History Exam (1) PDF

Presidential Powers (In U2 but didn’t fit into the timeline) ​ Executive ○​ President: ​ 2 terms, 4 years long. ​ They get to pick cabinet, appoints Supreme Court Judge ​ They can pardon federal jobs and negotiate foreign treaties...

Presidential Powers (In U2 but didn’t fit into the timeline) ​ Executive ○​ President: ​ 2 terms, 4 years long. ​ They get to pick cabinet, appoints Supreme Court Judge ​ They can pardon federal jobs and negotiate foreign treaties ​ They are commander chief of Armed Forces ​ They can veto most things, needs congress to approve war declaration ​ They have to be invited to speak in congress ○​ Vice President: ​ Presides over the senate and becomes president if something happens to the current president. ○​ Cabinet: ​ Head of departments ​ Legislative: ○​ Senate: ​ Equal representatives and represents states ​ Control over taxes, money, and makes laws ​ They are elected for 6-year terms and there 100 members ​ Have the power over war ​ They confirm Supreme Court Judge ​ Work at the capitol building ​ They can reject cabinet members, ⅔ major treaties, fill buster ​ They are in charge of impeachment trials, with ⅔ majority veto ○​ House of Representatives: ​ Represents the population and the people ​ They control money, taxes, and laws ​ They are elected for 2 year terms and there are 435 members ​ They have the power for war ​ They can charge the president with impeachment ​ Work at capitol building and have ⅔ majority veto ​ Judicial: ○​ Supreme Court Judge: ​ Life term and has 9 members ​ They interpret law ​ They can reject executive orders and can declare laws unconstitutional Colonial America and Early Settlement (1607–1763) ​ 1607: Founding of Jamestown ○​ Started when the Virginia Company funded a voyage to extract gold and silver from the "New World" ○​ Established and named in honour of King James I ○​ Relations with the Native Americans were good at first but soon deteriorated ○​ There was no gold but the colony grew adapting to agriculture. ○​ It was led by captain John Smith ​ 1630-American Revolution: Indentured Slaves ○​ People who signed a contract to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation to the American colonies ​ 1692-93: Salem Witch Trials ○​ Tituba entertained Betty Parris, Abigail Williams, and Ann Putnam. That started acting weird. Tituba was accused of being a witch. ○​ Reasons for the trail's ending: Governor Phips’ wife was accused and spectral evidence was denounced (evidence based on dreams or spirits) and no longer admissible in court. ○​ Over 62 people accused, 20 killed. ​ 1754–1763: French and Indian War (French & Indigenous try to stop British Expansion). ○​ Focused on control over the lucrative fur trade ○​ The American Colonists wanted control over Ohio Valley from French and Indigenous ○​ Ended because of the Treaty of Paris; Gave Great Britain control of most of France's North American territories, which more than doubled the size of its American colonies American Revolution and Founding of the Nation (1763–1789) ​ 1763: Proclamation of 1763 ○​ Established the structure for the new territories in North America that Britain won from France after the War ○​ British did it to respect the Indigenous, Americans ignored it ​ 1764: Sugar Act ○​ Strongly enforced tax on sugar, molasses, and other products imported to American Colonies from the British. ​ 1765: Stamp Act ○​ Tax on paper goods, led to colonial protests ​ 1770: Boston Massacre ○​ Killed 5 colonists, escalated tensions ○​ 2 soldiers convicted of manslaughter ○​ 5 soldiers and 1 British officer were not charge ○​ John Adams was their lawyer ​ 1773: Boston Tea Party  ○​ Tea Act: Reduced the tax on important British tea so it gave the British an advantage to selling their tea ○​ In protest of this a group of American colonists threw boxes of their tea into the Boston Harbour ​ 1775: Battles of Lexington and Concord ○​ Started the Revolutionary War ○​ 700 Brits were sent to destroy military supplies that were thought to be hidden in Concord. ○​ At Lexington, 70 armed minutemen ran into the British and 8 of them were killed and another 10 wounded. ○​ The British went off to Concord where they got ambushed and 250 of them died while only 100 Americans died. ​ 1775-77: Other American Revolution Battles: ○​ Bunker Hill (75) british failed to take Americans bunker ○​ Quebec (75) failed American attempt to invade Canada ○​ Trenton (76) Attacks caused British troops to go back, turning point of America ○​ Saratoga (77) British surrendered and America won ​ 1776: Declaration of Independence ○​ July 4th ○​ Written by Thomas Jefferson ○​ Announced the separation of American from Great Britain ​ 1781: Battle of Yorktown ○​ French Allies surrounded the British ○​ British surrendered at Yorktown ​ 1783: Treaty of Paris ends Revolutionary War. ○​ Signed by British and Americans, ending the war to the American Revolution ○​ The United States boarded and gave them independence. ​ 1787: Constitutional Convention drafts the U.S. Constitution ○​ Foundation for the New Government ○​ Outlined government branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) ​ 1789: Ratification of the Constitution, George Washington becomes the first President. 13 Colonies ​ New Hampshire ​ Massachusetts ​ Connecticut ​ Rhode Island ​ New York ​ Pennsylvania ​ New Jersey ​ Delaware ​ Maryland ​ ​ Virgina  ​ North Carolina ​ South Carolina ​ Georgia Expansion and Early 19th Century (1800–1860) ​ 1803: Louisiana Purchase doubled U.S. territory. ○​ France sold it to U.S for $15,000,000 ○​ Napoleon needed the money to fight the British ○​ It was the same size as America was at the time ​ 1804-06: Lewis and Clark Expedition ○​ Aided the fur trade and strengthened the U.S claims on the pacific ○​ Sent to find a river that went across America (failed) ○​ Provided lots of scientive descriptions of new animals and charted new land ​ 1812-67: Manifest Destiny ○​ They thought it was their destiny to develop on the land and expand further. ○​ They believed that they had to bring happiness Westward (wipe out Natives and bring light) ○​ The Creation of Texas ​ The Texans revolted against the Mexican Government and became their on Country ​ They wanted to join the U.S but the president said no. ​ When Polk became president a year later he brought them in as a new state ​ 1812–1815: War of 1812 (U.S. vs. Britain, solidified independence) ○​ Causes: ​ Britain was supposed to hand over forts but did not ​ Britain used the Indigenous as a buffer between Canada and America, and gave them weapons ​ Britain was being dominated by Napoleon and stopped all U.S ships ​ Britain would stop U.S ships looking for their soldiers who tried to escape ​ British ship stopped the U.S. Chesapeake ship and seize many citizens, and killing 20 ○​ Impact: ​ Nobody really lost the war ​ It was a trail on the U.S. Constitution and their government Mormons ​ 1820: Joseph Smith got his vision from God ○​ He create Mormonism and a fake theology ○​ They separated themselves from others ​ They were persecuted because they were a menace to others ​ They were went to Ohio, got pushed to Missourti, got kicked out to Mexico ○​ They then became a state, Utah.  ○​ U.S government made laws to “control” them such as pologomey is illegal Before Civil War ​ 1619-1808: The slave trade was brought to American the made illegal but slavery was still legal ​ 1808: Slavery was very legal and prominent in Southern States ○​ They would work for 14 hours in the summer ○​ They would be brutally punished and emotionally, verably, physically, and sexually abused. ○​ They would be auctioned off to buyers ​ 1820: Missouri Compromise ○​ Issue: Missouri just entered the union. Should a new state be allowed to become a new state? ○​ North: No, because he leads to the expansion of slavery ○​ South: Yes, they need to keep balance of slave and non-slave states ○​ Result: Mississippi entered the union as a slavery state ​ 1830: Indian Removal Act (Trail of Tears begins). ​ 1846–1848: Mexican-American War (U.S. gains Southwest territories). ​ 1850: Compromise of 1850 ○​ Issue: Lots of settlers were moving to old Mexico. Should slavery be allowed in new states being made? ○​ North: Freed imported slaves and harrassed those who wanted to capture slaves ○​ South: Denounced North people's response ○​ Response: California = Free state. The free slave act started, escaped slaves were captured and returned back to owners. ​ 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act (led to "Bleeding Kansas"). ○​ Issue: 2 states wanted to become slave states? Should slavery be allowed above the 36-30 line? ○​ North: No it contradicts with Mississippi Compromise ○​ South: Yes, states should be allowed to make