on the way o Few Taino survived ▪ African slaves brought to islands to replace them Also part of Columbian Exchange Spanish Exploration and Conquest in the Americas – LOOKING FOR RICHES o Spain spread control to many islands in the Caribbean Sea ▪ Settled land & got slaves, but no riches o Juan Ponce de Leon ▪ Spanish explorer (came to Americas on Columbus 2nd trip) ▪ Governor of island now Puerto Rico ▪ 1ST Spanish explorer to land in now United States Called it La Florida (full of flowers) o Found no gold or fountain of youth Returned to create Spanish settlement o Fought with native Calusa people & died of wounds o Hernan Cortes ▪ Conquistador = Spanish for “conqueror” ▪ Spanish explorer left Cuba seeking riches ▪ Landed in coastal Veracruz, Mexico & moved inland to Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan o Aztec capital o More than 300,000 people o Aztec Empire ▪ Ruled over many native groups in central Mexico ▪ Ruled by Moctezuma II (Emperor)  ▪ Natives started to rebel against Aztecs o Moctezuma offered gold & precious jewels to Cortes – was not enough ▪ Cortes took him prisoner, riot started, emperor killed Aztecs drove Cortes & troops out of city o Continued to fight & killed Aztec commander, then retreated to friendlier area Returned with native allies to defeat Aztecs o Won because of help from allies & ▪ Fine swords ▪ Horses o Built Mexico City on Aztec Ruins ▪ Capital of colony called Nueva Espana (New Spain) o Francisco Piazarro ▪ Spanish Conquistador ▪ Sailed to west coast of South America Traveled to Inca empire in Andes Mountains o Inca Empire ▪ 12 million people ▪ Lived in thick stone cities high in mountains So they didn’t fear Spanish attack o Spanish had guns, Incan weapons couldn’t compete o Pizarro’s army captured Inca emperor (Atahualpa) ▪ Pizzaro agreed to let him go in exchange for gold He lied and killed him anyway o Spanish completed their conquest of Inca Empire by capturing its capital of Cuzco New Spain Expands o Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca ▪ Shipwrecked by a hurricane & landed in now Texas.  Lived with American Indians for 4 years which made him sympathetic towards them. Returned to Mexico & urged king of Spain to treat them better o Hernando de Soto ▪ 1st Europeans to see Mississippi River ▪ Became ill and died not far from river o Francisco Vasquez de Coronado ▪ 1st Europeans to see Grand Canyon ▪ Claimed for Spain large area of American Southwest o Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo ▪ 1st to lay claim in California, near San Diego o 60 yrs later ▪ Sebastian Vizcaino sailed up California Coast giving places Spanish names still used today o Pedro Menedez de Aviles ▪ Built a fort in Florida St. Augustine o Oldest permanent European settlement in U.S. Chapter 2, Lesson 3: How Did European Exploration Affect the Americas? The Search for a Northwest Passage o Other European countries sent explorers across the Atlantic looking for shorter route to Asia ▪ England, France, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden Explored East Coast of North America o Trying to find route through N. America by waterways (bays & straits) o John Cabot (Italian) ▪ 1497 – Sailed across Atlantic by permission of king of England Took goods hoping to trade for Asian goods Reached Newfoundland, Canada o No one to trade with o Found large amounts of fish ▪ Dried fish was important food source o He disappeared during next voyage  ▪ Most likely a victim of a large storm ▪ Portugal sent sailors to the same area Established small colony as base for fishing ships o Giovanni da Verrazzano (Italian) ▪ Supported by King of France ▪ Traveled Atlantic coast Explored New York Harbor & mouth of Hudson River o Had friendly encounters with American Indians Next voyage Brazil o Found valuable wood for making dyes for textiles ▪ Overlooked by Spain bringing gold from conquering Aztecs o Henry Hudson – Early 1600s (England) ▪ Worked for England & Netherlands Dutch East India Company hired him to find shorter route to Asia o Had been set up to increase Dutch trade with Indonesia o Reached same area as Verrazzano ▪ Sailed up a river now named after him Hudson River o Concluded did not lead to a Northwest Passage ▪ Became shallow & freshwater Another voyage for England o Sailed into a bay in northern Canada ▪ Now called Hudson Bay o Got stuck in ice all winter ▪ When it thawed in spring, crew took over the ship and put Hudson in a rowboat. Never seen again Crew arrested on return to England New Netherland o Dutch West India Company – formed by Dutch merchants ▪ Established earliest European settlement in New York state Colony of “New Netherland” – along Hudson river Settled where Henry Hudson had already claimed land 1st governor – Peter Minuit  o Traded with natives ▪ Established trading post southern tip of Manhattan Island ▪ Traded weapons, tools & other supplies as part of the agreement for natives to recognize & accept Dutch settlement “New Amsterdam” Natives misunderstood and thought agreeing to share the land, not sell it Most diverse colony in N. America (different religions & ethnicities) One of 1st to bring African slaves 2nd Governor William Kieft o Unhappy natives moving into north part of New Netherland & fighting began o Sent Dutch soldiers to attack native villages leading to many attacks that killed many ▪ Many Dutch returned to Europe due to violence Peter Stuyvesant next leader o Fought Swedish colony along Delaware River believing in Dutch territory (had log cabins) o England wanted a piece of New Netherlands ▪ Brother of King of England sent warships to the harbor ▪ Demanded Stuyvesant surrender entire colony He wanted to fight, but colonists surrendered o Most stayed in N. America living under British rule The Founding of New France o Jacques Cartier ▪ Sent by King of France to continue search for Northwestern passage to France (Verrazzano failed) ▪ Explored Canada – St. Lawrence River ▪ French adapted the name Canada from Huron native people (Kanata = village) o Samuel de Champlain  ▪ King Henry VI of France appointed him governor of French Settlement in N. America Established colony in Quebec City Friendly with natives – allowed for expansion of fur trade ▪ Another voyage he brought Etienne Brule Brule did not find passage to Asia Explored Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Superior o John Nicollet ▪ Explored Lake Michigan o Growth of French people to Canada was slow o French rulers disappointed Cartier didn’t find Northwest Passage or gold o Focus continued to be fur trade o Only a few settlements thrived The Lost English Colony o Sir Walter Raleigh ▪ Asked Queen Elizabeth I to establish colony in N. America Wanted settlements as bases to explore treasure and attack Spanish ships (enemy) Queen granted a charter (document allowing him to found a colony) Sent a group of men to an island called Roanoke (now N. Carolina) o Didn’t know how to farm o Tried trading with natives, but natives lost interest ▪ Colonist stole food from natives Caused fighting o After difficult winter, Colonists returned to England o John White ▪ Led colonists to Roanoke (including women & children) Difficulty finding food White returned to England for supplies o While there, war stared with Spanish, couldn’t use ship to get back o Returned to colony 3 years later ▪ Colony was abandoned Only clue = word “Croatoan” carved on tree o Croatoan = native people in the area o No one knows what happened