their own discussions ○​ Response: Nebraska = slave state. Kansas = Free state. And the Mississippi compromise was overturned ​ 1857: Dred Scott decision (denied citizenship to African Americans). ○​ Issue: He was a slave who moved to a free state with the owner. Owner dies, should he go back to old state and stay a slave or become free? ○​ North: Free. if they weren’t it would legitmas slavery ○​ South: African Americans are citizens = legally he can’t sue ○​ Response: He is not a U.S. Citizen and he had no rights to appeal discussion. He returned to Mississippi and stayed a slave. ​ 1860: Election of Abraham Lincoln (triggered secession of Southern states). ○​ Lincoln wan with only 40% of votes, and most southern states didn’t have him on the ballet ○​ Between Dec 20, 1860 - Feb 18, 1861 8 states seceded  ​ South Carolina. Florida. Alabama. Louisiana. Mississippi. Texas. Georgia. Virgina. Civil War and Reconstruction (1861–1877) ​ 1861: Fort Sumter (Civil War battle #1 April) ○​ South Carolina ○​ Confederate Artillery open fire the federal fort ○​ Union surrendered for to the confederacy ​ 1861-65: The other Civil War Battles ○​ Bull Run: July 61 Virginia Battle #2 ​ 1st major battle sends Union army back to Washington ○​ Ironclads: March 62 Virginia Battle #3 ​ 1st battle between ships, it ends in a draw ○​ Shiloh: April 62 Tennessee Battle #4 ​ Grant secures control of the Mississippi valley for Union ○​ New Orleans: April 62 Louisiana Battle #5 ​ Farragut leads people storming defence of New Orleans and occupies the city ○​ Antietam: September 62 Maryland Battle #6 ​ Bloodiest 1-day battle forced General Lee to retreat abandoning attempt to invade the North ○​ Vicksburg: July 61 Mississippi Battle #8 ​ After a 6-week siege Confederates in Mississippi surrendered to Grant. ​ River is now controlled by both Union & Confederacy ○​ Morris Island: July 63 South Carolina Battle #9 ​ Union Colonel Shaw leads 54th Massachusetts Black Regiment into a battle at Charleston Harbour ○​ Shermas March to Sea: May-December 64 Georgia Battle #10 ​ Sherman destroyed everything in his path, burning and captured ​ He disrupts and ruins the Southerns economy ○​ Carolinas: January-March 65 South Carolina Battle #11 ​ Sherman occupies the Carolines, the Confederacy redacted Virginia ○​ Appomattox: April 65 Virginia Battle #12 ​ Confederate Army surrenders and General Lee after he abandons Richmond. The Civil War ends. ​ 1863: Emancipation Proclamation issued by Lincoln. ○​ Lincoln favoured gradual emancipation of slaves ○​ Congress forced Lincoln to abolish slavery ○​ He waited to give his speech till the Union was winning the Civil War ○​ It allowed black soldiers to enlist and over 180,000 of them joined by the end of the war  ​ 1863: Battle of Gettysburg (Civil War battle #7 April) ○​ Pennsylvania ○​ 3-day battle allows General Lee (confederates) to invade the North ○​ Union won the battle and it was a turning point for them ​ 1865: 13th Amendment ○​ Abolish slavery & involuntary servitude in the U.S. ​ 1868: 14th Amendment ○​ Address citizenship rights and equal protection under law ​ 1870: 15th Amendment ○​ Prohibits Federal Government & States from denying citizen’s right to vote based on Race, Colour, and previous condition of slavery The Gilded Age and Industrialization (1870–1900) ​ Gilded Age: Satirized as an era of serious social problems hidden under a "thin gold gilding” ○​ Rapid industrialization and economic expansion ​ Heavy industries like railroads, coal mining, and steel production ​ Technological advances modernized factories and farming practices ​ Widespread availability of new inventions (e.g., sewing machine, telephone, typewriter, electric stove) ○​ High American wages attracted millions of immigrants, contributing to labor supply and industrial growth ​ immigrants faced poverty, poor living conditions, and exploitation ​ Labor issues included child labor, long work hours, and poor workplace safety ○​ Vast wealth disparities, with the richest 1% holding 45% of national wealth by 1900. ○​ Philanthropic contributions included building libraries, universities, and hospitals. ○​ Wealthy industrialists were seen as either: ​ "Robber barons": Exploited workers, manipulated markets, and crushed competition. ​ "Captains of industry": Praised for innovation, philanthropy, and transforming the U.S. economy. ○​ Southern economy remained weak, relying on low-priced cotton and tobacco ​ African Americans in the South faced political disenfranchisement and systemic racism ○​ Reform movements pushed for: ​ Child labor laws ​ 8-hour workdays ​ Prohibition ​ Women’s suffrage  ​ 1869: First Transcontinental Railroad revolutionized travel and trade from NY to SF in 6 days. ​ 1874: Major nationwide depression ​ 1893: 2nd Major nationwide depression ​ 1898: Spanish-American War (U.S. gains Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico). The Civil Rights Movement (1950s–1960s) ​ 1954: Murder of Emmett Till ○​ 14-year-old African American boy was brutally murdered (kidnapped, beaten, shot in the head) because he whistled at a white women ○​ They found him in a river and his mom had an open casket to bring attention to racial violence especially in the South ○​ He was the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement ​ 1955: Montgomery Bus Boycott begins. ○​ Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Bus. ○​ It started a boycott, where they did not ride buses, that lasted 381 days, which hurt the city bus system ○​ Led by Martin Luther King Jr., it marked a major victory for the Civil Rights Movement and brought King to national prominence. ​ 1957: Little Rock Nine ○​ Nine African American students integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, after the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). ○​ Faced violent protests and had to be escorted by federal troops ordered by President Eisenhower. ○​ Highlighted resistance to desegregation in the South. ​ 1960: Sit-Ins ○​ Started in Greensboro, North Carolina, when four African American college students sat at a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter. ○​ Sparked a wave of nonviolent protests across the country. ○​ Led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). ○​ Lots of them were put in jail but more of them kept going back ​ 1963: March on Washington ○​ Over 250,000 people gathered in Washington, D.C., to demand civil and economic rights for African Americans. ○​ Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech, calling for racial equality and an end to discrimination. ○​ Played a critical role in gaining support for the Civil Rights Act. ​ 1964: Civil Rights Workers Murdered *Mississippi Burning ○​ Three civil rights workers—James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner—were murdered by the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer voter registration campaign.  ○​ Their deaths brought national attention to the dangers faced by activists in the South. ​ 1964: Civil Rights Act passed. ○​ Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. ○​ Prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. ○​ Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination. ​ 1965: Selma to Montgomery March ○​ Series of marches demanding voting rights for African Americans. ○​ "Bloody Sunday": Peaceful marchers were violently attacked by police on the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama. ○​ Led to national outrage and the passage of the Voting Rights Act. ​ 1965: Voting Rights Act passed. ○​ Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. ○​ Prohibited racial discrimination in voting practices. ○​ Empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration and elections in areas with a history of discrimination. ​ 1968: Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated. ○​ Assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee, while supporting a sanitation workers’ strike. ○​ Sparked nationwide riots and mourning. ○​ Marked a turning point in the Civil Rights Movement, with increased focus on economic equality. Impeached (Unit 3 but didn’t fit into the timeline) ​ 1868: Andrew Jackson ○​ First U.S. president to be impeached. ○​ Impeached by the House of Representatives for violating the Tenure of Office Act by removing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without Senate approval. ○​ Faced 11 articles of impeachment, primarily for opposing Congressional Reconstruction policies. ○​ Acquitted by the Senate by one vote, avoiding removal from office ​ 1974: Richard Nixon ○​ Faced impeachment proceedings due to the Watergate scandal, which involved a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and a cover-up orchestrated by Nixon’s administration. ○​ Articles of impeachment included obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress. ○​ Resigned on August 8, 1974, before the House could vote on impeachment, becoming the only U.S. president to resign. ​ 1999: Bill Clinton ○​ Impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice related to his extramarital affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky.  ○​ Accused of lying under oath and attempting to conceal the affair. ○​ Acquitted by the Senate, as neither charge received the necessary two-thirds majority for removal from office. ​ 2019: Donal Trump ○​ Impeached by the House of Representatives on two charges: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. ○​ Accused of pressuring Ukraine to investigate political rival Joe Biden while withholding military aid. ○​ Acquitted by the Senate, as the required two-thirds majority was not reached. Colonial America and Revolution (1607–1763) ​ John Smith ○​ Jamestown leader; survival through diplomacy with Powhatan. ​ Ann Putnam ○​ Accused 62 people of witchcraft American Revolution and Founding of the Nation (1763–1789) ​ George Washington ○​ Commander of the Continental Army ○​ First U.S. President ○​ Founding Father ​ Benjamin Franklin ○​ Diplomat ○​ Inventor ○​ Founding Father ​ Thomas Jefferson ○​ Main author of the Declaration of Independence ○​ Third U.S. President ○​ Founding Father ​ Alexander Hamilton ○​ Author of Federalist Papers ○​ First Secretary of the Treasury. ○​ Founding Father ​ John Adams ○​ Advocate for independence ○​ Second U.S. President. ○​ Founding Father ​ James Madison ○​ Founding Father ○​ “Father of the Constitution” ○​ 4th President ○​ Author of Federalist Papers  ​ John Jay ○​ Author of Federalist Papers ○​ Founding Father ​ King George III ○​ British monarch during the American Revolution Mormons ​ Joseph Smith ○​ Founder of Mormonism ○​ Killed by a mod while awaiting trial for treason Expansion and Early 19th Century (1800–1860) ​ Andrew Jackson ○​ Seventh U.S. President ○​ Champion of the "common man." ○​ Founded the Democratic Party ​ Lewis and Clark ○​ They went on an expedition and mapped more land ​ Eli Whitney ○​ Inventor of the cotton gin ​ Sacagawea ○​ She was a translator for Lewis and Clark Civil War and Reconstruction (1850–1877) ​ Abraham Lincoln ○​ 16th U.S. President ○​ Issued the Emancipation Proclamation ○​ Made slavery illegal ○​ Assassinated by John Wilks Booth ​ John Wilks Booth ○​ Murdered Lincoln at Ford Theatre ​ Jefferson Davis ○​ President of the Confederate States ​ Ulysses S. Grant ○​ Union general ○​ Later 18th U.S. President. ​ Robert E. Lee ○​ Confederate general ​ William Tecumseh Sherman ○​ Union General during the Civil War ○​ Best known for Sherman's March to Sea  ​ Andrew Johnson ○​ Vice President to Lincoln ○​ Become 17th president, first president to be impeached ​ David Glasgow Farragut ○​ Worked with the Union army ○​ Captured New Orleans ​ Colonel Shaw ○​ Union General ○​ Commander of 54th Massachusetts Infantry Gilded Age and Progressive Era (1870–1920) ​ Andrew Carnegie ○​ Industrialist and philanthropist ○​ Led steel industry growth. ​ John D. Rockefeller ○​ Founder of Standard Oil ○​ Wealthy industrialist. ​ Thomas Edison ○​ Inventor of the lightbulb and phonograph. ​ Cornelius Vanderbilt ○​ One of the Largest steamboat operators ○​ Helped made railroad transportation more efficient ​ Gustavus Swift ○​ Invented Railroad cars ○​ He was a Philanthropy ​ J. P. Morgan ○​ He founded one of the most powerful banking houses in the world ​ William Randolph Hearst ○​ Newspaper Publisher ○​ Politician ○​ Started the first print-media companies to enter radio broadcasting ○​ Was an early pioneer of TV ​ Charles Pillsbury ○​ Turned a small flour mill into the largest flour-milling company in the world ​ Jay Gould ○​ Most important railroad developer Civil Rights Era (1950s–1970s) ​ Martin Luther King Jr. ○​ Leader of the Civil Rights Movement ○​ Black activist ○​ “I Have a Dream” speech. ​ Rosa Parks ○​ Sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat. ​ Malcolm X ○​ Advocate for Black empowerment and Nation of Islam leader. ​ Emmett Till ○​ Brutally murdered for talking to a white women ​ JFK ○​ 35th president ○​ Proposed the Civil Rights bill to congress ​ It would end segregation in school, grant equal access to public facilities, and protect their right to vote